Secondary Data Research Articles

ANALISA KELAYAKAN RENCANA PEMBELANJAAN MODAL (CAPEX) PT UNITED TRACTORS TBK (UNTR) DALAM RANGKA MENGANTISIPASI PROYEKSI PERTUMBUHAN BISNIS PERUSAHAAN

The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of PT United Tractors Tbk through cash flow analysis that can be used as a decision-making tool by company and investors. Research approach to be used is quantitative descriptive, data used for analysis is secondary data, which is cash flow reports collected from the website of PT United Tractors Tbk. Data were analyzed using 8 cash flow ratios, namely: ration of operating cash flow, cash flow coverage ratio, interest coverage ratio of the cash, the cash coverage ratio of current liabilities, capital expenditure ratio, the ratio of total debt, the ration of net cash flow and free cash flow adequacy ratio. The results of the analysis indicate that the company's financial performance from 2017 to 2021 ratio generated tends to be deprived, where it seen from 5 ratios are on low average

Review Of Ethics And Waiter Responsiveness In Breakfast Service At Mentawai Restaurant Hotel Pangeran Beach Padang

This research was motivated by several complaints from guests regarding the ethics and responsiveness of waiters while on duty at the Mentawai Restaurant Hotel Pangeran Beach Padang. This research aims to analyze the ethics and responsiveness of waiters in breakfast service at the Mentawai Restaurant Hotel Pangeran Beach Padang. This research is useful as considerations and suggestions regarding waiter ethics and responsiveness.This research method is descriptive quantitative. The population in this study were all guests staying at the Pangeran Beach Hotel Padang. The sampling technique in this research was Non Probability Sampling with the accidental sampling method and obtained a sampel of 372 respondents. The data used is primary data and secondary data. Data were collected in this research by distributing questionnaires, and the trial sampel for this research was 30 people. Instrument testing uses validity and reliability tests. The data analysis techniques in this research are data tabulation and data description.The results of the research that has been carried out show that the waiters at the Mentawai Restaurant Hotel Pangeran Beach Padang have good ethics (89%) and responsiveness (89%), however there are still 2 to 3% of waiters who do not have good ethics and responsiveness. The Prince Hotel should remind employees to have good ethics and responsiveness when working and provide training regarding etiquette and responsiveness with external sources from the hotel or company.

The Effect Of Addition Skipjack Tuna On The Quality Of Wet Corn Noodles

Wet corn noodles are a food product made from wheat flour with the addition of corn flour. This research aims to analyze the effect of adding 10% skipjack tuna on the quality of shape, color, texture, aroma and taste of wet corn noodles. This type of research is experimental using the Independent Sample T-test method. The data used is primary data obtained directly from three expert panelists by filling in the organoleptic test format for the quality of wet corn noodles with the addition of skipjack tuna and secondary data from journals. The data obtained was then tabulated in table form and a level test was carried out on each variable X1 and X2 to find out whether there was a mean comparison for these variables using the Independent Sample T-test. The results of this research show that there is an effect of adding 10% of skipjack tuna on the quality of shape, color, texture, aroma and taste. The results of data analysis obtained the highest overall achievement scores, namely neat shape quality 3.78 (quite neat), uniform shape quality 3.89 (quite uniform), color quality 2.78 (less yellow), springy texture quality 3.67 (fair chewy), easy to break texture quality 2.22 (less easy to break), aroma quality 3.78 (quite a typical wet noodle aroma), taste quality 3.78 (quite tasty). Test results for the best quality of wet corn noodles with the addition of skipjack tuna in treatment X2 with the addition of 10% skipjack tuna.

Identification Of Traditional Foods In West Pasaman District

This study aims to learn more about traditional food in West Pasaman District. The research was conducted August-December 2023 in West Pasaman District.The purpose of this study was to identify the types of food, ingredients used and traditional food processing techniques in West Pasaman District. The type of research used is a mix method (qualitative and quantitative). This research data was obtained from two ways, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data was conducted to identify the types of traditional food, ingredients used and traditional food processing techniques in West Pasaman District. While secondary data is in the form of demographics of West Pasaman District. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis is done by reducing data, presenting data, and concluding. The conclusion of the research results is that traditional food in West Pasaman Regency is a typical food that has existed for a long time. The ingredients used are food ingredients developed by yourself. As well as traditional food processing techniques that are typical in West Pasaman District.

The Relationship Of Creativity With Student Learning Outcomes In Pastry And Bakery Subjects At Smk Negeri 6 Padang

This research was motivated by students' low curiosity in the material being taught, resulting in low creativity and no new innovations produced by students. This occurs due to students' lack of confidence in their abilities, because they are afraid to take risks when practicing pastry and bakery. From the problems above, many students fail in pastry and bakery subjects which will have an impact on learning outcomes. The aim of this research is to describe: 1) student creativity in Pastry and Bakery subjects, 2) student learning outcomes in Pastry and bakery subjects, 3) the relationship between creativity and student learning outcomes in Pastry and bakery subjects at SMK Negeri 6 Padang . This type of research is quantitative with a correlational approach. The population in this study was class XII culinary students at SMK Negeri 6 Padang for the 2023/2024 academic year, totaling 96 people. The sample consisted of 96 people taken using a saturated sampling technique. The saturated sampling technique is that all members of the population are used as research samples. The primary data collection technique uses a questionnaire and is measured using a Likert scale. Then for secondary data using learning outcomes in the form of grades in pastry and bakery subjects. Analysis requirements test was carried out using normality tests and linearity tests, then hypothesis testing using Pearson product moment correlation analysis, and correlation significance testing with the T test using SPSS Version 21.00. The research results show that: 1) the creativity of class XII students at SMK Negeri 6 Padang is in the medium category (53.1%), 2) the learning outcomes in pastry and bakery subjects for class 4%), 3) based on hypothesis testing, there is a positive and significant relationship between creativity and student learning outcomes in the Pastry and Bakery Products subject with a significant value of 0.001. Keyword: Creativity, pastry and bakery learning outcomes, pastry and bakery subjects.

Comparison of prediction fuzzy modeling towards high-risk symptoms of lung cancer

Lung cancer constituted 12.2% of newly diagnosed cancer cases globally in 2020. The high fatality rate of the condition is attributed to delayed diagnosis and inadequate symptom recognition. In Malaysia, the incidence of lung cancer is estimated to be 1 in 60 males and 1 in 138 females, with a median age of 70 years or above. Most lung cancer cases were detected during advanced stages, specifically stages III and IV, with a prevalence exceeding 90% for both genders. In Malaysia, most patients are diagnosed in stages III and IV, which are associated with a lower likelihood of long-term survival. Many cases are identified at a late stage, characterized by significant tumor expansion or the spread of cancer cells to areas that cannot be treated surgically. Malaysians are unaware of cancer symptoms; hence the situation is common. To improve survival and reduce mortality, Malaysians must recognize the symptoms of lung cancer. Fuzzy linear regression and multiple linear regression models have been compared to predict high-risk lung cancer symptoms in Malaysia. The fuzzy linear regression model analyses secondary data, eliminates irrelevant information and enhances precision in the results. Lung cancer patients at Al-Sultan Abdullah Hospital (UiTM Hospital) in Selangor provided data for this study. Data from 124 lung cancer patients were analyzed using Microsoft Excel, SPSS, and MATLAB. To improve data accuracy, the study used cross-validation measurement error (MSE and RMSE). According to data analysis, hemoptysis and chest pain are high-risk symptoms with MSE and RMSE values of 1.549 and 1.245, respectively.

Sociodemographic factors, health behavior, parental or workplace smoking, and adult asthma risk in the United States.

Although several studies have found a link between parental or workplace smoking and asthma risk, particularly in children and adolescents, only a few studies have found this link in adults. This study aimed to investigate the associations of sociodemographic factors, health behavior, and parental or workplace smoking with adult asthma risk in the United States (US). A secondary data analysis on 874 participants aged 25-45 was performed using data from the 2011-2014 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States Refresher. Participants were divided into smokers and nonsmokers. Participants were further divided into groups A (a father or mother with a smoking history) and B (others in the house or colleagues in the workplace who had a smoking history). Findings from the FREQ procedure revealed that sociodemographic (female, black, school or college education, unmarried/divorced, and employed) and lifestyle (no alcohol intake, physically inactive, and obese) and clinical (diabetes and joint disease) factors were significantly associated with one- or more-fold odds of asthma among adult smokers than nonsmokers. Adult smokers in group A, particularly females, those with a high school or college education, physically inactive, and overweight or obese, had a higher risk of asthma than those in group B. Adult smokers' risk of developing asthma is increased in the US by having smoked with their parents, being a woman, being black, having a school or college education, being single or divorced, working, not drinking alcohol, being physically inactive, being obese, having diabetes, and having a joint disease.

Quo Vadis Landasan Hukum Pengangkatan Penjabat Kepala Daerah

The Ministry of Home Affairs issued Permendagri No. 4 of 2023 as a legal basis for the appointment of acting regional heads. In fact, viewed from various aspects, the legal basis in the form of Permendagri is not sufficient and inappropriate to accommodate the needs of the mechanism for appointing acting regional heads. The research methods used in this study belong to the normative juridical type of research. The type of data used is secondary data, so the data collection uses literature studies. The data analysis method used is qualitative analysis. This article finds the problem of non-conformity in the formation of appointment regulations in the form of Permendagri, and finds several issues that will be discussed: First, the position of the Ministerial Regulation in the legal system in Indonesia. Second, Permendagri 4/2023 contradicts Article 86 Paragraph (6) of Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. Third, Permendagri 4/2023 ignores the recommendations of Constitutional Court Decision No. 67/PUU-XIX/2021. This article concludes that harmonization is needed in the issuance of technical regulations for the appointment of acting regional heads, so it is recommended to issue laws and regulations in the form of Government Regulations as mandated by the Constitutional Court and laws.

“We know what we do”: an agency-structure analysis of political vigilantism in Ghana

Political vigilantism has come out as an offshoot of the violence that characterises multi party elections in Ghana. Several studies on political vigilantism give primacy to the role of structural factors in explaining the phenomenon in Ghana. However, such a notion deprives political vigilantes of any sense of agency and further evades how the understanding of the interaction between agency and structure can offer deeper insights into the phenomenon of political vigilantism. The paper argues that political vigilantes should be characterised as agents who can make decisions about the actions that they undertake and not solely determined by the constraints of structure. The actions of political vigilantes are mediated through social structures that shape the options available to them. Using purposive and snowball sampling techniques, 41 key informants were selected for the study in Accra, Kumasi and Tamale. The study employed both primary and secondary data sources. Whereas secondary data was sourced from desk reviews, primary data was collected through interviews and focus group discussions. The narratives were thematically analysed. The study findings show that members of political vigilante groups are conscious agents and for that matter decide and act either autonomously or relationally despite existing pressures from social structures. In addition, the paper shows that the exercise of agency among the vigilantes is inseparable from structure as the structure is reproduced and changed through the actions of the political vigilantes who in turn are shaped through the structures that they occupy. Therefore, policy responses to political violence should consider the two sides of the equation by working simultaneously on the behaviour of political actors and resolving the circumstances that facilitate political violence

Estimation of Cronbach reliability based on sample size, gender, and the grades

<span lang="EN-US">The study tries to see the effect of different sample sizes on the reliability of creativity tests using Cronbach’s alpha. In addition, the background of the sample (gender and grade) is also detected. The study has a practical significance for designing a sample for estimating reliability using Cronbach alpha. The secondary data are used for analysis. The sample of creativity test is determined purposively, that is, has been administered to 1,960 students. The α-coefficient calculation uses the SPSS program. The result proves in the total sample, the creativity test is reliable (α=0.852). In small sample sizes, the α-coefficients values vary greatly in the different test groups. In the larger sample size, the α-coefficients are closer to constant in the different test groups. For a polytomous scale test with a length of 20 items, the α-coefficients obtained close to constant on the sample size of more than 80 testees. This result indicates for the optimum result the sample size is at least four times larger than the number of test items in reliability analysis, especially Cronbach alpha. Based on the gender aspect, descriptively the α-coefficient in the male group (0.846) was almost equal to the female group (0.851). By grouping the testees based on the grades, there are slight differences in α-coefficients in class IV (0.850), class V (0.841), and class VI (0.809). Regarding the results of this study, in the reliability estimation of test development, it is suggested to consider the adequacy and the characteristic of samples.</span>

The Role of Inflation and The Performance of Rural Banks on Indonesia’s Economic Growth

The Role of Inflation and The Performance of Rural Banks on Indonesia’s Economic Growth

An Appraisal that Religion on its Own Does Not Breed Violence

It will be rare to have a discussion on human existence without mentioning violence; but it will be unfair to see religion as the main reason for violence. Although, religion has an input in violence, but religion in isolation can’t breed violence without the input of some other factors which are further explain in this article. This article adopted qualitative method and secondary data. The secondary data was collected through website, publications, journals and textbooks. The data collected through secondary data reveals that religion on its own does not breed violence but it is a component of violence that can be aided by poverty, inequality, bad governance among other factors.

Dynamics of Population and Land Use towards Sustainable Development in Patna Planning Area

Abstract: This study examines the impact of population growth on the land use pattern of Patna Planning Area, in the context of urban geography. Patna, the capital city of Bihar state in India, has experienced significant population growth over the past few decades, leading to changes in its land use pattern. The objectives of this research include analyzing the historical population growth trends in Patna, identifying the key factors that have contributed to this growth, and assessing its impact on land use. The study takes into account various factors such as residential, industrial, commercial, and agricultural land use, as well as the infrastructural developments associated with population growth. To achieve these objectives, both primary and secondary data sources are utilized. Primary data is collected through surveys, interviews, and observations, while secondary data is obtained from existing literature, government reports, and demographic databases. The findings of this study reveal that the population growth in Patna has led to a changing land use pattern. The expansion of residential areas and the conversion of agricultural land into residential and commercial zones are noted as significant transformations. Additionally, industrial growth has resulted in the emergence of new industrial zones and the conversion of agricultural land into industrial areas in the suburbs. Furthermore, it is observed that population growth has put pressure on infrastructure such as transportation, sewage and water supply systems, leading to the need for their expansion and development. This study highlights the need for urban planning and policies to accommodate the growing population while ensuring sustainable land use.

Pengaruh Perputaran Kas dan Perputaran Piutang terhadap Profitabilitas Pada UMKM di Kota Pariaman

This research aims to determine the influence of cash turnover and accounts receivable turnover on profitability in MSMEs in Pariaman City. The background to this title is that many MSMEs in Pariaman City do not have bookkeeping that is in accordance with accounting standards so that the level of profit obtained cannot be calculated in detail. collect This research uses a quantitative type of research. The data taken is secondary data by conducting direct interviews with business owners, by preparing questions and looking at bookkeeping records made by MSME actors. This research carries out classical assumption tests, hypothesis testing using SPSS version 21. The results of the research state that looking at the results of the tests that have been carried out proves that both variables partially and simultaneously have a significant effect on profitability and it can also be seen that the Adjusted R Square is 0.435. This means that 43.5% of the Profitability variable is influenced by cash turnover and the remaining 56.5% of receivables turnover is influenced by other variables outside of this research variable.

Knowledge, attitude, and perception of obstetric fistula in some divisions in the far north region of Cameroon

Obstetric fistula is a condition caused by neglected, prolonged obstructed labor. All societies have different customs and beliefs which are unique to them and, these customs and beliefs make them to have different regard to obstetric fistula. Since no two individuals are the same, as even identical twins do not reason in the same manner has given rise to so many different regards to obstetric fistula in the Far North Region. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual approach coupled with primary and secondary data were used in this study. The data collection techniques convoked were interviews, life history, direct observation, and literature review from relevant documents. The data collection tools consisted of a pen, notebook and a dicta phone. A total of 40 informants were interviewed of which 28 were fistula cases, social workers and other resource persons. A content analysis of the data was done wherein relevant data was represented on tables, in figures and percentages in order to give an in-depth interpretation of the results obtained. The community generally have very little knowledge about obstetric fistula and a very negative attitude and perception towards the cause and treatment of obstetric fistula as the fistula cases were stigmatized and also maginalised. From the various knowledge and perceptions on the causes of obstetric fistula outlined in this study, it has greatly influenced the attitude of the community towards obstetric fistula patients as there are both negative and positive attitudes towards them.

The role of metaphor in shamanism and poetry as a therapeutic tool for healing

This paper explores the healing power of metaphor in indigenous shamanism and contemporary poetry. It explores how metaphor bridges the landscape, communicates emotions, and advances healing across cultures and languages. Analyzing specific examples from diverse shamanic traditions and contemporary poems reveals shared themes and unique approaches to metaphorical usage. The paper presents glimpses of case studies from secondary data demonstrating symbolic identity's therapeutic value. It was found helpful in treating and managing anxiety and depression. Overall, this insight reflects the power of metaphor in facilitating self-knowledge, healing, and solidifying us. It also connects us to shared human experiences. The review paper uses comparative approaches to analyze cultural knowledge and explores how poets and shamans use metaphors in different cultural settings. The research objectives involve examining and collecting academic documents related to the topic from secondary sources. Thematic analysis structures and displays the gathered material in relevant areas. Shamanism and poetry use metaphors and promote healing and personal transformation. Both practices utilize metaphorical language to access and express emotional depths and navigate challenging experiences. Thus, that fosters individual and collective well-being. They have diverse cultural traditions and contemporary quests; however, there are shared themes and unique approaches to metaphor's therapeutic function.

Postmodernism: A Revolt Against Victorianism in Tess of the d’Urbervilles

Postmodernism embraces ambiguity, and challenges fixed meanings and universal truth. Tess of the d’Urbervilles represents the morality of the time. Tess of the d’Urbervilles can be read as a pointer to this problem. Hardy pleads, like the postmodernists, to employ more than one hermeneutic approach to decipher the meaning and purpose of Victorian morality. Hardy portrays Tess as a postmodern woman who rejects socially constructed values and truth in order to attack Victorian morality. Tess is more postmodern than Victorian in the sense that she opposes Victorian chastity and virginity as meta-narratives. Tess believes what she believes to be right or wrong, disregarding Victorian society and societal norms. Because postmodern theory is applied to the text, the proposed study is qualitative. The novel is the primary source of data collection. Secondary data sources include books and journal articles. Selected passages from the text are interpreted with a view to postmodern theory to address research questions. The research technique is interpretive content analysis.

How do online reviews influence answer adoption in virtual Q&A communities? A signaling theory perspective

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore the impact of online reviews on answer adoption in virtual Q&A communities, with an eye toward extending knowledge exchange and community management.Design/methodology/approachOnline reviews contain rich cognitive and emotional information about community members regarding the provided answers. As feedback information on answers, it is crucial to explore how online reviews affect answer adoption. Based on signaling theory, a research model reflecting the influence of online reviews on answer adoption is established and empirically examined by using secondary data with 69,597 Q&A data and user data collected from Zhihu. Meanwhile, the moderating effects of the informational and emotional consistency of reviews and answers are examined.FindingsThe negative binomial regression results show that both answer-related signals (informational support and emotional support) and answerers-related signals (answerers’ reputations and expertise) positively impact answer adoption. The informational consistency of reviews and answers negatively moderates the relationships among information support, emotional support and answer adoption but positively moderates the effect of answerers’ expertise on answer adoption. Furthermore, the emotional consistency of reviews and answers positively moderates the effect of information support and answerers’ reputations on answer adoption.Originality/valueAlthough previous studies have investigated the impacts of answer content, answer source credibility and personal characteristics of knowledge seekers on answer adoption in virtual Q&A communities, few have examined the impact of online reviews on answer adoption. This study explores the impacts of informational and emotional feedback in online reviews on answer adoption from a signaling theory perspective. The results not only provide unique ideas for community managers to optimize community design and operation but also inspire community users to provide or utilize knowledge, thereby reducing knowledge search costs and improving knowledge exchange efficiency.

Economic impact of peste des petits ruminants on small ruminant production in Senegal: Gender considerations within a system dynamics modelling approach

CONTEXTPeste des petits ruminants (PPR) remains a persistent challenge for small ruminant production in Senegal, leading to economic losses for livestock keepers. Gender dynamics and socio-cultural factors influence production decisions at the household level. Despite its relevance, economic impact models of PPR have not incorporated gender dynamics. OBJECTIVEThis paper seeks to redress this gap by disaggregating the farm-level impacts of PPR based on the gender of the household head and implementers of routine and management activities in small ruminant production at the household level. METHODSTo quantify the gendered economic impacts of PPR, a system dynamics model was developed with four modules: integrated production-epidemiology, economics and profitability, disease control, and marketing. The model was parameterised based on survey data from 747 households in 49 agro-pastoral and pastoral villages in Senegal and augmented by secondary data. The model was validated (structurally and behaviourally) and simulated for 30 years with a weekly timestep. A set of disease scenarios were run for ten different farm household typologies based on the gender of the household head and household members who perform production management activities (like purchasing, selling, gifting, and vaccinating animals) and routine activities (like feeding, cleaning pens, and caring for sick animals). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSModel results estimated annual reductions in farm profitability of 51% to 61% with a hypothetical 25% incidence rate of PPR, corresponding to an average of $1051 to $1246 USD lost per household per year. In the two most impacted household typologies, management activities were performed by either men only or women only, and in the three least impacted household typologies, management activities were shared by men and women. The least impacted household typology with the highest gross margins without PPR ($2429 USD per year) and the lowest percentage of loss (51%) was female-headed households with men and women doing management tasks and primarily women or girls doing routine activities. SIGNIFICANCESHouseholds with both women and men engaged in management activities were less impacted by PPR, highlighting the crucial role of women's agency in management decisions taken in small ruminant production at the farm level. The findings further provide the empirical grounding for considering gender dynamics in interventions to control PPR and other livestock diseases in small ruminant production systems.

Claim Reserves Estimation Using Chain Ladder Method in Casualty Insurance for the Period 2010 - 2019

In a work environment, the presence of risk or unforeseeable events is inevitable, as employees certainly seek to get a sense of security in doing work. Therefore, insurance is responsibility to provide sense of security to employees by providing protection in the form of claim payments to employees who get accidents. To meet the claim payment, insurance companies need to prepare funds. With the chain ladder method, insurance companies can estimate how much funds must be prepared to make claim payments. This study used the secondary data from general insurance companies in the United States published by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners under the title "Statistical Compilation of Annual Statement Information for Property/Casualty Insurance Companies in 2019". Data in the form of cumulative run-off triangle with accident period 2010-2019. Through this calculation, claim reserves that must be prepared by insurance companies for 2020 amounted to USD 1,553,906.