Secondary Infection Research Articles

Descriptive Study of Chicken Pox in the Post Graduated Hospital Khost Afghanistan

Chicken pox is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology, characterized by the appearance of characteristic blistering rash against the background of a general intoxication syndrome. (13, 14) The causative agent of chickenpox is the herpes virus type 3, transmitted from a patient by airborne droplets. Chickenpox is one of the most common childhood infections. It is manifested by characteristic abundant itchy blistering rashes that appear at the height of fever and general infectious manifestations. (15, 16) A typical clinic allows you to diagnose the disease without conducting any additional research. Treatment of chickenpox is mainly symptomatic. To prevent secondary infection, antiseptic treatment of rash elements is recommended. Infants and Children are affects in all ages, but most severely infants, who experience the highest age-specific incidence and account for almost all Chickenpox hospitalizations and deaths. (17, 18, 19) Research Goal: Case of Chickenpox in the Khost post graduated hospital from the 1399/06/01 to 1399/12/30. Methodology: This is a descriptive study that was conducted in the form of a case series. This study was conducted on 43 patients affected by chicken pox.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the expansion of circulating tissue-homing B cell subsets in secondary acute dengue viral infection

The roles of antibodies secreted by subsets of B cells in dengue virus (DENV) infection have been extensively studied, yet, the contribution of tissue-homing B cells to antiviral immunity remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of B cell subpopulations in peripheral blood samples from DENV-infected patients using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets and flow cytometry. We showed that plasma cells (PCs) and plasmablasts (PBs) were the predominant B cell populations during the acute phase of secondary natural DENV infection, but not in convalescent phase nor in healthy controls. Interestingly, these cells expressed proliferation, adhesion, and tissue-homing genes, including SELPLG, a homing marker of the skin, the initial infected site of DENV. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed a significant upregulation of cell surface expression of a cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA) encoded by SELPLG in PCs and PBs, compared to naive and memory B cells from the same patients. The analysis of an independent single-cell B-cell receptor sequencing (scBCR-seq) dataset of DENV-infected patients revealed that the peripheral blood PCs and PBs exhibited the highest clonal expansion in secondary DENV infection compared to other B cell subsets. These clonally expanded cells also expressed the highest levels of tissue-homing genes, including SELPLG. In addition, by utilizing a public scRNA-seq dataset of SARS-CoV2 infection, we demonstrated the upregulation of several tissue-homing genes in PCs and PBs. Our study provides evidence for the potential roles of tissue-homing B cell subsets in the context of immune responses against viral infections in humans.

Regulation of pulmonary plasma cell responses during secondary infection with influenza virus.

During secondary infection with influenza virus, plasma cells (PCs) develop within the lung, providing a local source of antibodies. However, the site and mechanisms that regulate this process are poorly defined. Here, we show that while circulating memory B cells entered the lung during rechallenge and were activated within inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (iBALTs), resident memory B (BRM) cells responded earlier, and their activation occurred in a different niche: directly near infected alveoli. This process required NK cells but was largely independent of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Innate stimuli induced by virus-like particles containing ssRNA triggered BRM cell differentiation in the absence of cognate antigen, suggesting a low threshold of activation. In contrast, expansion of PCs in iBALTs took longer to develop and was critically dependent on CD4 T cells. Our work demonstrates that spatially distinct mechanisms evolved to support pulmonary secondary PC responses, and it reveals a specialized function for BRM cells as guardians of the alveoli.

Role of MRI in the diagnosis of Actinomycosis: A Case Report

Actinomycosis is caused by non-spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria called actinomyces. Its wide range of manifestations and non-specific symptoms cause complications by delaying diagnosis. We here present a case of a 34-year-old female with a history of recurrent discharging sinus and skin rashes in the posterior chest wall for 1 year and 6 months. Initially, it was suspected of malignancy with secondary infection. The patient was advised for MRI which shows suspicion of actinomyces. Later on, it was confirmed with a biopsy of the posterior chest wall. Here we present a case to describe the role of MRI in the diagnosis of actinomycosis.

Delayed infections following polybutylate-coated polyester (Ethibond) suture frontalis suspension surgery for severe blepharoptosis

ABSTRACT Purpose To describe the incidence and management of delayed infections following frontalis sling suspension with polybutylate-coated polyester suture (Ethibond). Methods Retrospective, interventional case series of 177 eyes of 150 patients, who underwent frontalis suspension surgery with Ethibond (Johnson and Johnson, USA), at L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India, between January 2016 and February 2022. Patients were assessed for chronic secondary sling infection, defined as infection/suture granuloma occurring beyond 6 weeks post-surgery. All patients received postoperative oral antibiotics. The clinical profile, microbiological evaluation, antibiotic sensitivity patterns, and management outcomes were analyzed. Results Delayed infection following Ethibond sling suspension was noted in 14 eyes of 13 patients (7.9%). Of these, eight cases (61.5%) were females. The average time interval from surgery to presentation was 7.5 months (range: 2.5 months to 2.5 years). Eleven eyes underwent sling removal. Of the three who received initial antibiotic course, two eventually needed sling removal. Microbiological evaluation was available in seven eyes (50%), with Staphylococcus aureus as the most common organism. Of the six positive cultures, five (83.3%) were resistant to fluoroquinolones (FQs). Conclusion Frontalis suspension with Ethibond has an 8% incidence of delayed infections, with Staphylococcus aureus as the most common organism. The authors recommend early sling removal in all patients with infection and recommend consideration of an alternative material in the event of future revision surgery.

Antigenic distance between primary and secondary dengue infections correlates with disease risk.

Many pathogens continuously change their protein structure in response to immune-driven selection, resulting in weakened protection even in previously exposed individuals. In addition, for some pathogens, such as dengue virus, poorly targeted immunity is associated with increased risk of severe disease through a mechanism known as antibody-dependent enhancement. However, it remains unclear whether the antigenic distances between an individual's first infection and subsequent exposures dictate disease risk, explaining the observed large-scale differences in dengue hospitalizations across years. Here, we develop a framework that combines detailed antigenic and genetic characterization of viruses with details on hospitalized cases from 21 years of dengue surveillance in Bangkok, Thailand, to identify the role of the antigenic profile of circulating viruses in determining disease risk. We found that the risk of hospitalization depended on both the specific order of infecting serotypes and the antigenic distance between an individual's primary and secondary infections, with risk maximized at intermediate antigenic distances. These findings suggest that immune imprinting helps determine dengue disease risk and provide a pathway to monitor the changing risk profile of populations and to quantifying risk profiles of candidate vaccines.

Dedicated Protocol for Ultrastructural Analysis of Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tissues with Red Mark Syndrome: The Skin-Part One.

The present study aims to provide a specific protocol for transmission electron microscopy of a sample of skin of rainbow trout affected by red mark syndrome (RMS). The red mark syndrome is a skin disease that affects the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The disease, probably due to the Midichloria-like organism infection, is not lethal, but morbidity can reach up to 60%, leading to significant economic impact associated with the downgrading of the commercial product, increased labor, and susceptibility to secondary infections. The ultrastructure analyses allowed an earlier study to identify the presence of scattered microorganisms characterized by an oval shape, mainly in the cytoplasm of the cells. The protocol developed in this study will be instrumental in visualizing the ultrastructure of the microorganism, which is probably responsible for red mark syndrome infection.

Overview on Lumpy Disease: Pathogenesis, Sign and Symptoms, Risk Factor, and Treatment

The lumpy diseases is an infectious disease. It is caused by viruses (LSDV) of the family Capripoxvirus.An investigation on the risk variables linked to the proliferation of LSD in Ethiopia has been conducted through a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study LSD virus,virus has been detected in stomoxy calcitrans and Anopheles stephens. virus can survive in necrotic skin for about 33 days and remains viable for at least 18 days in air-dried skin lesions at room temperature. The virus has been reported to persist in necrotic skin nodules for up to 33 days or longer, in dried crusts for up to 35 days and at least 18 days in air-dried hides.LSD has gross lesions that are well-described. Skin nodules are typically elevated, hard, and spherical in shape, however some might fuse together to form enormous, uneven plaques with defined boundaries. Biphasic fever, a clinical symptom of LSD, is characterised by two episodes of fever that develop after a varying incubation period of 4–12 days (typically 7 days). The affected animals' body temperature rises to 40–41.5°C, and this can last for at least 6–72 hours and, in exceptional cases, up to 10 days.To guarantee sufficient defence against LSD, susceptible adult cattle should receive a yearly vaccination.To reduce the possibility of the disease spreading by vectors, cattle should get routine treatments with insect repellents. While not completely effective, this method can lower the likelihood of transmission..The first report of LSD's clinical symptoms was published in Zambia (Morris 1931 ) The affected animals displayed symptoms of nasal discharge, emaciation, necrotic plaques in the mouth and nose mucous membranes, and excessive salivation. The most popular technique for diagnosis is full-thickness skin biopsies or scabs with electron microscopy showing the presence of characteristic capripox virions.To identify the antigens, techniques such as ELISA, PCR, and viral neutralization test procedures are helpful. Doctors may administer vitamin injections, anti-inflammatory drugs, or antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infection fever and inflammation.needed a full recuperation period of six months A27L, L1R, and a combination of the two LSDV antigens were included in the development of three vaccines. Insect repellents, disinfectant cleaning, proper disposal of contaminated areas, and awareness-raising are examples of preventive approaches.The economic impact of LSD was caused by both direct consequences, like control expenses, and indirect ones, including milk loss, mortality loss, and draft power loss.

Pest Status of Subfamily Lymantriinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Noctuoidea): Review

Plant diseases and pests are important factors determining plant yield production, including mango. Mango fruit rot caused by insects and microbes has become a significant threat to mango production in Southeast Asia and worldwide. Insect plant pathogens affect crop yields' profitability, quality, and quantity. Some infections could occur before harvest and remain dormant until the favourable condition is achieved, and the disease will break out after harvest, reducing mango production. They act as a threat to the crops through various mechanisms of pathogenesis that compromise the immune system of the plants, such as developing any ways to attack the plants, seeking entry via open pores or exposed surface or wound, and sourcing nutrients forcefully for their growth and development. Depending on the environmental factors, the insect contracts the host through primary or secondary infection. This paper summarizes mango fruit rot disease caused by insects groups such as fruit borers (Autocharis albizonalis and Citripestis eutraphera), fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis), and mango seed weevils (Sternochetus mangiferae). This review will provide information about fruit rot diseases on mangoes caused by insects, the mechanism of infection, the interaction between insect damage and fungal infections, effective control methods, and related integrated pest management approaches.

Insects Induced Mango Fruit Rot: Unraveling the Culprits

Plant diseases and pests are important factors determining plant yield production, including mango. Mango is an economically important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical areas. Mango fruit rot caused by insects and microbes has become a significant threat to mango production in Southeast Asia and worldwide. Insect plant pathogens affect crop yields' profitability, quality, and quantity. Some infections could occur before harvest and remain dormant until the favourable condition is achieved, and the disease will break out after harvest, reducing mango production. They act as a threat to the crops through various mechanisms of pathogenesis that compromise the immune system of the plants, such as developing any ways to attack the plants, seeking entry via open pores or exposed surface or wound, and sourcing nutrients forcefully for their growth and development. Depending on the environmental factors, the insect contracts the host through primary or secondary infection. This paper summarizes mango fruit rot disease caused by insects groups such as fruit borers (Autocharis albizonalis and Citripestis eutraphera), fruit flies (Bactrocera dorsalis), and mango seed weevils (Sternochetus mangiferae). This review will provide information about fruit rot diseases on mangoes caused by insects, the mechanism of infection, the interaction between insect damage and fungal infections, effective control methods, and related integrated pest management approaches.

The effectiveness of treatment depending on an adherence to dispensary observation and antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection

Aim. Determination of the causes of deaths and analysis of the survival of people living with HIV, depending on an adherence to dispensary observation and treatment. Materials and methods. The analysis of socio-demographic characteristics and clinical and laboratory data of 284 adult HIV patients observed in 1999–2011 at the Lomonosov Interdistrict Hospital named after I. N. Yudchenko was carried out. Patients who followed the prescribed monitoring regimen (at least 2 times a doctor’s visit during the year) were considered committed to dispensary supervision. Patients who observed the regularity and continuity of monitoring and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were considered committed to treatment. Among the patients included in the study, 115 people were committed to treatment or follow-up and 169 patients were non-committed. Objective (biological) indicators of adherence and effectiveness of treatmentwere the number of CD4 lymphocytes and the level of HIV viral load. Based on the method of comparing survival curves, factors related to the life expectancy of HIV patients were assessed, taking into account the gender of patients, their adherence to monitoring and treatment, indicators of HIV viral load and the number of CD4 lymphocytes and the outcome of the disease from the moment of registration at the dispensary and over the next 120 months (after 3 months, 6 months, 1.5 years, 2 years, 5, 7 and 10 years). Results and discussion. Significant differences were found in the survival curves of patients who received and did not receive ART (117.9 and 91.4 months, p<0.005) and patients who were committed and non-committed to therapy (116.9 and 83.8 months, p<0.005). Regardless of adherence to outpatient follow-up and therapy, the survival time of women compared to men for the entire follow-up period was longer (105.0 and 92.4 months, respectively, p<0.005). Among those committed to treatment, 21% of patients died due to concomitant somatic pathology, 5% from injuries incompatible with life. In the group of those committedto follow–up, the causes of deaths in 12% were various somatic pathology, brain lymphoma — in 1% and injuries incompatible with life — in 3% of cases. The highest mortality rates were recorded among patients who were not exposed to ART (71%) and the routine of follow-up (52%). Almost half of these patients (49%) died from secondary HIV infections, of which 85% of cases were posthumously diagnosed with tuberculosis, mainly the pulmonary form of the disease. The second most common cause of death was violent death, including drug poisoning. Conclusion. Regular dispensary observation, timely initiation of ART and adherence to therapy make it possible to control the disease, prevent the development of opportunistic pathology, and improve the quality and life expectancy of patients with HIV infection. Despite the increased availability of ART and strategies for active involvement and retention of patients in dispensary care, issues of patient adherence to therapy remain key in the management of HIV patients.

Effect of fasting plasma glucose level in severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome patients without diabetes.

Hyperglycemia is correlated with worse in-hospital outcomes in acute infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). This study assessed the relationship between fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels and in-hospital mortality, disease type, and secondary infections among individuals with SFTS without preexisting diabetes. The clinical data and laboratory results upon admission of 560 patients with SFTS without preexisting diabetes meeting the inclusion criteria at Wuhan Union Hospital were collected. FPG levels in surviving patients with SFTS subjects were significantly lower than those in patients with SFTS who had died (P<0.0001). In multivariate Cox regression, high FPG level (≥11.1 mmol/L) was a risk factor independently associated with the in-hospital death of patients with SFTS without preexisting diabetes. Similarly, the FPG levels in general patients with SFTS were significantly lower than those in patients with severe SFTS (P<0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression identified high FPG level (7.0-11.1 mmol/L) as a risk factor independently associated with SFTS severity. While FPG levels were comparable between patients with SFTS with and without secondary infection (P = 0.5521), logistic regression analysis revealed that high FPG levels were not a risk factor for secondary infection in patients with SFTS without preexisting diabetes. High FPG level on admission was an independent predictor of in-hospital death and severe disease in individuals with SFTS without preexisting diabetes. FPG screening upon admission and glycemic control are effective methods for improving the prognosis of patients with SFTS.

Echinacea Reduces Antibiotics by Preventing Respiratory Infections: A Meta-Analysis (ERA-PRIMA).

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the leading cause of antibiotic prescriptions, primarily due to the risk for secondary bacterial infections. In this study, we examined whether Echinacea could reduce the need for antibiotics by preventing RTIs and their complications, and subsequently investigated its safety profile. A comprehensive search of EMBASE, PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane DARE and clinicaltrials.gov identified 30 clinical trials (39 comparisons) studying Echinacea for the prevention or treatment of RTIs in 5652 subjects. Echinacea significantly reduced the monthly RTI occurrence, risk ratio (RR) 0.68 (95% CI 0.61-0.77) and number of patients with ≥1 RTI, RR = 0.75 [95% CI 0.69-0.81] corresponding to an odds ratio 0.53 [95% CI 0.42-0.67]. Echinacea reduced the risk of recurrent infections (RR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.46-0.80), RTI complications (RR = 0.44; 95% CI 0.36-0.54) and the need for antibiotic therapy (RR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.39-0.93), with total antibiotic therapy days reduced by 70% (IRR = 0.29; 95% CI 0.11-0.74). Alcoholic extracts from freshly harvested Echinacea purpurea were the strongest, with an 80% reduction of antibiotic treatment days, IRR 0.21 [95% CI 0.15-0.28]. An equal number of adverse events occurred with Echinacea and control treatment. Echinacea can safely prevent RTIs and associated complications, thereby decreasing the demand for antibiotics. Relevant differences exist between Echinacea preparations.

'Monkeypox 2.0': Case series on a reconditioned virus causing sexually transmissible disease in urban population.

MPOX (Monkeypox) viral infection, a zoonotic disease previously confined to the African sub-continent, has caught attention worldwide recently due to its resurgence in a new 'avatar' among urban communities. Dermatologists in the U. A. E. started to see patients with fever and a self-limiting pustular necrotic rash that was negative for all other infectious investigations. We performed a prospective observational multicenter clinical study of the demographics, skin manifestations, and outcomes of patients presenting with necrotic pustular lesions and/or fever. 35 cases of PCR confirmed MPOX cases, mostly in the expatriate population, were followed up and found to have high-risk heterosexual contact on an average of 1week prior to disease onset. We found that they have characteristic annular pustular lesions with necrotic center or "Smoke ring pustules' in all cases. Lesion tenderness and predilection for the lower abdomen, pubic area, and genitalia were observed. Most cases were systemically stable, with fever lasting for an average of 4days and elevated CRP levels. Genital lesions were prone to secondary bacterial infections. The disease was severe, with larger annular plaques in one of our patients found to be living with HIV. The overall prognosis in healthy individuals is good, with lesions healing within an average of 2weeks without scarring. 'New world MPOX' should be unclassified from zoonosis to a sexually transmitted infection (STI) capable of transmission in an urban population. Our findings can help in early clinical suspicion and differentiation from other STI's for primary and secondary health care physicians.

Bacterium-like Particles from Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum as Mucosal Adjuvant for the Development of Pneumococcal Vaccines.

Previously, it was shown that intranasally (i.n.) administered Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum 090104 (Cp) or CP-derived bacterium-like particles (BLPs) improve the immunogenicity of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). This work aimed to deepen the characterization of the adjuvant properties of Cp and CP-derived BLPs for their use in the development of pneumococcal vaccines. The ability of Cp and CP-derived BLPs to improve both the humoral and cellular specific immune responses induced by i.n. administered polysaccharide-based commercial pneumococcal vaccine (Pneumovax 23®) and the chimeric recombinant PSPF (PsaA-Spr1875-PspA-FliC) protein was evaluated, as well as the protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in infant mice. Additionally, whether the immunization protocols, including Cp and CP-derived BLPs, together with the pneumococcal vaccines can enhance the resistance to secondary pneumococcal pneumonia induced after inflammatory lung damage mediated by the activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was assessed. The results showed that both Cp and CP-derived BLPs increased the immunogenicity and protection induced by two pneumococcal vaccines administered through the nasal route. Of note, the nasal priming with the PSPF T-dependent antigen co-administered with Cp or CP-derived BLPs efficiently stimulated humoral and cellular immunity and increased the resistance to primary and secondary pneumococcal infections. The CP-derived BLPs presented a stronger effect than live bacteria. Given safety concerns associated with live bacterium administration, especially in high-risk populations, such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients, BLPs emerge as an attractive mucosal adjuvant to improve the host response to pneumococcal infections and to enhance the vaccines already in the market or in development.

COVID-19 Pandemic Modulates the Environmental Contamination Level of Enteric Bacteria from WWTPs

The COVID-19 pandemic was a challenge for the whole world, and it had major secondary effects on humans and environmental health. The viral infection induced, in many situations, secondary bacterial infections, especially enteric infections, by destabilizing the balance of the gastrointestinal microbiota. The large-scale use of antibiotics and biocides for both curative and preventive purposes has resulted in an increase in bacterial resistance, and at the same time, the possibility of pathogenic microorganism multiplication and their dissemination to natural environments. Wastewater is the main vector of fecal microorganisms that favors their dissemination into natural aquatic ecosystems. The present paper aims to analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the microbiological quality of wastewater from sewage treatment plants in Romania and its impact on receiving rivers. In order to highlight different and important areas in Romania, three cities from the east, center and west were selected for a microbiological evaluation of their WWTP influents and effluents from the pre-COVID-19 period and during the COVID-19 pandemic peak period, when the COVID-19 pandemic had a direct impact on WWTP microbial compositions. Our study shows that a higher level of contamination with fecal bacteria is linked to a higher COVID-19 incidence. The increased usage of pharmaceutical compounds, in turn, increases the number of resistant bacteria reaching the environment via WWTP effluents.

Unveiling Therapeutic Potential: Targeting Fusobacterium nucleatum's Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis for Endodontic Infections-An In Silico Screening Study.

Complex microbial communities have been reported to be involved in endodontic infections. The microorganisms invade the dental pulp leading to pulpitis and initiating pulp inflammation. Fusobacterium nucleatum is a dominant bacterium implicated in both primary and secondary endodontic infections. Drugs targeting the molecular machinery of F. nucleatum will minimize pulp infection. LpxA and LpxD are early acyltransferases involved in the formation of lipid A, a major component of bacterial membranes. The identification of leads which exhibit preference towards successive enzymes in a single pathway can also prevent the development of bacterial resistance. A stringent screening strategy utilizing physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters along with a virtual screening approach identified two compounds, Lomefloxacin and Enoxacin, with good binding affinity towards the early acyltransferases LpxA and LpxD. Lomefloxacin and Enoxacin, members of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic class, exhibit wide-ranging activity against diverse bacterial strains. Nevertheless, their effectiveness in the context of endodontic treatment requires further investigation. This study explored the potential of Lomefloxacin and Enoxacin to manage endodontic infections via computational analysis. Moreover, the compounds identified herein serve as a foundation for devising novel combinatorial libraries with enhanced efficacy for endodontic therapeutic strategies.

ASPERGILLOSIS IN BROILER CHICKEN IN TUNJUK VILLAGE, TABANAN DISTRICT, TABANAN REGENCY, BALI

In the development of broiler farming in Indonesia, it is necessary to be aware of diseases that often attack livestock, namely Aspergillosis fungal infection. This case study aims to confirm the diagnosis in the death of 30-day-old broiler chickens of male sex who experienced clinical symptoms of lethargy, nasal discharge, shortness of breath, swollen eyelids, and difficulty eating for 3 days so that they were separated from the rest of the chicken population obtained at one of the farms located in Tunjuk Village, Tabanan District, Tabanan Regency, Bali. Examination of case animals included signaling, anamnesis, epidemiological data, clinical symptoms, anatomical pathology and histopathology examination, bacteriology and mycology examination, and parasitology examination. The results of the anatomical pathology examination showed congestion in the brain, petechie in the ventriculus, hemorrhage in the intestines, hemorrhage in the lungs with white nodules and white nodules in the kidneys. Histopathological examination found septa hyphae and conidiophore. In the mycological examination, the case animals identified Aspergillosis in the lung and kidney organs grown on SDA (Sabouraud Dextose Agar) media and observation under a microscope using 10% KOH dye and methylene blue. In the bacteriological examination, samples of lung and intestinal organs were cultured on general Nutrient Agar (NA) media, followed by selective Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) media, primary tests, gram staining, biochemical tests and sugar tests until the results showed that there was a secondary infection of Klebsiella sp in the lung organ samples. The results of the examination related to parasites in the feces of case chickens by qualitative methods, namely natif (direct), sedimentation concentration, and buoyancy concentration were confirmed not to be found worm eggs or coccidia. From this case study it can be concluded that the case chicken was infected with Aspergillosis. Prevention of the spread of Aspergillosis should be done by improving farm management such as housing sanitation and good husbandry methods to prevent the risk of livestock experiencing the disease.

Characterization of genes related to the efflux pump and porin in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with COVID-19 after secondary infection

BackgroundEscherichia coli (E. coli) is a multidrug resistant opportunistic pathogen that can cause secondary bacterial infections in patients with COVID-19. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of E. coli as a secondary bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19 and to assess the prevalence and characterization of genes related to efflux pumps and porin.MethodsA total of 50 nonduplicate E. coli isolates were collected as secondary bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. The isolates were cultured from sputum samples. Confirmation and antibiotic susceptibility testing were conducted by Vitek 2. PCR was used to assess the prevalence of the efflux pump and porin-related genes in the isolates. The phenotypic and genotypic evolution of antibiotic resistance genes related to the efflux pump was evaluated.ResultsThe E. coli isolates demonstrated high resistance to ampicillin (100%), cefixime (62%), cefepime (62%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (60%), cefuroxime (60%), and ceftriaxone (58%). The susceptibility of E. coli to ertapenem was greatest (92%), followed by imipenem (88%), meropenem (86%), tigecycline (80%), and levofloxacin (76%). Regarding efflux pump gene combinations, there was a significant association between the acrA gene and increased resistance to levofloxacin, between the acrB gene and decreased resistance to meropenem and increased resistance to levofloxacin, and between the ompF and ompC genes and increased resistance to gentamicin.ConclusionsThe antibiotics ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, tigecycline, and levofloxacin were effective against E. coli in patients with COVID-19. Genes encoding efflux pumps and porins, such as acrA, acrB, and outer membrane porins, were highly distributed among all the isolates. Efflux pump inhibitors could be alternative antibiotics for restoring tetracycline activity in E. coli isolates.

Activation of the RIG-I/MAVS Signaling Pathway during Human Adenovirus Type 3 Infection Impairs the Pro-Inflammatory Response Induced by Secondary Infection with Staphylococcus aureus.

The exacerbation of pneumonia in children with human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3E) is secondary to a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection. The influence of host-pathogen interactions on disease progression remains unclear. It is important to note that S. aureus infections following an HAdV-3E infection are frequently observed in clinical settings, yet the underlying susceptibility mechanisms are not fully understood. This study utilized an A549 cell model to investigate secondary infection with S. aureus following an HAdV-3E infection. The findings suggest that HAdV-3E exacerbates the S. aureus infection by intensifying lung epithelial cell damage. The results highlight the role of HAdV-3E in enhancing the interferon signaling pathway through RIG-I (DDX58), resulting in the increased expression of interferon-stimulating factors like MX1, RSAD2, and USP18. The increase in interferon-stimulating factors inhibits the NF-κB and MAPK/P38 pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. These findings reveal new mechanisms of action for HAdV-3E and S. aureus in secondary infections, enhancing our comprehension of pathogenesis.