Secondary Products Of Lipid Peroxidation Research Articles

The Role of Arginase and some Parameters in Diabetic Type 2 Patients with and without Retinopathy

Background: Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus by damaging cellular organelles and enzymes in blood such as arginase1, insulin and glutathione s-transferase; increasing lipid peroxidation such as malondialdehyde and increasing insulin resistance which can lead to diabetic complications such as diabetic retinopathy. Objectives: To explore the relationship of oxidative stress to the development of diabetic retinopathy by measuring the levels of Arginase1, the activity of glutathione s-transferase enzyme, and the levels of malondialdehyde as a secondary product of lipid peroxidation (biomarker for oxidative stress). Patients and MethodsThis study was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023 at the Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital in Baghdad, the University of Baghdad / Department of Chemistry and the National Diabetes Centre for Treatment and Research at Al-Mustansyrriah University. This study was conducted on 120 subjects distributed as follows: 40 non-diabetic obese controls, 40 type 2 diabetics with no retinopathy, and 40 type 2 diabetic retinopathy patients, between 30 and 65 years of age. All groups were subjected to tests: measuring fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, lipid profile (cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL- cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, and VLDL cholesterol), serum total arginase1, malondialdehyde glutathione s -transferase, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio. Results: Mean arginase1 levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in diabetic retinopathy and control groups (p ≤ 0.05). The mean xidative stress marker malondialdehyde concentration was significantly higher in diabetic retinopathy patients than in type 2 diabetics and the control group (P ≤ 0.05). The mean glutathione s-transferase activity in diabetic retinopathy patients was significantly higher than in the control group and type 2 diabetics (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between oxidative stress and the development of diabetic retinopathy, where the levels of arginase1 and malondialdehyde increased and the activity of glutathione s –transferase enzyme increased as a result of oxidative stress and inflammation associated with complications of type 2 diabetes.

Comparative Analysis of Oxidative Metabolism in Liver in Different Experimental Models of Hypothyroidism: Low Iodine Diet and Anti-Thyroid drug (Methimazole)

Objectives: On the concept of oxidative stress in hypothyroidism, which still remains ambiguous and controversial, the article emphasizes the issue of the impact of the experimental conditions on the validity of the data obtained in different methods of modeling thyroid dysfunction. Materials and Methods: Experiments were conducted on 112 white nonlinear male rats. Thyroid hormones and biomarkers of oxidative metabolism in the liver tissue were determined in rats kept for 3 months on a low-iodine diet (LID) and in rats with methimazole (MMI)-induced hypothyroidism (2,5 mg/100 g of body weight for 3 weeks). Results: In LID-rats (n=96) total serum T4 amounted 43, total T3 in liver tissue - 73% of the level found in euthyroid animal, p=0.0121 and p=0.0051, respectively), whereas in MMI-rats (n=96) both total and free serum T4 were 67% of control (p=0.0002 for both total and free T4). In LID-rats cytochrome oxidase (CcOX) activity in liver tissue was 68.5, concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) - 58% of euthyroids (p value - 0.0202 and 0.0127, respectively), while protein carbonyls (PC) level was 116% of the control (p=0.0411). In MMI-rats liver malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity decreased up to 70.9, but succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and MDA concentration increased up to 163.6 and 154% of the level in euthyroid animals respectively (p˂0.05). Conclusion: LID-model led to the more pronounced inhibition of thyroid function, than that the MMI-hypothyroidism model used. LID-model was accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of oxidative metabolism in liver tissue, whereas MMI-hypothyroidism - by activation of the succinate oxidation pathway and an increase in the concentration of secondary lipid peroxidation products in the liver of experimental animals. The results suggest that the conflicting data obtained from studies of oxidative metabolism in hypothyroidism, among other assumptions, may be due to the different approaches used by researchers to model thyroid dysfunction.

Quantitative Analysis of Glutathione and Carnosine Adducts with 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal in Muscle in a hSOD1G93A ALS Rat Model.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the dysfunction and death of motor neurons through multifactorial mechanisms that remain unclear. ALS has been recognized as a multisystemic disease, and the potential role of skeletal muscle in disease progression has been investigated. Reactive aldehydes formed as secondary lipid peroxidation products in the redox processes react with biomolecules, such as DNA, proteins, and amino acids, resulting in cytotoxic effects. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) levels are elevated in the spinal cord motor neurons of ALS patients, and HNE-modified proteins have been identified in the spinal cord tissue of an ALS transgenic mice model, suggesting that reactive aldehydes can contribute to motor neuron degeneration in ALS. One biological pathway of aldehyde detoxification involves conjugation with glutathione (GSH) or carnosine (Car). Here, the detection and quantification of Car, GSH, GSSG (glutathione disulfide), and the corresponding adducts with HNE, Car-HNE, and GS-HNE, were performed in muscle and liver tissues of a hSOD1G93A ALS rat model by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ion trap tandem mass spectrometry in the selected reaction monitoring mode. A significant increase in the levels of GS-HNE and Car-HNE was observed in the muscle tissue of the end-stage ALS animals. Therefore, analyzing variations in the levels of these adducts in ALS animal tissue is crucial from a toxicological perspective and can contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies.

Chronic endometritis. Local prooxidant, antioxidant and immunometabolic disorders. An open-label, prospective, randomized study

Aim. To determine local features of lipoperoxidation processes, antioxidant defense, state of matrix metalloproteinases in chronic endometritis. Materials and methods. Eighty women aged 29.33±6.71 (min-max [24–36]) with histologically and immunohistochemically confirmed chronic endometritis and a history of reproductive losses were examined (group 1). The control group consisted of 30 patients without chronic endometritis confirmed by the results of a histochemical study and no history of reproductive losses, suffering from infertility of tubal-peritoneal origin at the age of 30.11±6.9 years (min-max [24–37]; group 2). All 130 patients underwent transvaginal echography of the pelvic organs, and histological and immunohistochemical examination of endometrial samples was performed. The activity of lipid peroxidation factors was analyzed: primary, secondary and final products of lipid peroxidation in heptane and isopropanolol fractions of uterine cavity aspirate, enzymes of the antioxidant system: superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, deoxyribonuclease I (DNase), by spectrophotometric method, remodeling factors – matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, -9 by flow fluorimetry. Results. In patients of group 1, according to transvaginal echography of the pelvic organs, M-echo was 6.29±1.22 mm, in group 2 – 9.10±1.15 mm. In chronic endometritis, disruption of pro-oxidant and activity of antioxidant factors in the endometrium in women with chronic endometritis and a history of reproductive losses. In the heptane fraction of the phenolic extract, the concentration of primary products of lipid peroxidation (diene conjugates) was 12.98% higher than in the control, the content of secondary products of lipid peroxidation (ketodienes) was higher by 15.45%, conjugated trienes by 18.67% higher than the values in the control group, which indicates increased lipid peroxidation of endometrial cell membranes during CE. In the isopropanol phase, the products of lipid peroxidation of phospholipid acyl residues are detected. In the isopropanol fraction of the lipid extract, the amount of diene conjugates was higher, ketodienes by 24.32% and conjugated trienes by 26.14%. An increase in the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase by 23.98%, catalase by 14.34%, glutathione peroxidase by 12.39%, and DNase by 2.9 times was recorded compared to the indicators of group 2. Conclusion. Chronic endometritis is accompanied by changes in the system of pro-oxidant and antioxidant factors, the content of tissue remodeling products. The pathogenetic changes underlying oxidative stress in the endometrium may be increased leukocyte infiltration, imbalance of primary, secondary and end products of lipid peroxidation, enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, deoxyribonuclease I (DNase), expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9.

Plant acclimation to ionising radiation requires activation of a detoxification pathway against carbonyl-containing lipid oxidation products.

Ionising γ radiation produces reactive oxygen species by water radiolysis, providing an interesting model approach for studying oxidative stress in plants. Three-week old plants of Arabidopsis thaliana were exposed to a low dose rate (25 mGy h-1) of γ radiation for up to 21 days. This treatment had no effect on plant growth and morphology, but it induced chronic oxidation of lipids which was associated with an accumulation of reactive carbonyl species (RCS). However, contrary to lipid peroxidation, lipid RCS accumulation was transient only, being maximal after 1 day of irradiation and decreasing back to the initial level during the subsequent days of continuous irradiation. This indicates the induction of a carbonyl-metabolising process during chronic ionising radiation. Accordingly, the γ-radiation treatment induced the expression of xenobiotic detoxification-related genes (AER, SDR1, SDR3, ALDH4, and ANAC102). The transcriptomic response of some of those genes (AER, SDR1, and ANAC102) was deregulated in the tga256 mutant affected in three TGAII transcription factors, leading to enhanced and/or prolonged accumulation of RCS and to a marked inhibition of plant growth during irradiation compared to the wild type. These results show that Arabidopsis is able to acclimate to chronic oxidative stress and that this phenomenon requires activation of a carbonyl detoxification mechanism controlled by TGAII. This acclimation did not occur when plants were exposed to an acute γ radiation stress (100 Gy) which led to persistent accumulation of RCS and marked inhibition of plant growth. This study shows the role of secondary products of lipid peroxidation in the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species.

A Prooxidant and an Antioxidant Sow’s Status with Hepathopathy

The role of lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of liver diseases in sows was studied. The state of the antioxidant system in these diseases was also assessed. The liver of sows has been examined after slaughter. There were four groups formed: healthy, acute and chronic hepatosis (HS), and liver cirrhosis. An increase in the level of endogenous intoxication has established, the content of primary (diene conjugates), secondary (malondialdehyde, ketodienes, ketotrienes), and final (Schiff base) products of lipid peroxidation in the blood of sows with hepatopathy. Also noticed that sows with hepatopathy had decreased antioxidant protection, catalase activity, and concentration of tocopherol and ascorbic acid. The level of change was growing with a gravity of hepatopathy. The most expressed disturbance has been observed in sows with liver cirrhosis.

Long-term consequences of acute toxic prenatal hypoxia induced by sodium nitrite in rat experiments

Introduction. Gestational hypoxia plays an important role in fetal development, as it causes the development of oxidative stress and delayed psychomotor development. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prenatal effect of sodium nitrite on indices characterizing orienting and exploratory activity, mental activity and the degree of hypoxia in rat offspring. Materials and methods. Acute hypoxia was modeled by administration of sodium nitrite at a dose of 30 mg/kg intramuscularly to five pregnant rats during 16–19 days of gestation. Five females constituted a control group. In 50 born rats, orientation and exploration activity, cognitive functions, intensity of lipid peroxidation and glycolysis were studied. Results. The offspring of females that underwent acute hypoxia significantly lagged behind in the positive dynamics of body weight gain compared to control individuals. Thirty-day-old rats showed a pronounced disorder of the structure of behavioral pattern, learning process and long-term memory, increased content of diene conjugates, malonic dialdehyde and the level of lactate dehydrogenase activity in blood. Discussion. It was found that offspring whose mothers suffered acute hypoxia of toxic genesis developed pronounced behavioral disorders of psychomotor agitation and cognitive dysfunction characterized by decreased learning ability and impaired long-term memory. The content of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase was increased in rats. The development of cellular oxidative stress under conditions of intrauterine hypoxia leads to oxygen deficiency in the fetus and a switch from tissue respiration to glycolysis, which underlies CNS damage. Conclusion. It was shown that sodium nitrite administration during the period from the 16th to the 19th day of gestation caused hyperactivity, depressed emotional status, and decreased orienting and exploratory activity and the ability to learn and retain a memory trace in rat offspring. Increased levels of diene conjugates and malonic dialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase activity were observed in rats.

Oxidative modification of collagen by malondialdehyde in porcine skin

Human skin is exposed to various physical and chemical stress factors, which commonly cause the oxidation of lipids and proteins. In this study, azo initiator AAPH [2,2′ -azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride] was employed to initiate lipid peroxidation in porcine skin as an ex vivo model for human skin. We demonstrate that malondialdehyde (MDA), a secondary product of lipid peroxidation, is covalently bound to collagen in the dermis, forming MDA-collagen adducts. The binding of MDA to collagen results in an unfolding of the collagen triple helix, formation of the dimer of α-chains of collagen, and fragmentation of the collagen α-chain. It is proposed here that the MDA is bound to the lysine residues of α-chain collagen, which are involved in electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding with the glutamate and aspartate of other α-chains of the triple helix. Our data provide crucial information about the MDA binding topology in the skin, which is necessary to understand better the various types of skin-related diseases and the aging process in the skin under stress.

Formation of free acetaldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation in U937 monocyte-like cells

Acetaldehyde can be found in human cells as a byproduct of various metabolic pathways, including oxidative processes such as lipid peroxidation. This secondary product of lipid peroxidation plays a role in various pathological processes, leading to various types of civilization diseases. In this study, the formation of free acetaldehyde induced by oxygen-centred radicals was studied in monocyte-like cell line U937. Exposure of U937 cells to peroxyl/alkoxyl radicals induced by azocompound resulted in the formation of free acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is formed by the cleavage of fatty acids, which represents the breakdown of fatty acids into smaller fragments initiated by the cyclization of lipid peroxyl radical and β-scission of lipid alkoxyl radical. The cleavage of fatty acids alters the integrity of the plasma and nuclear membrane, leading to the loss of cell viability. Understanding the pathological processes of acetaldehyde formation is an active area of research with potential implications for preventing and treating various diseases associated with oxidative stress.

Вплив aктовегіну на механізми розвитку окисного стресу у хворих на цукровий діабет 2-го типу з кардіоваскулярною автономною нейропатією

The effects of actovegin on the mechanisms of oxidative stress (OS) developing in the blood of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CVAN) were investigated. The aim of the study was to establish the effectiveness of treatment with actovegin for the pro- and antioxidant balance impairment and changes in gene expression of HIF-1α and mTOR in the blood of patients with DM2 and CVAN. It was shown that intravenous injections of actovegin at a dose of 1000 mg per day for 10 days and further prolonged oral administration of this drug at a dose of 800 mg per day for 90 days led to a decrease in the content of secondary products of lipid peroxidation in blood plasma and H2O2 production in erythrocytes of patients with DM2 and CVAN. These changes were indicative of a weakening of OS intensity. It was also shown that treatment with actovegin promoted an increase in total plasma SOD activity as well as reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity in erythrocytes from patients. Treatment with actovegin also raised the gene expression of HIF-1α and reduced the gene expression of mTOR in leukocytes of patients with DM2 and CVAN. These genetic changes may serve as a protective mechanism against the development of OS, which acts through different metabolic pathways. So, actovegin administration counteracting OS development due to the impact on the different components of pro- and antioxidant system as well as on HIF-1α and mTOR genes expression may offer new clinical avenues for pharmacological treatment of patients with DM2 and CVAN.

Innovative Solutions for Food Analysis: Microextraction Techniques in Lipid Peroxidation Product Detection

Lipid peroxidation, the most aggressive reaction in food, results in the formation of reactive organic compounds that detrimentally impact food sensory qualities and consumers’ health. While controlled lipid peroxidation can enhance flavors and appearance in certain foods, secondary peroxidation products lead to sensory deterioration in a variety of products, such as oils, alcoholic beverages, and meat. This publication reviews the use of modern analytical techniques for detecting and quantifying carbonyl compounds, i.e., secondary lipid peroxidation products. The paper focuses specifically on microextraction-based methods: dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and gas-diffusion microextraction (GDME). These techniques offer efficient and sensitive approaches to extracting and quantifying lipid oxidation products and contribute to the understanding of oxidative deterioration in various food products. The review outlines recent advancements, challenges, and limitations in these microextraction techniques, as well as emphasizes the potential for further innovation and improvement in the field of food analysis.

Malondialdehyde enhances PsbP protein release during heat stress in Arabidopsis

Under environmental conditions, plants are exposed to various abiotic and biotic stress factors, which commonly cause the oxidation of lipids and proteins. Lipid peroxidation constantly produces malondialdehyde (MDA), a secondary product of lipid peroxidation, which is covalently bound to proteins forming MDA-protein adducts. The spatial distribution of MDA-protein adducts in Arabidopsis leaves shows that MDA-protein adducts are located in the chloroplasts, uniformly spread out over the thylakoid membrane. At the lumenal side of thylakoid membrane, MDA interacts with PsbP, an extrinsic subunit of the photosystem II (PSII), which is in electrostatic interaction with the PSII core proteins. Under heat stress, when MDA is moderately enhanced, the electrostatic interaction between PsbP and PSII core proteins is weakened, and PsbP with bound MDA is released in the lumen. It is proposed here that the electrophilic MDA is bound to the nucleophilic lysine residues of PsbP, which are involved in electrostatic interactions with the negatively charged glutamate of the PSII core protein. Our data provide crucial information about the MDA binding topology in the higher plant PSII complex, which is necessary to understand better the physiological functions of MDA for plant survival under stress.

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDICATORS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE AMINO ACID PROFILE OF BLOOD PLASMA IN PSORIASIS

Introduction. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that affects the skin, has a number of systemic manifestations and is associated with the devel-opment of a number of somatic pathologies. Significant systemic metabolic features of psoriasis are changes in the pool of free amino acids and oxi-dative stress. The purpose of the study: analysis of markers of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of plasma proteins and peripheral mononuclear cells, the amino acid spectrum of blood plasma, in relation to each other and clinical signs of severity and duration of psoriasis, body mass index and blood pressure indicators. Material and methods. The study group included 45 patients with psoriasis vulgaris. The control group included 46 donors. Determination of the lev-els of products of lipid peroxidation and oxidative modification of proteins was carried out by spectrophotometric methods. Blood plasma amino acid levels were determined by capillary electrophoresis. Results. In patients with psoriasis, an increase in the concentrations of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation and the level of metal-catalyzed oxidative modification of proteins in blood plasma, a decrease in the concentrations of end products of lipid peroxidation in peripheral mono-nuclear cells were revealed. In the amino acid profile of the blood plasma of patients with psoriasis, an increase in the relative concentration of sulfur-containing amino acids, concentrations of phenylalanine, leucine, cysteine, and a decrease in the relative concentration of oxyaminoacids were re-vealed. Relationships between the levels of amino acids and markers of oxidative stress with the duration of the course of the disease or exacerbation, as well as the severity of psoriatic lesions of the skin, were not revealed. Cysteine levels in patients with psoriasis are positively correlated with body mass index and diastolic blood pressure; the relative content of oxyaminoacids in blood plasma negatively correlates with body mass index. Conclusions. Changes in the amino acid profile of blood plasma in psoriasis occur in parallel with oxidative stress and skin inflammation, but are as-sociated with excess body weight for cysteine and oxyaminoacids, which allows us to consider the levels of cysteine and oxyaminoacids as promising prognostic and diagnostic markers of comorbid pathology associated with psoriasis.

Assessment of Antioxidant Stability of Meat Pâté with Allium cepa Husk Extract.

Antioxidants play a very important role in the food industry. Recently, both science and industry have shown substantial preference for natural antioxidants, including searching for antioxidant substances from natural sources without undesirable side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding Allium cepa husk extract at a volume of 68 or 34 μL/g of unsalted blanched materials to replace 34% and 17% of the beef broth, respectively, which corresponded to a total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of 44.4 or 22.2 μmol-equiv. Q/100 g meat pté (i.e., 13.42 or 6.71 mg of quercetin/100 g meat pté), on the quality and safety indicators of the developed meat pté. The TAC according to a ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and physicochemical and microbiological characteristics were determined during the storage of the meat pté. Proximal and UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS analyses were also performed. The addition of yellow onion husk ethanolic extract to the meat pté at both volumes allowed the maintenance of an increased content of antioxidants, which contributed to a decrease in the generation of secondary products of lipid peroxidation for 14 days of storage at 4 ∘C. The results of the microbiological analyses showed that the developed meat ptés were safe according to all indicators of microbial spoilage within 10 days of production. The results supported the use of yellow onion husk extract in the food industry to contribute to improving the functionality of meat products, developing products for a healthy lifestyle, and providing clean-label foods without or with a minimal content of synthetic additives.

Effect of the complex of natural terpenes and vitamin E Renotineх® on free radical processes in patients with urolithiasis

BACKGROUND: One of the leading links in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis is oxidative stress, which occurs as a result of the intensification of free radical oxidation with insufficient activity of the antioxidant defense system of the body.
 AIM: The aim of the study was to study the effect of a complex of natural terpenes and vitamin E Renotineх on the state of oxidative stress in patients with urolithiasis in the postoperative period after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 42 patients. Of the 35 people who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, 2 groups were formed. Patients of the main group (n = 20), in contrast to the control group (n = 15), received Renotinex (Polaris LLC, Russia) before and after surgery, 2 capsules (1 capsule 300 mg) twice a day. To determine the main indicators of the activity of free-radical processes in the body, all patients underwent a blood test on the 3rd day after surgery. The total activity of the pro- and antioxidant systems in blood plasma was determined by the method of induced chemiluminescence. The activity of lipid peroxidation was assessed by determining the concentration of active products of thiobarbituric acid secondary products of lipid peroxidation in blood erythrocytes. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was studied by spectrophotometric method. To determine the ability of blood plasma to crystallize in some of the same patients with urolithiasis while taking Renotinex, the method of wedge dehydration was used. For a comparative analysis of the crystal structure of dried blood plasma samples (facies), 7 healthy volunteers were included in the study, which made up the third group (comparison group).
 RESULTS: The results of the study reliably demonstrate that the composition of the complex of natural terpenes and vitamin E Renotinex has a positive effect on free-radical processes in patients with urolithiasis, biochemical parameters of blood plasma (indicators of induced chemiluminescence, catalase activity, malondialdehyde level), as well as on crystallization processes blood plasma, which is confirmed by the method of wedge dehydration of blood plasma. Any change in the body caused by excessive activity of free-radical oxidation processes is reflected in the composition of the blood, and specifically in the indicators of the mechanical characteristics of blood plasma (viscosity, structure, surface tension), which determine the shape of the resulting structures of the drying drop of biological fluid.
 CONCLUSIONS: The complex of natural terpenes and vitamin E Renotinex has a positive effect on free-radical processes, biochemical parameters of blood plasma, as well as on the systemic structural organization of blood plasma in patients operated on for urolithiasis. The inclusion of the combined product Renotinex in the treatment regimen for patients with urolithiasis is pathogenetically justified.

Integral assessment of non-specific lipid peroxidation reactions blood in adolescent girls of the Siberian ethnos

BACKGROUND: Integral parameters, in particular, the oxidative stress coefficient are informative and can be used both for evaluation of pathological conditions and compensatory-adaptive reactions of the organism.
 AIM: To investigate an integral coefficient the activity of nonspecific reactions of lipid peroxidation in adolescent girls of the Buryat, Evenki and Tofalar ethnic groups, as compared to the non-indigenous ethnic groups, by applying.
 METHODS: Total 190 adolescent girls (Buryats, Evenki and Tofalar, and nonindigenous population (for example of Russians)) living in the Irkutsk region were the objects of research. The survey was carried out in expeditionary conditions, in the territories of compact residence of ethnic groups. To calculate the integral coefficient (oxidative stress coefficient), spectrophotometry and fluorometry methods we implemented. The individual indicators: primary, secondary, and final products of lipid peroxidation as well as antioxidant defense components were measured.
 RESULTS: According to the obtained data, a lower content of diene conjugates (DC) (p 0.0001), ketodienes and conjugated trienes (KD and СT) (p=0.0003), -tocopherol (p 0.0001) with elevated levels of TBA-active products (p=0.0074) and superoxide dismutase activity (p=0.0008) in the Buryat ethnic girls group relative to similar parameters of girls in the non-ingenious population was observed. Girls of Tofalar ethnic group had higher values of DC (p=0.0009), with reduced values of KD and CT (p=0.0044) compared to the non-indigenous population. There were no differences among girls of the Evenk ethnic group relative to Russians. An integrative analysis of the state of nonspecific lipid peroxidation reactions using the coefficient showed no significant differences between the studied groups.
 CONCLUSION: The conducted study demonstrates certain changes in the lipid peroxidationantioxidant defence system, in the absence of changes in the total indicator among girls representing Siberian ethnic groups and the Russian population living next to them, which can be the basis for subsequent monitoring of their health status.

Study of parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in rats treated with cadmium nitrate with biocorrection by infusion of Beta vulgaris seeds

Recently, interest in natural antioxidants and their use in the food industry has increased. In addition to ensuring maximum safety of the produced product, they also serve as an antioxidant shield for the entire living organism. Plant extracts contain flavonoid compounds that have an antioxidant effect. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to study the antioxidant properties of infusion of Beta vulgaris’s seeds, to establish the relationship between acute and subacute inoculation of rats with cadmium nitrate and oxidative stress. For this experimental study, we used 50 male rats. The animals were exposed to Cd nitrate, with an initial weight of 180 ± 30 g. The first groups of rats were injected with cadmium nitrate at a dose of 0.1 g/L inter peritoneal, the second groups received a 0.01% solution of cadmium nitrate 1 ml 5 days a week, orally for 10 and 24 days. The state of oxidative metabolism in the blood was investigated. To assess the state of oxidative metabolism in the blood, the primary, secondary and end products of lipid peroxidation were determined, such as diene conjugates (DC), cetodiene (CD), malondialdehyde (MDA), Schiff bases (SHB), and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), catalase (CAT), and adenosine deaminase (ADA) enzymes were evaluated by the parameters of antioxidant protection. The mean ± SEM values were calculated for each group to determine the significance of the intergroup difference. Each parameter was analyzed separately using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. To determine the difference between groups, Student’s “t”-test was used. Studies have shown that with the use of cadmium in the blood of experimental animals, there is a violation of catabolits of lipoperoxidation, depending on the length of the days of poisoning, but a significant decrease in the biocorrection of Beta vulgaris’s seeds. Because of in this study, we found that the activity levels of antioxidant defense enzymes were significantly increased in the blood of experimental animals, which biocorrected with beetroot seed infusion. In conclusion, our study allows us to state that the use infusion of Beta vulgaris’s seeds in subacute and acute experiments with poisoning of experimental rats with cadmium nitrate as an antioxidant protective effect.

Malondialdehyde as an Important Key Factor of Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Wall Damage under Heart Diseases Development.

This mini review is devoted to a specific issue: the role of malondialdehyde (MDA)-a secondary product of free radical lipid peroxidation-in the molecular mechanisms of the formation of primary atherosclerotic vascular wall lesions. The principal difference between this review and the available literature is that it discusses in detail the important role in atherogenesis not of "oxidized" LDL (i.e., LDL particles containing lipohydroperoxides), but of LDL particles chemically modified by the natural low-molecular weight dicarbonyl MDA. To confirm this, we consider the data obtained by us earlier, indicating that "atherogenic" are not LDL oxidized as a result of free radical lipoperoxidation and containing lipohydroperoxy derivatives of phospholipids in the outer layer of particles, but LDL whose apoprotein B-100 has been modified due to the chemical reaction of terminal lysine residue amino groups of the apoB-100 with the aldehyde groups of the MDA (Maillard reaction). In addition, we present our original data proving that MDA injures endothelial glycocalyx that suppress the ability of the endothelium to control arterial tone according to changes in wall shear stress. In summary, this mini review for the first time exhaustively discloses the key role of MDA in atherogenesis.

C60 fullerene attenuates muscle force reduction in a rat during fatigue development

C60 fullerene (C60) as a nanocarbon particle, compatible with biological structures, capable of penetrating through cell membranes and effectively scavenging free radicals, is widely used in biomedicine. A protective effect of C60 on the biomechanics of fast (m. gastrocnemius) and slow (m. soleus) muscle contraction in rats and the pro- and antioxidant balance of muscle tissue during the development of muscle fatigue was studied compared to the same effect of the known antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). C60 and NAC were administered intraperitoneally at doses of 1 and 150 mg kg−1, respectively, daily for 5 days and 1 h before the start of the experiment. The following quantitative markers of muscle fatigue were used: the force of muscle contraction, the level of accumulation of secondary products of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and the oxygen metabolite H2O2, the activity of first-line antioxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), and the condition of the glutathione system (reduced glutathione (GSH) content and the activity of the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme). The analysis of the muscle contraction force dynamics in rats against the background of induced muscle fatigue showed, that the effect of C60, 1 h after drug administration, was (15–17)% more effective on fast muscles than on slow muscles. A further slight increase in the effect of C60 was revealed after 2 h of drug injection, (7–9)% in the case of m. gastrocnemius and (5–6)% in the case of m. soleus. An increase in the effect of using C60 occurred within 4 days (the difference between 4 and 5 days did not exceed (3–5)%) and exceeded the effect of NAC by (32–34)%. The analysis of biochemical parameters in rat muscle tissues showed that long-term application of C60 contributed to their decrease by (10–30)% and (5–20)% in fast and slow muscles, respectively, on the 5th day of the experiment. At the same time, the protective effect of C60 was higher compared to NAC by (28–44)%. The obtained results indicate the prospect of using C60 as a potential protective nano agent to improve the efficiency of skeletal muscle function by modifying the reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms that play an important role in the processes of muscle fatigue development.

Thioterpenoids as Potential Antithrombotic Drugs: Molecular Docking, Antiaggregant, Anticoagulant and Antioxidant Activities

Natural monoterpenes and their derivatives are widely considered as effective ingredients for the design and production of new biologically active compounds with high antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-protozoa properties. In this study, we synthesized two series of thiotherpenoids "sulfide-sulfoxide-sulfone", with different bicyclic monoterpene skeleton (bornane and pinane) structures. The effect of the obtained compounds on platelet aggregation was investigated by using the molecular docking technique. The obtained data revealed that all the synthesized compounds may act as potential inhibitors of platelet aggregation. Moreover, the studied sulfides have shown high antioxidant activity as revealed by lipid peroxidation (LPO) process inhibition in a non-cellular substrate containing animal lipids. The sulfides were able to inhibit erythrocyte oxidative hemolysis, to reduce the accumulation of secondary LPO products in cells and to prevent the oxidation of native oxyhemoglobin. Additionally, the corresponding sulfones and sulfoxides exhibited insignificant antioxidant activity. However, the sulfides were found to exhibit significant antiaggregant and anticoagulant effects. These findings suggest as well that the sulfides could serve as a leader compound for future research and possible practical applications.