Secondary Sources Research Articles

LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF FRENCH LANGUAGE IN TOURISM EDUCATION

A significant amount of momentum has been gained in French as a Foreign Language in recent times, and it continues to flourish as a language that is highly sought after by young people everywhere. The French language is considered to be an inescapable language in hotel schools, which is why it is interesting to note that the tourism business in India receives the highest number of tourists from France. Additionally, the French food has effectively established itself as an antique cuisine. During the time that Tourism and Hotel Management courses were being developed, the French language was more prevalent in the sense that it gained the most popularity and was believed to be required to be learned as part of the requirements for the course. Under the circumstances that currently exist, is the French language still a preferred choice? The purpose of this paper is to provide a response to this question and to take into consideration the various facets of the French language. This piece of writing is one of a kind since it employs the qualitative research method to portray the purpose in a manner that is both moving and compelling. This engaging narrative article is an interesting one to read and treasure because it is interwoven with primary and secondary sources and contains rich theoretical insights. KEYWORDS: French, Language, Tourism, Education

A View of Civil Law and Islamic Law on the Practice of Surrogate Mother

IVF is one of the modern methods that can help legal couples obtain children. Both Indonesian Civil Law and Islamic Law allow this practice. Still, it must be carried out based on the provisions, namely by involving couples who are legal in the eyes of the law. IVF carried out through surrogate motherhood is prohibited by both positive law and Islamic law because its existence can disrupt lineage. Children born from this practice are not considered legitimate due to confusion and ambiguity during the process. This research is a normative juridical literature study that is processed based on primary and secondary legal sources consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary legal materials, and non-legal materials with the aim of: 1) Understand how Indonesian civil law and Islamic law view the issue of surrogate mothers; and 2) Knowing how the guardianship status of IVF children born through surrogacy practices. It was found that both Positive Law and Islamic Law prohibit the practice of IVF with surrogate mothers because it results in legal confusion for the child. This research is expected to contribute to further research, especially research that raises the theme of IVF.

Touristification and urban extractivism in Latin American destinations: Heritage and conflicts in Antigua Guatemala (Guatemala) and Cartagena de Indias (Colombia)

ABSTRACT Tourism is linked to new dynamics of capital accumulation in a wide variety of destinations worldwide, boosting the attraction of real estate investments. In Latin America, the state promoted tourism, advocating for the commodification of urban land leading to the regeneration of different historical centers, and then to displacement and segregation of the local population. Heritage recognition policies were a necessary part of triggering this trend, articulated with other urban dynamics, such as gentrification. Visual dimension of built environment understood as an urban landscape is a key in tourist and residential practices, as well as in investment strategies. Following an instrumental multiple study case strategy based on primary and secondary sources, and by fieldwork including interviews and photographic record, this article analyzes touristification in Antigua Guatemala (Guatemala) and Cartagena de Indias (Colombia), drawing on the theoretical concept of urban extractivism, and its relation with heritagization and gentrification processes. Both cities were founded during the colonial period, went through a heritagization process and are now consolidated as international tourist destinations. As a conclusion, touristification is considered as an expression of urban extractivism based on the reification of the built environment, in turn rooted on heritage recognition policies, overlapped with gentrification.

EVALUATION OF HERBAL MEDICINES AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION

Over time, the use of herbal medicines has increased rapidly. This is influenced by several main factors, including the relatively cheap price and avoiding concerns about the side effects of chemical drugs. In practice, screening tests need to be carried out on a drug product that will be marketed, one of which is through a toxicity test. The use of animal models as experimental materials provides invaluable information in many aspects of pathophysiology, treatment, and diagnosis of human disease. Without exception, research on traditional ingredients also relies heavily on animals in in vivo, in situ, and in vitro experiments. This study uses a literature review with a descriptive approach based on secondary literature derived from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. Research conducted on animals regarding herbal medicine can provide valuable insights into a herbal remedy. Selecting the appropriate animal for a study is crucial to obtain scientifically convincing results. Animals used for pharmacological studies should be standard species. Rodents, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats, and dogs are often used in traditional herbal medicine research. Moreover, herbal materials used for pharmacological research should be standardized to control quality and ensure the reproducibility of experimental outcomes. The standardization of herbal medicine should encompass species identification (name, origin, description, and purity), extraction procedures, chemical analysis of major and bioactive compounds, heavy metals, pesticides, and storage stability.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): a Study of Reliance Industries Limited

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a significant consideration for companies around the world. The purpose of this research paper is to examine the CSR initiatives undertaken by Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), one of the largest conglomerates in India. The paper analyzes RIL's CSR policies and practices and its impact on the society and the environment. The research is conducted through a case study approach where data has been collected through secondary sources. The findings indicate that RIL has taken several measures to address its social, economic, and environmental responsibilities, including education, healthcare, women's empowerment, environmental conservation, and sustainability. The study concludes that CSR initiatives are crucial for companies to build a positive reputation, enhance brand value, and contribute to the sustainable development of the society and the environment.

Rural household resilience to food insecurity in Majang Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia

Background Due to shocks and stressors brought on by both natural and man-made events, households that depend on subsistence agriculture frequently experience uncertainty about guaranteeing their food security. The modern strategy for achieving food security in the face of shocks depends on identifying the variables that affect resilience and working to increase rural households’ capacity to withstand shocks related to food insufficiency. The goal of this study was to evaluate how resilient households were to food insecurity and its determinants. Methods From primary and secondary sources, cross-sectional data of both quantitative and qualitative types were gathered. The data acquired through surveys from 320 households was analyzed using a multivariate analytical method that included principal component analysis (PCA) and OLS regression. To bolster the findings, data from focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) was substantially utilized. Results According to the findings of the analysis, 40% and 60% of households, respectively, become resilient and non-resilient. All but the stability parameter significantly impacted resilience. Resilience to food insecurity is significantly increased by an increase of 2.128, 1.697, 0.648, 0.363, and 0.158 units in the adoption of agricultural technology, asset ownership, access to essential services, and adaptive capacity, respectively. On the other hand, the stability dimension negatively impacts resilience, with each additional unit lowering households’ capacity for resilience by 0.155 units. Conclusions The study suggests that to reduce both short-term and long-term shocks and stresses of food insecurity and to increase the capacity for resilience, the government’s policies and programs and those of other development partners must focus on building the main components of resilience.

Analysing Inequity in Accessibility to Services with Neighbourhood Location and Socio‐Economic Characteristics in Delhi

The lack of comprehensive spatial data for neighbourhoods in cities in the global South has posed a significant challenge for examining socio‐economic inequities in accessibility to services. By combining the primary (survey data) and secondary data sources with new spatial data sources (Earth observation data, Google Maps), we create a spatial database of 4,145 residential locations in Delhi, aggregating them into 1 km grid‐shaped neighbourhoods. The neighbourhood's economic status is evaluated using a composite index of the built environment, land price, and household income. Social characteristics are examined through the percentage of the scheduled caste (SC) population, considering their historical marginalization in Indian society. Using the E‐2SFCA method, we calculate accessibility to four key services and employ the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to explore inequities in accessibility based on neighbourhood location and socio‐economic characteristics. Findings reveal inequity in accessibility to services at the neighbourhood level is primarily driven by spatial location rather than income or percentage of SC population. Moreover, the influence of socio‐economic characteristics on accessibility varies across locations. The spatial data mapping approach employed in this article can be applied to numerous rapidly urbanizing cities in the global South lacking block or neighbourhood‐level spatial data.

The Influence of E-banking on the Financial Performance of Kenyan Commercial Banks

Aims: The mobile and internet revolution has influenced creation and delivery of financial services leading to more innovative ways of linking customers and partners. Electronic Banking (e-banking) has opened up a new channel of banking resulting in new capabilities for banks as intermediaries. The research questions that the study sought to answer include, the role of mobile banking on the financial performance in Kenyan commercial banks, the effect of Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) on the financial performance of Kenyan commercial banks.
 Study Design: The research adopted descriptive design with quantitative data approaches.
 Place and Duration of Study: The target population was made up of 24 Kenyan Commercial Banks in the North Coast region of Kenya with a total of 240 employees. These banks are top tier lead brands listed in the stock exchange in the banking sector in Kenya between December 2022 and July 2023.
 Methodology: Strata of top management (section heads), middle managers (branch managers and super agents) and operational employees (lower cadre employees & credit officers) provided 72 respondents. Both secondary and primary data sources were used with the self-administered questionnaires containing both open and closed ended questions. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression on a model of Y = 1.518+ 0.438 X1 + 0.136 X2 + ε.
 Results: The correlation of the independent variables and the dependent variable was high and positive at 0.697 and 0.573 for mobile banking and Electronic Funds Transfer on financial performance respectively. The value of the adjusted R squared was found to be 0.654. The value of F-statistic was found to be 44.919 and it p-value 0.000. The regression coefficient of mobile banking was found to be 0.438 with a t-statistic value of 6.126.
 The regression coefficient of EFT was found to be 0.136 with a t-statistic value of 6.182.
 Conclusion: There is a strong relationship between mobile banking, EFT and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. M-banking has significantly reduced operational costs while EFT has increased the number of daily transactions. The study established that the popularity of m-banking has is due to the intensity of technology penetration of mobile phones to bank customers which has resulted in the number of customers registering for m-banking services to increase in the last five years. Commercial banks have also experienced increased ROA and growth in market share with adoption of e-banking.

Penegakan Hukum Dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan Penyalahgunaan Senjata Tajam Oleh Anak Dibawah Umur

The aim of this study to understand efforts in combating crimes involving the use of sharp weapons and the inhibiting factors influencing underage individuals in misusing sharp weapons. The method used was a normative juridical approach and an empirical juridical approach with a qualitative research type. Primary and secondary data sources were used. The research results show that the police in preventing and dealing with crimes involving sharp weapon abuse committed by children use a pre-emptive approach, the police focus on identifying potential risks that could cause children to be involved in the misuse of sharp weapons. The preventive approach involves outreach and education activities in the community to increase public awareness about the negative impacts of sharp weapon abuse by children. This study is only related to tackling sharp weapon crimes committed by children. This research contributes by identifying and analyzing various risk factors that contribute to underage individuals engaging in the misuse of sharp weapons, aiding in the development of preventive strategies.

A Critical Analysis of Reading Comprehension Tactics: Theoretical and Educational Implications

The review paper addresses classroom and non-classroom reading comprehension strategies and their theoretical foundations. Reading techniques include critical analysis and reflection on text structure and content to expand vocabulary and help readers integrate new material with their past knowledge. Secondary sources were used to collect data such as books, journals, facts, reports, publications, and research papers. The study uses four primary reading strategies: core diversified tactics, cognitive techniques, socialist-affective tactics, and metacognitive ways to emphasise the learner instructional value. The study results focused on reading strategies that teachers and students’ value, which ones they ignore, and how educational directives and assessment influence these approaches to create collaborative and revolutionary teaching and learning. The findings of the research demonstrated that each of these techniques is provided owing to the fact that they all make use of orthographic identification and cognitive patterns to enhance memory and retention in order to connect new information with previously acquired knowledge in order to accomplish conceptual transformation.

Eco-justice and human well-being in Ghana’s artisanal mining communities: towards a theological ethic of sustainable community

ABSTRACT The negative effects of Ghana’s artisanal mining industry on the sustainability of the natural environment and community life, exemplifies the dilemma of the protracted relationship between the quest for human well-being and sustainability of communities. Nevertheless, sustainable communities are crucial if the flourishing of the natural environment and engendering of human well-being would be attained. Indeed, within the indigenous African community, one is not pursued without the other, for both occur in tandem to ensure the sustainability and well-being of community. Drawing on secondary sources on artisanal mining and its drivers – human livelihoods and wellbeing – as against their social and environmental effects, this article sets out to offer an eco-justice analysis of the relationship between the quest for human wellbeing through artisanal mining and sustainable communities towards a constructive eco-justice theological ethics of sustainable community for Christian ecological praxis in the context of artisanal mining.

Outage of cooperative NOMA with an energy harvesting relay in an underlay cognitive radio network

SummaryThis paper analyzes the performance of a cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in an underlay cognitive radio network aided by an energy harvesting relay. A secondary source transmits signal for two users, where a near user acts as a relay for the far user. The far user applies the selection combining (SC) approach on the signals which were relayed by the near user and received via direct path from the secondary source. We analytically derive the outage probability (OP) of each user separately, the overall system OP, and the throughput of the system. The impact of the power allocation coefficient of NOMA and energy harvesting parameters on outage is indicated. Further, the performance of the network is investigated with imperfection in successive interference cancellation (SIC), maximal ratio combining (MRC) at relay, and Nakagami‐m fading. The results derived analytically are supported by simulation in MATLAB.

Examining the Moderating Effect of Board Independence on Ownership Structure and Corporate Risk: A Case Study of Nairobi Securities Exchange

Corporate governance and the risk management are the integral components of modern business management. This research paper aimed at investigating how and whether the presence of independent directors on the board influences the relationship between ownership structure and corporate risk. The composition and independence of a company's board of directors play a crucial role in determining the level of corporate risk. This research delved into the intricate dynamics between these elements to understand how they influence corporate risk. Specifically, the research aimed to examine how board independence acts as a moderating factor on the relationship between ownership structure and corporate risk. By examining the Kenyan context, this study contributes to the broader understanding of corporate governance in emerging markets. The paper relied on Agency Theory, Mean Variance-Portfolio Theoryagency theory ,mean variance-portfolio theory, the stewardship theory and resource dependence theory (RDT). The research employed use of causal research design. The study population was sixty-four (64) firms listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange as at 31st December 2021. Secondary data sources included financial reports, annual reports, and surveys. Data analysis was conducted using quantitative techniques like mean, standard deviation and regression, with the help of statistical software STATA. The statistical results revealed significant moderating effect of board independence on the relationship between ownership structure and corporate risk. The findings have offered practical insights to corporate managers, investors, policymakers, and researchers, aiding them in making informed decisions and formulating effective governance and risk management strategies.

Critical Analysis of Effect of Garbhini Ahara During Prenatal Period on Growth & Development of a Child w.s.r to Panchmahabhoot Theory of Ayurveda

Objective: The objective of this review study is to understand the scientific concept behind relation of Ayurveda dietary regimen of mother during entire pregnancy mentioned in Samhitas with growth and development of child in purview of Panchmahabhoot theory. This study can also pave the path for Ayurveda scholars to understand the depth behind the concept of Masanumasik Vriddhi due to special dietary regimen mentioned in Ayurveda Samhitas. Data: Data for this study has been collected mainly from a variety of secondary and tertiary literature sources and online database like PubMed, Scopus available. Review Methods: Keeping the objective of study in mind, various Samhitas along with their commentaries have been reviewed. Various narrative and analytical articles have been referred to critically analyse the undefined concept of dietary regimen of pregnant lady in Ayurveda. Conclusion: The aptness in all Mahabhootas can result in promotion of good health status and its imbalance can result in various ailments. The same is true in case of intrauterine life. Panchmahabhoota can be considered as the basis of genetics in Ayurveda and so if by proper and sequential incorporation of Masanumasik Garbhini Ahara we can prevent as well as cure genetic disorders of fetus. This can improve quality of life of mother, fetus and can prevent the mishappening like miscarriages, abortions, fetal anomalies, post birth defects which are quiet obvious now-a-days.

Web-Based Geographic Information System for Location Based Healthcare Service Delivery within Akure Metropolis

Purpose: This research project addresses the pressing issue of healthcare access within Akure Metropolis, Nigeria, through the development of a web-based Health Geoinformation System (HGS). Akure, like many urban centers in developing countries, faces significant challenges in healthcare delivery, including uneven distribution of facilities and limited access to reliable health information. In response to these challenges, this study leverages Geographical Information System (GIS) technology to create an innovative solution aimed at enhancing accessibility and information dissemination. Grounded in the context of Nigeria's healthcare system, the research identifies the need for an integrated approach to address the complex spatial dynamics of healthcare provision.
 Materials and Methods: Methodologically, the project combines primary data collection on the characteristics of health facilities in Akure with secondary data sources, including existing health records. A total of 100 healthcare facilities were located and identified for this study, with comprehensive information collected through three sets of questionnaires directed to healthcare facility managers and professionals, hospital management bodies, and the public. The data collection process employed Binary Logistic Regression to test research hypotheses, with charts utilized to represent public responses to the posed questions. Spatial representation and analysis were central to this study, with techniques such as Nearest Neighbor Analysis employed to assess the distribution and accessibility of health facilities.
 Findings: The results from this analysis revealed significant spatial patterns and disparities in healthcare facility distribution within Akure Metropolis. Notably, the study found that a developed web-based system having user-friendly functionalities like facility search, mapping, and route selection, among others, aids individuals in making informed decisions about their healthcare options.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: The results underline the potential of web-based systems to enhance healthcare access and decision-making processes in urban areas like Akure and further emphasize the significance of incorporating GIS technology into healthcare service delivery.

Interplay of International Law and Cyberspace: State Sovereignty Violation, Extraterritorial Effects, and the Paradigm of Cyber Sovereignty

Abstract Information and communication technology (ICT) threats, involving malicious use of ICTs, pose substantial risks to global security and stability. These threats, emanating from State and non-State actors, endanger economic growth, societal well-being, and human safety. The existing international legal framework struggles to adequately confront these challenges, resulting in issues concerning State sovereignty, cyber-attacks on critical infrastructure, and the emergence of cyberspace sovereignty. Cyber-attacks targeting key infrastructure can undermine sovereignty by aiding another State’s territorial control. The enforcement of cyberspace legislation, whether regional or intra-State, can infringe upon other States’ sovereignty due to cross-border repercussions. Despite the presence of numerous international and regional regulations, enforcement remains lacking. The concept of cyberspace sovereignty has arisen with technological advancements, signifying a need for digital realm sovereignty. Yet, this form of sovereignty is narrower compared to territorial sovereignty. This article delves into the nexus between international law, State sovereignty, and ICT threats, along with the progression of cyberspace sovereignty. Through qualitative analysis of primary and secondary sources, it examines the application of existing international law in the digital landscape. By scrutinizing these intricacies, the paper endeavors to comprehend the contemporary challenges posed to international law and explore potential resolutions.

Beyond the Tax Code: Enhancing Taxpayer Compliance through Service, Counseling, and Public Relations

The primary objective of this research is to elucidate the efficacy of service provision, counseling, and public relations implementation through the lens of management functions, namely planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. To address the central research question, a critical paradigm is employed, facilitating a rigorous critique of tax policies and their practical implications. Employing a qualitative research methodology, this study integrates a multi-method approach that amalgamates both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data are derived from the researcher's participant observations, conducted from 2021 to 2023 within the capacity of a taxpayer stationed at the Small Tax Office of Natar, subjected to thematic analysis. Secondary data, comprising statutory regulations and reports, were collated through the regulation documentation and subjected to analysis via a normative juridical approach. The findings indicate that the execution of service, counseling, and public relations activities remains suboptimal. Specifically, while the management functions of planning, leading, and controlling within service and counseling activities necessitate preservation, the organizing function demands significant enhancement. This study implies that extension activities is requisite for maintaining the planning and control functions, yet call for substantial improvements in organizing and leading functions.

The World Health Organization as an engine of ideational robustness

Abstract The paper focuses on the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in promoting a healthy world population as a generative and robust idea within health policy. The WHO’s health credo transcends national boundaries to promote health globally. It is embedded in norms, values, and standards promulgated by the organization and contributes in shaping the health responses of national governments. Ideational robustness refers to the ability of the WHO to adapt its health credo to changing contexts and circumstances, thus promoting the legitimacy of an international health order. Disturbances, including the Covid-19 pandemic, test the credo’s robustness, forcing the WHO to constantly work at reframing ideas to adapt to political forces and competing logics that structure the field of international health. Empirically, the paper is based on an historical analysis of the evolution of the health credo of the WHO since its inception. Qualitative content analysis of secondary sources, such as policy documents, explores how ideational work performed by WHO leaders impacts on the organization’s position and legitimacy. Ideational robustness appears to be largely influenced by leadership vision, preexisting organizational structure, and the political economy of international health. Ideational robustness appears as a powerful yet insufficient ingredient of policy success.

Boko Haram insurgency and sustainable development in north-east, Nigeria, 2014-2022

The problem of insecurity and terrorism became heightened in 2014 after a series of attacks by Boko Haram on individuals, properties; government installations, etc. especially in North-East Nigeria. The study examines Boko Haram Insurgency and sustainable development in North East Nigeria, using the thematic approach of Insurgency and sustainable development. Qualitative analysis was strictly used based on purposive sampling gathered from four states of the northeastern part of Nigeria; Borno, Yobe, Bauchi, and Gombe. The Sustainable Development Theory was used to analyze the Insurgency's impact on economic, social, and human development, and the climate/environmental challenges. The researcher used both primary and secondary sources to collect information. The research findings indicate that the North East region and its people suffered grievous economic and political damages from the activities of the insurgents, with the catastrophic collapse of economic, social, and political structures, and processes, and a likelihood of the State itself collapsing and breaking into fragments if the insurgency had continued unabated for a more extended period. The study recommended that the provision of immediate and comprehensive mental health diagnosis, treatment, and counselling will play an essential and critical role in helping people exposed to insurgency recover quickly from the emotional pains and trauma that come with such exposure.

Tesla Corporate Management Review: Analysis of Tesla’s Marketing Strategy in Chinese Market

Tesla is one of the world’s leading electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing companies. Its market entry into China has been marred with several challenges and wins, some of which are discussed in this document. Drawing from a secondary literature review analysis, the findings of this document demonstrate that Tesla's market entry strategy into China has been multipronged with tenets in celebrity advertisement, collaborative marketing, and hunger campaigns. This multifaceted marketing campaign has enabled Tesla to reach different consumer groups within the Chinese EV market. Key sections of this paper further interrogate the firm's marketing campaign in China, relative to the 4Ps of marketing. The findings of this discussion equally discuss the establishment of the Tesla brand in the Chinese market, its development over the years, and the current market situation. The goal is to identify key strengths and weaknesses associated with the brand that could be useful in consolidating its market position and exploiting emerging opportunities in the EV market.