Secondary Energy Resources Research Articles

Comparative characteristics of the fuel and energy balances of Algeria and Russia and directions for improving their structure

This study discovers the problem of stable and reliable functioning of the Algerian and Russian energy and fuel complexes. The analysis of structural changing in the composition of the energy and fuel balances of the countries under consideration allowed the authors of the article to conclude that there is a need for a wider use of secondary energy resources, which requires government support measures aimed at attracting investments and switching to providing own secondary energy resources. The possibilities of Algeria in the development of solar and wind energy are shown. For Russia, the relevance of the wider use of biomass, in particular, wood processing waste, was noted. At the end of the work, the conditions are defined, compliance with which will allow the governments of both countries to carry out the necessary transformation of national fuel and energy complexes.

Energy Saving as Key Factor for Increasing Country’s Energy Security

Power engineering is one of the main types of economic activity of the Republic of Belarus. The priority deve-lopment of the country’s energy sector is determined by its key role in ensuring the efficient functioning of the national economy, stable operation of the social infrastructure, and observance of social norms and standards for the population. and importance of energy resources for the development of the economy and society as a whole can hardly be overestimated because of their active influence on the intensity of production and consumption processes. Currently, the main sources of energy are oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale and nuclear energy. Economy of the Republic is very dependent on energy imports. This is a serious test for the country under conditions of constant rise in hydrocarbon prices. Belarus imports more than 90 % of oil, 100 % of natural gas and 25 % of liquefied gas and 100 % of the whole consumed coal. The energy intensity of domestic enterprise products is significantly higher than in industrialized countries. Therefore, improvement of energy efficiency is fundamental for our country. In this regard, a real economic sector depends on the stable operation of energy enterprises, timely modernization of equipment, rational use of fuel and energy resources and effective implementation of energy conservation measures. Most of the energy sector problems can be solved by improving the energy security indicators of the Republic, namely, as a result of the introduction of a range of energy-saving measures, use of secondary energy resources and development of renewable energy sources.

Utilization of Oily Sorption Material as a Secondary Energy Resource at Industrial Plants

The article presents research on the possibility of using oily sorption material as a secondary energy resource at industrial enterprises. Carbonate sludge from chemical treatment of thermal power plants is traditionally discharged into sludge collectors, aggravating the environmental situation in areas adjacent to power plants. Based on sludge from chemical water treatment plants of thermal power plants, a sorption material (hydrophobic carbonate sludge) has been developed for the purification of aqueous media from oil pollution. The paper considers the possibility of utilization of the oily material sorbed by the sorption material as a secondary energy resource. The characteristics of the oily sorption material are determined: elemental composition, ash content, net calorific value. A schematic diagram of utilization of oily sorption material is proposed, the volume of air and combustion products during its combustion is calculated, as well as harmful emissions and prevented environmental damage, and thermal calculation was carried out.

Analysis of the influence of the input parameters on the efficiency of the operation of the detander generator unit in the gas network system of the republic of Uzbekistan

The article is devoted to the generally recognized dilemma of using secondary energy resources in the transportation and distribution of natural gas. At stations where throttle devices are used, excessive gas pressure as the main component of secondary energy resources for technological processes is practically not used. Currently, the replacement of throttle devices with turbo-expander units is determined by energy and economic efficiency. This is due to the fact that the use of excess gas pressure in the turbo expander both at gas distribution stations and at compressor stations of gas pipelines without preheating has not yet been widely used. Expander-generator technology is probably one of the most effective technologies for reducing the consumption of fuel and energy resources. The combination of expander-generator units with heat pump units contributes to the creation of highly efficient power generating complexes that can generate electricity without burning fuel. Expansion of high-pressure natural gas at gas distribution stations is one of the technologies for generating electricity without combustion. To determine the share of electric energy supplied to the electric network based on the expander-generator set in the gas supply system, an analytical dependence was determined. Based on this, an arithmetic model of the installation with single-stage expander-generator units and steam-compression heat pump units is proposed. All data will be presented in detail in this article.

The use of heat transformers for the low-temperature secondary energy resources recovery in non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises

The paper discusses the concept of developing schemes for the utilization of low potential secondary energy resources waste heat in heat transformers (HT). There ara several examples of using HT in non-ferrous metallurgy plants in Russia and Kazakhstan: the production of nickel, zinc and ferroalloys. In the case of nickel production, two schemes are proposed for consideration: for summer and winter modes. The main object of study is a nickel production scheme using a lithium bromide absorption chiller (AbCh) in the summer. The nickel production process needs cold. In the proposed scheme, the main source of utilized low-grade waste heat for AbCh is recycled water. The basic parameters were calculated under various extreme conditions, the energy effect of the circuit modernization was estimated, and equipment was selected. Another example of the HT use is the use of a heat pump unit (HPU) in the production of zinc and ferroalloys. HPU is designed to heat feed water before chemical water treatment and at the same time to “cool down” the circulating water, which is then used for electrolysis, replacing purchased artesian water.

Development of resource saving and resource efficiency as the most important factor in the industrial development in the Arctic

Research in the sphere of the Arctic industrial development often leads to the identification of clear regulatory gaps of a systemic nature. A particular example is the issue of legislative regulation of the involvement of secondary raw materials, fuel and energy resources in economic use and property turnover in the context of resource conservation and resource efficiency. In this case, secondary resources are not subject to independent regulation in general, but only as one of the elements of activities related to environmental protection. Accordingly, the conditions for the development of a system of production and consumption wastes’ effective management, the creation of a recycling industry, including the reuse of such waste, have not been formed yet. The results of the analysis given in this research paper clearly indicate the lack of development of mechanisms for stimulating the use of non-target materials and substances. Industrial enterprises that use secondary resources in production do not currently receive special advantages within the framework of the implemented industrial policy. System benefits are universal and directly related to commodity production only. However, it is necessary to apply measures to encourage industrial activities to implement projects involving the reuse of secondary resources in production, including in the Russian Arctic.

Сonceptual approach to an efficient natural gas consumption strategy for an industrial enterprise

Currently, the development of industrial manufacturing and the energy consumption management for the natural gas demand better methodological tools to evaluate the efficiency of the enterprise’s energy strategy because modern methodological grounds for energy efficiency analysis do not account for a number of factors which affect the usage of secondary energy resources and do not offer any reasonable management solutions aimed to improve the efficiency of natural gas consumption in manufacturing processes. Current conceptual approaches to the evaluation of the natural gas consumption strategy by an industrial enterprise do not comprehensively consider the interaction between the enterprise’s energy supply in-house factors and the factors of energy resource market environment. Along with that, developing a strategy for the efficient natural gas consumption turns out to be the key factor to increase the competitiveness of an industrial enterprise, to guarantee a sustainable economic growth of industry, and to improve the ecological situation in the country. The purpose of the present research is to develop a comprehensive approach to natural gas consumption strategy for an industrial enterprise, this approach including a business model for strategy implementation and efficiency evaluation tools. The novelty of the research is as follows: 1) the studies in the energy efficient strategy are offered to apply new notions such as strategic competencies of energy efficiency and business competencies of energy efficiency which were used to justify author’s mathematical tools for the development of energy efficiency strategy for natural gas consumption and its business model; 2) the paper proposes an evaluation method for energy efficient strategy in natural gas consumption and its business model which determines the proportions based on the key indicators of enterprise’s energy efficiency. A well-proportioned system of these indicators is developed from the strategic competencies of the enterprise’s energy efficiency and includes the assessment of energy efficient, economic, financial, ecological sustainability. The key purpose of strategy’s development is seen to be a ready-to-use management system for the efficient natural gas consumption at an industrial enterprise, the system arising from the sustainable, dynamic, and innovative energy consumption economy which meets all modern requirements of the energy efficient development in industrial manufacturing. Compilation and implementation of natural gas consumption strategy within the proposed system of well-proportioned indicators is examined under three criteria: compliance, competitiveness, and efficiency. The system of well-proportioned indicators includes a strategic management map for the efficient natural gas consumption. This map visualizes the strategic goals and the key tasks of the energy efficient strategy. The author’s model of the energy efficient strategy as a system of well-proportioned dynamic indicators can be applied by the national industrial enterprises to identify the areas and to reason the management decisions aimed to improve the efficiency of natural gas consumption in manufacturing. The author’s conceptual approach to the strategy of the efficient natural gas consumption was tested at the metallurgic enterprises in Chelyabinsk region. Test results prove the trend in extending the evaluation of the efficiency of the natural gas consumption strategy, which could support the coherence of the strategic goals for the energy efficiency management at different levels of economy hierarchy: country, region, industry, and an industrial enterprise. The research reveals the connection between the strategy, its business model, and the manufacturing efficiency when achieving the goals of the enterprise’s energy efficient strategy. It has been justified that the efficiency manufacturing organization provides a real basis for the natural gas consumption strategy and requires additional investments into the advanced energy saving and energy efficient technologies. In its turn, this intensifies the extended recovery of the fixed assets at the national enterprises. Further research is seen to be focused on the analysis of the trends in developing the energy efficient strategies for natural gas consumption at the industrial enterprises, on improvement of the methodological tools for quantitative analysis of the energy efficient strategy impact on energy, economy, and ecological safety, as well as on the development of management impacts system providing the efficiency of natural gas consumption at the industrial enterprises.

ТЕРМОДИНАМИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ КОМБИНИРОВАННЫХ ЦИКЛОВ ВАКУУМНЫХ МИКРОГАЗОТУРБИННЫХ УСТАНОВОК ТЕПЛОЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ЛОКАЛЬНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

The subject of this article is the use of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plants to improve the efficiency of vacuum cycles of micro-gas turbine engines (VMGTE). Combined installations VMGTE with ORC of a simple cycle and with heat regeneration have been investigated. The optimal parameters of the plants in the mode of the switching heat flow are found for various working fluids of the ORC. It has been established that the combination of VMGTE with ORC allows to increase the efficiency of plants by 4.2 ... 12.5%, while maintaining cogeneration capabilities. Due to the design features, the combined plant based on a simple cycle can be used for the utilization of secondary energy resources of any potential.

Утворення та використання вторинних енергоресурсів в Україні

Утворення та використання вторинних енергоресурсів в Україні

Удосконалений підхід до оцінки ефективності енергозберігаючих заходів та технологій на теплоелектроцентралях

The current state of combined heat and power generation systems in Ukraine by means of cogeneration district heating (CHP) is considered and analyzed. The structure of consumption of different types of fuel by public and industrial thermal power plants is given. The existing methodical approaches to determining the energy-intensity of energy carriers and their types (at the final stage of production and through ver the technological chain) are analyzed. We improved the methodical approach to determination of the through technological energy-intensity of energy carriers, produced in the process of their co-production at thermal power plant with the separcation of energy costs for certain technologies: unloading and preparation of fuel, its submission to burners, burning in a boiler plant, and implementation of nature-conservative measures for environmental protection. We developed and tested a model of the calculation of end-to-end technological energy intensity of energy production at TPPs, which burns coal by two variants of technologies (widespread and newest energy-efficient ones) and for TPPs on natural gas, which use secondary energy resources of excess pressure formed at the reduction of natural gas pressure at a gas-distributing point for the power plant network with the representation of calculated data for each technological process and equipment and summarized final results for each departament and plant in general. In all variants, the electric power of turbine is taken to be identical. This detailing of energy consumption makes it possible to visually represent, analyze and compare variants for upgrading power equipment over all departaments of thermal power plant.

Thermodynamic modeling of a heat pump unit as part of a cogeneration turbine operating in ventilation mode

Currently, much attention is paid to improving the efficiency of energy generating facilities through the use of secondary energy resources. This article presented a cogeneration turbine in the general energy scheme with a heat pump installation. During the winter period, due to the increased consumption of heat energy, heat-generating turbines, by closing the regulating diaphragm, are switched to full steam extraction mode from the low-pressure flow part to heat the supply water. In this case, the last stages of the turbine are transferred to the ventilation mode with the release of heat due to the vortex flows on the blades of the low pressure part. In order to obtain additional heat energy for network water, the article considers the option of using secondary energy resources with the help of a heat pump unit operating in a steam turbine plant scheme. All necessary calculations of thermodynamic modeling were carried out according to the EES heat pump, the program working as part of a cogeneration turbine, and the results were obtained of increasing the efficiency of using secondary energy resources with various refrigerants.

Development of the schematic thermal circuit of the heat power complex for highly effective use of secondary and renewable energy resources

Development process of a schematic thermal circuit of a heat power complex for highly effective use of secondary and renewable energy resources is considered in this article. Earlier authors developed basic elements of the developed scheme they are warmth transformation block (cascade thermal pump) and warmth accumulation block (accumulators of warmth and cold). The schematic thermal circuit of a heat power complex also contains additional units. It is the module of additional low-potential sources of warmth and cold connection, solar collector, the soil probe (heat exchanger), consumers of heat energy for a heat power complex. Authors defined receivers they are heating, hot water supply, conditioning, freezing and sources of energy are low-potential energy soil/air, solar energy, recuperation of ventilating air, utilization of warmth when conditioning rooms, using a sewer source.

Energy saving technology of allocation of protein-bearing fractions from oilseeds with use of the paroezhektorny thermal pump

The production cycle of complex processing of oilseeds with receiving vegetable oil, soluble and insoluble fraction from mix of the crushed pressing with heated water is offered; a squirrel from soluble fraction, the dried-up insoluble fraction. The main basic decision on decrease in energy consumption was the optimum choice of temperature differences in the evaporator and sections of the two-section condenser when receiving drying agents, the cooling air and warm water. The deviation from these values inevitably leads to increase in the consumed energy: fall of temperature of boiling of coolant in the evaporator on 1 °C results in need of increase in a consumption of working steam in the ejector of the paroezhektorny thermal pump, and therefore to an energy overexpenditure for 5–7 %, and temperature increase of condensation on 1° C leads to increase in power consumption by 2.0–2.5 %. The offered technology expands borders of energy efficient interface of objects of various temperature potentials on the basis of utilization and recovery of secondary energy resources. Universal approach in creation of the competitive technology providing heat generation and cold weather for in common proceeding heattechnological processes is fully realized. Ecologically safe conditions in implementation of technology due to use of water as coolant, excepting use toxic, vzryvo – and fire-dangerous working environments and also at the expense of the organization of the closed recirculation schemes for material and power streams with considerable decrease in removal of secondary energy resources from the scheme warm and cold supply are created.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ТЕРМОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ УТИЛИЗАЦИИ В ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ УСТАНОВКАХ ВЫСОКОТЕХНОЛОГИЧНЫХ СУДОВ

The research’s subject is the processes of energy transformation of fuel in the ship power plant with thermo-chemical waste heat recovery. Modern approaches to assessing the energy efficiency of ship power plants were considered. The characteristics of traditional and perspective ships were analyzed. Passenger ships (including Ro-Ro ferry and cruise ships), offshore ships (including FPSO, FSRU, MODU, OSV, etc) and LNG/LPG carriers are classified as high-tech ships. It is discussed the application of thermo-chemical waste heat recovery in power plants of high-tech ships. It is proposed to increase the efficiency of fuel use by using synthesis gas obtained through thermo-chemical heat recovery of secondary energy resources of ship engines. The main objective of the study is to analyze the energy efficiency of steam thermo-chemical transformation of fuel in ship power plants. It is presented the design scheme of the marine power plant for an offshore platform. It is shown the mathematical model of the ship gas turbine installation with thermo-chemical heat recovery by steam conversion of associated gas. The associated gas conversion efficiency was determined by the heat potential of the exhaust gases and was calculated based on the thermal balance of the thermochemical reactor. The reactor has two stages. It is presented the results of mathematical modeling of processes in plant-based on gas turbine engine of the simple cycle under conditions of fixed output power, the fixed temperature of the gas in the turbine’s front for environmental parameters according to ISO 19859: 2016. It is revealed the efficiency of the scheme which used steam conversion of associated gas in the two-stages reactor. Calculation of thermo-chemical conversion efficiency indicators showed the complete conversion of heavy hydrocarbons. The increase in the energy efficiency of the installation is 10...12%. The results obtained coincide with previous studies and confirm the effectiveness of the use of thermo-chemical heat recovery in power plants of high-tech ships. The research results can be used in the promising marine power plants designing.

Technical and economic issues of creation of eco-industrial parks in the field of waste water treatment tails recycling

Introduction: the article provides with a comprehensive assessment is given on causes of the situation and ways of solving one of topical ecological, technological and economic problems, i.e., recycling wastewater treatment tails, settled sludge. The paper suggested scientifically substantiated variants on forming an infrastructure on recycling such a waste as eco-industrial parks in the field of the park’s wastewater treatment tails recycling and involvement of secondary material and energy resources obtained from such waste in economic turnover.
 
 
 Materials and methods: the article analyzed international and domestic publications on wastewater treatment, methods, and technologies of further use of secondary resources from the treated sludge sediment. The secondary resources are used for the production of various goods, performing activities, obtaining energy as well as the creation of eco-industrial parks on recycling the given waste in Russia and abroad. The research suggested a system analysis of methods, ways, and algorithms for solving the set problem was suggested as a research method.
 
 
 Results: the article elaborated the priorities of treating the settled sludge as a valuable secondary material for the most technically feasible, ecological and cost-effective involvement of such wastes in economic turnover in the scope of advanced planning an infrastructure on waste treatment, recycling, and neutralization in Russia. The practical implications of the research consists of an integrated solution to the problem of wastewater treatment. That includes recycling of its tails, the involvement of the treated waste as secondary resources in economic turnover for use in various industries of the economy with creation of innovation industrial and technological infrastructure, an eco-industrial park on waste recycling.
 
 
 Conclusions: the scientific novelty of this work is that it suggests the scientific approach to the formation of methodological principles of creating an eco-industrial park system:
 
 
 • system analysis of the first results of the creation of domestic eco-industrial park system;
 
 
 • comprehensive assessment of eco-industrial park development prospects in Russia;
 
 
 • ‘eco-industrial park’ concern substantiation;
 
 
 • development of a system of criteria (organizational, jural, economic, industrial and technological) defining the ‘eco-industrial park’ as a subject of jural, economic and other social relations;
 
 
 • formation of approaches to the composition of eco-industrial park participants in the field of integrated recycling of the park’s wastewater treatment tails in following the purposes of its creation.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТОВ КОНВЕРСИИ МЕТАНОЛА В СУДОВОЙ ГАЗОТУРБИННОЙ УСТАНОВКЕ С ТЕРМОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕГЕНЕРАЦИЕЙ СБРОСНОГО ТЕПЛА

The research’s subject is the processes of energy transformation of fuel in the ship gas turbine plant with thermochemical regeneration. Modern approaches to assessing the energy efficiency of ship power plants were considered. The characteristics of traditional and alternative marine fuels were analyzed. The use of methanol as a low-carbon marine fuel is discussed. It is proposed to increase the efficiency of methanol use by using synthesis gas obtained through thermochemical heat recovery of secondary energy resources of ship engines. The main objective of the study is to analyze the effects on the energy efficiency of steam thermochemical transformation of methanol of the limitations associated with the system of supplying gaseous fuel to the engine. The influence of pressure in the thermochemical reactor on the steam’s efficiency of reforming of methanol was analyzed. The design schemes of two variants of the ship gas turbine installation with thermochemical heat recovery by steam conversion of methanol are presented. The methanol conversion efficiency was determined by the heat potential of the exhaust gases and was calculated based on the thermal balance of the thermochemical reactor. The reactor’s model is two- component. The mathematical model of the turbocompressor unit is based on an enlarged calculation taking into account the total pressure loss in all elements of the gas-air duct. The results of mathematical modeling of processes in plants based on gas turbine engines of simple and regenerative cycles under conditions of fixed methanol’s consumption, the fixed temperature of the gas in the turbine’s front for environmental parameters according to ISO 19859: 2016 are presented. The efficiency of the scheme which used steam conversion of methanol at pressures corresponding to the working pressure in the combustion chamber was revealed. The increase in the energy efficiency of the installation is 3 ... 5 % with basic parameters and 10 ... 11 % for higher conduction temperatures or for catalytic reactors. The research results can be used in the promising power plants designing.

Purification of water sources from oil contamination by hydrophobic carbonate sludge

The paper presents laboratory and experimental studies on the purification of surface water sources from oil contamination by sorption material on the basis of production waste. Energy waste is a slurry of chemical water treatment, which is formed during liming and coagulation at the stage of preliminary purification of natural water. Based on the sludge, the hydrophobic sorption material “MGSM” was developed. The following requirements are imposed on the sorption materials that allow, at low costs, the most effective cleaning of the water surface from petroleum products: hydrophobicity, oil capacity, buoyancy, ease of utilization from the water surface, efficient work in a different temperature range, resistance to water disruption, non-toxicity, optimal price. The material obtained has these requirements. The technical characteristics of the developed sorption material were determined: oil capacity, wetting contact angle, an express analysis of the quality of the aqueous extract of the hydrophobic sorbent developed for the acute lethal toxicity of fish of the Poecilliareticulata Pet. and crustaceans Daphniamagna Str. A technological scheme for utilization of oil-contaminated hydrophobic sorption material as a secondary energy resource in industrial enterprises is proposed, a calculation of the volume of air and combustion products during its combustion, calculation of harmful emissions, thermal calculation, and prevented environmental damage.

Research of natural biomass conversion in the Republic of Burundi

The paper investigates the solution of an urgent energy problem in Republic of Burundi. The pyrolysis process using a recycling of peat, wood waste, agricultural biomass, domestic and industrial waste with the objective of obtaining a secondary energy resources is proposed. Based on this method a pyrolysis gas with a ratio of CO and H2 varied from 1:1 to 1:3 is obtained. The main variable factors determining this composition are the temperature. With the increase of temperature, the pyrolysis gas increases. The number of experiments with fixed factors was chosen at least eight. The experimental setup was used to study the pyrolysis gas of dry sawdust and peat in the temperature range from 450 to 1150°C.

Diminishing the Environmental Impact of Coke Plants

Abstract—The principles for the integration of Ukraine into the European Community (EC) regarding the introduction of best available techniques (BAT) in coke production are briefly discussed. The BAT principles for coke plants corresponding to EC laws are outlined, and the concept of best available techniques is defined. BAT principles for decrease in atmospheric emissions of pollutants are considered. Examples of optimized Giprokoks designs for the construction and reconstruction of coke batteries and byproduct-capture shops are described. Successful programs for the introduction of environmental measures at coke plants on the basis of BAT are noted. Standards for pollutant emissions are given in the light of the best available techniques. Measurement data for pollutant emissions from equipment based on Giprokoks designs are reported. Examples of Giprokoks designs for effective use of secondary energy resources and decrease in the energy costs of production are given. Designs for waste-disposal systems at coke plants are also presented. Those systems permit processing of coking byproducts and wastes generated at the plant and also many nonspecific wastes of auxiliary processes, without any changes in the existing conditions of coke production.

Heat pumps complex for recycling of secondary energy resources of petrochemical plants

The created heat pump complex allows to utilize simultaneously different types of secondary energy resources of petrochemical industries. The main potential for the resources used for the developed heat pump complex is the heat of flammable waste gases and heat of circulating water, and the final received energy resources are heat of heati ng water with a temperature of 150°0C and electricity for internal and external consumption.