Secondary Crop Research Articles

Evaluasi Kinerja Saluran Irigasi Daerah Irigasi Rawa Kumpeh Desa Maju Jaya Kabupaten Muaro Jambi

The Rawa Kumpeh Irrigation Area is one of the swamp irrigation areas that is still actively operating in Muaro Jambi Regency. In the management of swamp irrigation areas in this area, namely the performance of the swamp irrigation area itself, which includes the availability of water obtained from the tides of the Kumpeh River as well as the need for irrigation water for food crops, namely rice and secondary crops developed in the swamp area. Apart from that, the main thing about Tidal Swamp Irrigation is water management with a Water Gate Operation System. The aim of this research is to determine the performance conditions of Swamp Irrigation Areas, especially DIR. Kumpeh Swamp which can provide input in managing the swamp irrigation network. The data collection methodology was carried out by means of interviews, literature studies and field surveys. The results of this research can be concluded that the network performance value at the research location is 70.00% - 90.00% for performance. Condition is in the good category (functions well, no significant damage was found). Includes Primary, Secondary SK 1, Channel Types. SK.2, SK.3, SK.4, and SK.5 Block E, the network performance value at the research location is 55.00 % - 69.00 % for performance Condition in the Medium Category (functional, found there is damage but can resolved and put into operation) Includes Secondary Block E SK.4, while for the buildings at the research location, there are 3 (three) sluice gates with sliding doors in fairly good condition with the building performance assessment results averaging 82.81 % where the results of the performance value are included in good performance (70 - 90%). The performance value of the canals and buildings at the research location can also be concluded as the magnitude of the benefit value of the canals and buildings, in relation to the area of agricultural services that utilize these canals and buildings to irrigate agricultural land.

Kajian Empirik Pilihan Rasional dan Jaringan Nelayan Tani Di Kawasan Danau Tempe

This study aims to assess the rationality and social networks formed among fishermen farmers who live and run farms in tidal areas in the Tempe Lake area. The study was conducted in Tempe Lake area, covering Salo Menraleng and Laelo villages, Tempe sub-district, Wajo district from April to May 2016. The assessment method used was the Rapid Rural Appraisal method. Interviews were conducted repeatedly with 2-3 people from the community who work as farmers-fishermen, heads of farmer groups, community leaders and local agricultural extension workers. The interview was considered complete when it had reached a saturation point, i.e. there were no more things to ask. The process of forming rational choices of fishermen farmers who live and run farms in tidal areas in the Tempe Lake area is the existence of actors in this case are fishermen farmers and resources (land) where the relationship between the two is power and interests. The power here means that the landowner fishermen farmers have the right to work on anything in the natural conditions that occur in the Tempe Lake area to fulfill their interests or goals. The goal is to fulfill food needs and a source of family income. This is the reason and background they make decisions or actions in the form of farming methods, cropping patterns, selection of rice varieties and switching from secondary crops to rice. The social network formed among fishermen farmers is a sense of knowing each other, informing each other, reminding and helping in carrying out or overcoming something. Social networks will not materialize without being based on norms and mutual trust. The network of farmer group formation can be used as a means to learn to increase the productivity of their rice farming land.

Profile and Development Agroindustry Strategy at Bone Regency

Over the past five years (2017-2021) the economic structure of Bone Regency has been dominated by 4 (four) business field category, namely agriculture, forestry, fisheries and the processing industry with a percentage of 48% of businesses (agriculture, forestry and fisheries) and 6.88% of the processing industry. To continue to spur the growth of the economic sector, especially after the pandemic, agroindustry development is the main choice. The purpose of this research is to build an agroindustry profile based on strong, medium, and weak criteria and develop an agroindustry development strategy according to the profile that has been built so that it can be useful as a source of information as well as a reference for relevant stakeholders. The categorisation of strong, medium and weak agroindustry is based on the analysis of industrial data obtained from both government and stakeholders complemented by literature study while for strategy formulation using SWOT analysis. The categorisation results place the agroindustry of forest products and livestock products into the category of weak agroindustry, agroindustry of horticultural and secondary crops and plantation products into the category of moderate agroindustry and for the category of strong agroindustry are Cereal Products and Fishery Products.

The Role Women Farmer’s Group (KWT) In Economic Empowerment of Batu Kambing Village, Pasaman District

Agriculture is part of national economic development which is based on efforts to create a prosperous, just and prosperous Indonesian society as mandated in the 1945 Constitution. To improve the economy in the agricultural sector, one thing that can be done is to form a Women's Farmers Group (KWT). The existence of KWT shows that women can also be active in agricultural activities and there is no difference from men. The method used in this research is descriptive which describes the research results but does not produce broader conclusions. Data collection techniques were obtained from observations, interviews and documentation. The object of research in this research is the Women's Farmers Group (KWT) which consists of 2 groups, namely KWT Tuah Sepakat which has 25 members and KWT Banjar Padang Sepakat which has 29 members. The existence of KWT in Batu Kambing provides real results, where farmers are able to manage their yards or yards into land for growing vegetables or secondary crops. Apart from that, it can help the family's economy because their farming results can be used for daily needs and can even be sold to other people.

SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF WATER BALANCE DISTRIBUTION FOR SIMULATION OF TIMING AND PATTERNS OF RICE AND CROP PLANTING IN THE REGION OF TYPE D RAINFALL IN THE SOUTH KONAWE REGENCY

Water availability plays a crucial role in the environmental hydrological cycle, where the concept states that the amount of water in a specific area on the Earth’s surface is influenced by the input and output of water over a certain period. Water imbalance can lead to excess (surplus) and deficit (water shortage), impacting various sectors, including the agricultural sector, particularly in food crop cultivation, causing seasonal shifts and changes in planting patterns. These impacts can be minimized through adequate land and environmental management, achieved by calculating the water balance conditions in a given region. This research aims to (1) analyze the spatial distribution of land water balance in a type D rainfall region and (2) determine the timing and crop planting patterns based on the water balance of rice and secondary crops in the type D rainfall region. The study employs survey methods and analysis using the Thornthwaite water balance calculation. The results indicate water surplus in the Palangga and Baito subdistricts with an 8-month surplus period, reaching 192.40 mm month-1 in June and a minimum of 2.04 mm month-1, covering various sampling points and administrative areas such as Kiaea, Watudemba, Watumerembe, Wawonggura, Eewa, Onembute, Anggondara, Mekar Sari, Wawouru, Aosole, Sanggi-sanggi, Palangga, Tolihe, Sambahule, Matabubu, Mekarjaya, Wonua Raya, Ahuangguluri, Amasara, Wawouru, Mekarsari, Anggondara, Aosole, Eewa, and Onembute. Water deficit in the Palangga and Baito subdistricts occurs for four months, peaking at 58.59 mm month-1 in June at point 6 and reaching a minimum of 4.68 mm month-1 in February at point 2. The Palangga and Baito subdistricts exhibit a cropping pattern of corn + mung bean - irrigated rice - fallowing/vegetables; soybean/irrigated rice - fallowing/vegetables; corn + peanuts - irrigated rice - fallowing/grass for animal feed.

Studi Perencanaan Irigasi DAS Malaya di Kecamatan Lemong Kabupaten Pesisir Barat Provinsi Lampung Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis

Pesisir Barat Regency has large land potential in agriculture sector, especially for rice cultivation, including in the administrative area of Lemong District. To increase the productivity of paddy fields at Lemong District, it is necessary to analyze the irrigation water needs. Therefore, research was carried out on the analysis of rice irrigation water needs and the river water discharge needed for irrigation. The research was carried out in analysis stages including analysis of water balance using SWAT models which is integrated in the geographic information system, analysis of plant water needs, analysis of water irrigation needs, minimum discharge needed for land irrigation and analysis of water resource adequacy. The research result show that the potential water resource in Lemong District can meet the irrigation water needs of rice cultivation in two planting seasons with coverrage area that can be developed of 76.42 hectares. Meanwhile, in the third planting season for planting of secondary crops, the potential of river discharge is only sufficient for 19 hectares and in order for the target planting area of 76.42 hectares to be archieved it is necessery to add irrigation originating from ground water (pump irrigation) with discharge of 0.51 m3/sec. Keywords: Geographic information system, Irrigation, SWAT.

Mapping of Oldeman Agro-Climatic Zone Based on Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station Database in Southeast Sulawesi

Long climate data information will be very useful for the sustainable agricultural sector in determining physiological processes, growth to plant productivity. The Climate Hazard Group Infrared Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) data is used as a rainfall database for the latest Oldeman agro-climatic zone mapping in Southeast Sulawesi Province. CHIRPS data for 1981-2021 was processed using the Inverse Distance Weighted and Overlay interpolation methods through the Geographic Information System. The results showed that there were thirteen Oldeman agro-climatic zones in Southeast Sulawesi Province, namely B1 (23,71%), B2 (1,97%), B3 (0,22%), C1 (13,48%), C2 (23,21%), C3 (4,64%), D1 (7,36%), D2 (16,71%), D3 (1,28%), D4 (0,00%), E1 (2,92%), E2 (2,32%), dan E3 (2,18%). Zones B1, B2, and B3 are in the northwest, east, and southeast of the area which are very suitable for cultivating two paddy crops followed by planting various types of secondary crops (palawija) during the dry season. Zones C1, C2, and C3 which stretch from west to east are suitable for one-time planting of paddy and two crops of palawija crops. Zones D1, D2, D3, and D4 are spread from the northwest to the southwest to most areas of Muna Island and Buton Island which are suitable for one short-lived paddy planting and one paddy or palawija crop. The agro-climatic zones E (E1, E2, and E3) in the northwest and southwest are only suitable for one crop of palawija crop, depending on rain. The resulting agro-climate map can be used as a reference for cropping patterns that are suitable for the region of Southeast Sulawesi Province.
 Keywords: Agro-Climatic; CHIRPS; Oldeman; Southeast Sulawesi

Optimalisasi Lahan Kering Untuk Budidaya Bibit Tanaman Kenaf Sebagai Bahan Baku Industri Menuju Kebangkitan Ekonomi Kreatif Desa Suradadi Kabupaten Tegal

Agriculture in the Suradadi area, Tegal Regency, is still traditional and a tradition passed down from generations to generations. The agricultural pattern of farming is due to the experience and teachings of his parents. For agricultural production, only food crops, secondary crops and fruit are used. They grow crops when the rainy season arrives with high rainwater discharge. The problem that occurs in Suradadi village is less than optimal management of agricultural land which has an impact on the low economic life of Suradadi village farmers. And the aim of this PKM activity is to cultivate kenaf plants in Suradadi village to revive the economic life of farmers in Suradadi village, Tegal Regency. The partner of this PKM is the Gema Ripah farmer group, Suradadi village, Tegal Regency. The problems faced are the frequent harvest failures experienced by PKM Partners, the results obtained are not commensurate with the costs incurred by farmers, and the risk of losses is greater. So that the rice fields can be optimized by planting plants that can withstand heat or rain, and can be planted in various types of soil. Optimizing dry land can be carried out for cultivating kenaf seeds as a farming business in the Suradadi village farmer group, Tegal Regency. The results achieved during the assistance and training in kenaf cultivation, up to the age of 14 days, the kenaf plants grew very well, while keeping the soil moist to avoid evaporation and the plants wilting and dying.

PROSPECTS OF GROWING MEDICINAL, ESSENTIAL OIL AND SPICY AROMATIC CULTURES

This work is devoted to the analysis of the most common issues faced by manufacturers of medicinal and essential oil raw materials — the market, the availability and availability of wild raw materials, agro-ecological conditions, the amount of manual labor, its cost, investments in quality seeds and equipment, post-harvest processing and the overall profitability of production. Cultivation of medicinal, essential oil and aromatic plants today is not only a promising alternative to the collection of wild raw materials, which allows preserving the natural biodiversity of plants with medicinal properties, including those species that have a protective status, but is also a powerful branch of the economy that provides high quality raw materials for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. As a rule, medicinal and essential oil plants are considered by agricultural producers as secondary crops, as their cultivation is associated with certain problems. These problems are common to both small and powerful agricultural enterprises, both in Ukraine and abroad. They are related to both technological aspects of growing and plant identification, as well as market fluctuations and product prices. Consumers of medicinal and essential oil raw materials increasingly prefer cultivated products, because under such conditions it is easier to predict yield and ensure quality compared to wild-grown raw materials. During cultivation, false identification and unintentional falsification of raw materials are almost excluded, and the use of improved methods of cultivation and the use of modern varieties allows planning the harvest and costs. The profitability of growing medicinal and essential oil crops competes with traditional field crops, which have highly specialized equipment, a significant list of zoned varieties and hybrids, standard procedures for applying fertilizers and protective means, etc. In contrast to the cultivation of traditional crops, in order to ensure the profitability of the production of medicinal and essential oil raw materials, it is necessary to use methods with low production costs in order to be competitive on the international market and with the production of raw materials from natural groups. The work uses generalized material, both from our own many years of scientific and practical experience in the cultivation of medicinal and essential oil raw materials, as well as the experience of scientists and practitioners of foreign countries. On the example of the experience of foreign countries and domestic researchers and producers, the authors sought to prove that the cultivation of agricultural crops for obtaining essential oil and medicinal raw materials is a profitable business and can be considered as a variant of niche crops, be an attractive option for small farms and family farms. Within the scope of this review, it is impossible to consider all the problematic issues of the widespread introduction of medicinal and essential oil crops into the practice of agricultural production, since many more problems need to be solved, which can be the subject of future experiments and research.

Genetic Divergence among On-farm Collections for Yield and Yield-related Traits in Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.)

The present investigation was carried out at the farmer’s field Neshwi village, Haveri District of Karnataka, India during kharif season (May, 2021 to January, 2022). The improvement of crop relies heavily on genetic diversity. The objective of the study was to assess the genetic divergence of 76 diverse genotypes of ginger collected from different parts of the Karnataka, India which including four checks. The genetic divergence of ginger genotypes was assessed using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Genetic divergence studies revealed considerable genetic diversity among 76 genotypes of ginger for a set of ten quantitative traits pertaining to the growth and yield characters viz., height of the shoot (cm), leaf area (cm2), number of primary rhizomes, length of the primary rhizome (cm), girth of the primary rhizome (cm), number of secondary rhizomes, length of the secondary rhizome (cm), girth of the secondary rhizome (cm), crop duration (number of days) and rhizome yield plant-1 (g). Analysed 76 ginger genotypes were clustered based on similarities between their D2 values using Tocher’s method, resulting in 14 distinct groups. Considerable diversity within and between 14 clusters was observed among the genotypes. The characteristics such as average rhizome yield plant-1, girth of the primary rhizome and length of the primary rhizome were the main factors in differentiating the genotypes of ginger studied. Utilizing genotypes from clusters with high inter-cluster distances, such as clusters VI and XIII, VI and XIV and X and XIV can form potential pre-breeding material for the improvement of ginger crop.

Transforming Land Conflicts in Building Peace in Urut Sewu, Kebumen Regency, Central Java

This research discusses post-land conflict transformation efforts between the AD Dislitbang and the community in Urut Sewu. Agrarian conflict is a conflict that often occurs in Indonesia. This unclear land ownership has resulted in problems between the TNI, in this case Dislitbangad, and the farming community; the TNI uses the land for training and testing heavy weapons, while the community uses the land to cultivate secondary crops. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, where the research results show the dynamics of land conflicts in Urutsewu and efforts to transform the conflict towards peace. The results of the research show that the dynamics of conflict between the Urut Sewu Dislitbangad, Kebumen Regency can be seen from the factors causing the conflict, which are based on socio-economic aspects in the form of the community's need and dependence on agricultural land as a necessity for their life which makes the Urutsewu community use all means, including violence, to defend their agricultural land. Meanwhile, conflict transformation is a long-term peace process that includes various efforts to reconstruct new relationships, build trust, empathy and cooperation through reconciliation, and strengthen social resilience at the personal, relational, structural and cultural levels.

Impact of credit access on farm performance: Does source of credit matter?

Access to credit is crucial to improve farm performance as it allows farmers to procure inputs and technology. However, on the empirical front, evidence of the impact of agricultural credit access remains scanty. This study examines how access to credit from formal and informal sources influences the productivity and technical efficiency of maize farming in ten major maize-producing provinces in Indonesia. Secondary Food Crops Survey data by Statistics Indonesia were employed and analyzed using a quasi-experimental approach, i.e., the propensity score matching (PSM). The estimation shows that agricultural credit access improves farm performance. In fact, the ability to obtain credit from institutions increased productivity and technical efficiency more effectively than from informal sources. This study suggests that agricultural credit access remains relevant in Indonesia and needs to be improved continuously.

Eksistensi Generasi Muda dalam Menjaga Ketahanan Pangan Untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan: Studi di Desa Kadungrembug, Kabupaten Sidoarjo.

This study was conducted to identify and analyze the importance of the role played by the younger generation in Kadungrembug Village's agricultural development to maintain food security and other fields relevant to agriculture. This research uses a descriptive qualitative analysis method. Data was predominantly obtained from primary data. most of them came from local residents aged 16-30 years and worked as farmers and non-farmers as well as village government officials. The results of this study indicate that the agricultural development of Kadungrembug Village has not been fully successful, even though there are many advanced technologies for managing rice fields. So the welfare of farmers is still not felt by Kadungrembug Village farmers. The role played by the younger generation towards Kadungrembug Village's agriculture has not been maximized due to the lack of awareness and literacy of the younger generation on the importance of loving domestic products. This can be seen from how often they use or consume local products such as tubers, local rice, and secondary crops. So, the corresponding suggestion is that the local Karang Taruna can get opportunities in various village forums, especially in empowerment and agriculture forums.

Sawah Surjan Environmental Management for Food Crop Diversification in Kulon Progo of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The utilization of wetlands as agricultural land requires specific processing techniques, which are relatively expensive and unaffordable for local farmers. The optimization of wetlands as agricultural land by local farmers is usually made by elevating a certain part using the adjacent soil material known as Surjan system. The land management using Surjan system increases the diversity of agricultural products and deals with inundation problems. However, its environmental impact has not been widely studied.
 The research was conducted by observing the land with Surjan system in Kulonprogo area to determine its characteristics. Interviews with farmers were conducted to determine land management techniques. Soil and gas emissions samples were taken based on the age of the crop. The characteristics of land with Surjan system and conventional rice field were then compared to determine the difference, and the implications of the two agricultural lands on the environment are discussed.
 Surjan system can increase land productivity, and it can be adopted easily by farmers in other areas with inundation problems. This system is a planting system consisting of mound (the raised beds) and tabukan (the sunken beds that remain inundated). The mound part can be planted with secondary crops, horticulture, and other dryland crops, while the tabukan part can be planted with rice and used for mina padi (rice-fish) farming system. Surjan system provides benefits for environmental management through the prevention of floods and eutrophication, as well as reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Land management through Surjan system affects soil pH, redox potential, and organic matter. Land with Surjan system produces lower methane gas emissions than conventional rice fields. It produces methane gas of 4.06 - 45.73 µg / m2 / minute, with soil pH, redox potential, and organic matter of 6.65 - 7.69, (-) 49 - 10 mV, and 1.28 - 3.59%, respectively

STUDY OF IMPROVING THE IRRIGATION NETWORK SYSTEM FOR THE SALURAN INDUK MADIUN (SIM) IN MAGETAN REGENCY

The Saluran Induk Madiun, abbreviated as SIM, is the primary waterway that irrigates the SIM Irrigation Area. Jati Dam, located in Gondangan Village, Gorang-Gareng District, Magetan Regency, is the primary source of the SIM Irrigation Area. This SIM Irrigation Area gets its main supply from Jati Dam; Jati Dam is the upstream or the beginning of the flow in the SIM Irrigation Area. In conditions before rehabilitation, the Jati Dam had a discharge of 4000 l/s to irrigate the entire SIM Irrigation Area. Especially for the SIM Irrigation Area in Magetan Regency, obtaining water supply from the Jati Dam at 17% of 350,746 l/s, the discharge value can only meet the paddy cropping pattern of 30%. Looking at these problems, the Government of Indonesia is seeking rehabilitation work to increase agricultural barns production. Therefore, it is necessary to research the improvement of irrigation network systems to determine the ratio of water availability before and after rehabilitation, water demand, and the value of increasing agricultural profits. This research uses the F.J. Mock to assess the availability of water discharge FAO Modified Penman Method and the amount of evapotranspiration used to analyze water demand for each cropping pattern. A comparison of the value of the availability and demand for water is presented in the form of a water balance.From the results of the analysis that has been carried out, it is concluded that the highest water availability in the SIM Irrigation Area in Magetan Regency before rehabilitation was 1.37 m3/sec, and the lowest was 0.74 m3/sec. In conditions after rehabilitation, the highest was 5.75 m3/sec, and the lowest was 4.64 m3/sec. It is known that the supply from the Jati Dam, in conditions before rehabilitation, was 17%, and in conditions after rehabilitation, it increased to 28%. The highest irrigation water requirement is the cropping pattern that uses 100% paddy of 3.01 m3/sec. Seeing the value of water availability compared to the still significant water demand, the Jati Dam intake can be reduced from 28% to 20% so that the remaining water can be distributed to the following secondary waterways. Water availability at a percentage of 28% is 5.75 m3/sec; at 20%, it becomes 3.49 m3/sec. This debit can fulfill the highest water demand of 3.01 m3/sec. In conditions before rehabilitation, the availability of water was only able to meet the planting pattern of Paddy (30%) - Paddy (25%) - Secondary crops (100%) with a profit of Rp.26,161,069,519.00. Whereas in conditions after rehabilitation, the availability of water can fulfill the planting pattern of Paddy (100%) - Paddy (100%) - Paddy (100%) with a profit reach up to Rp.115,325,883,740.00.

Analisis Pengembangan Kawasan Berbasis Komoditas Palawija pada Kota Jayapura

Analisis Pengembangan Kawasan Berbasis Komoditas Palawija pada Kota Jayapura

Your Business Network Depends on Your Business Analysis Ability

Indonesia is an agricultural country. The Central Bureau of Statistics recorded that the farming profession reached 9,749,093 people. Particularly in Tuban district, East Java, dominated by rice commodity farmers with a total of 134,263 people, followed by corn commodity farmers with 81,974 people. Thus, of course, it will create a distribution chain that supports the development of the rice and secondary crops distribution business. One of the many rice and secondary crops companies is UD. Plain Bajag . Distribution companies such as UD. Bajag Polos prioritizes large turnover and volume of goods. Because the number of margins is not large, efficient management is needed so that the company can continue to grow by conducting a SWOT analysis. The method used in this study uses qualitative research, a phenomenological approach with model methods Simple Research Design with triangulation theory . The research subject is the owner of UD. Bajag Polos, with a research locus in Temayang Village , Kerek District, Tuban Regency. In this study it was found, the method of UD. Bajag Polos to maintain the company so that it continues to grow, namely in a special way, such as providing capital loans to supplying farmers , buying all agricultural products without exception, having substitute products , embracing similar competitors and marketing both retail and wholesale on a large scale. By taking a family approach to supplier farmers and embracing competitors, it will generate business opportunities or strengths, coupled with substitute goods and widespread marketing, making UD. Bajag Polos survives and thrives.

Performance Evaluation of a Cascade Cropping System

Minimum environmental impact and improved resource efficiency is attainable for soilless cascade systems where the nutrient solution drained from a primary (donor) crop is reused to fertigate a secondary (receiver) crop. However, it is not clear whether the nutrient solution drained from the primary crop can completely satisfy the needs of a secondary crop and if the productivity of the secondary crop is compromised. To test this hypothesis, a prototype soilless cascade system was developed and evaluated. To assess the performance of the system in terms of yield, water and nutrient productivity, a tomato crop was used as the primary crop, while lettuce, spinach and parsley were tested as secondary crops under different drainage management strategies. Measurements of plant growth, crop fresh and dry matter production, leaf chlorophyll and nutrient content, and photosynthesis rate were performed in the secondary crops. In addition, the water productivity and nutrient use efficiency for the fertigation of the primary and secondary crops were recorded. The results showed that the yield of the cascade spinach crop increased by up to 14% compared to the control treatment (monoculture of secondary crop fertigated by standard nutrient solution). The yield of the lettuce and parsley crop was not affected by the reuse of the tomato crop drainage solution. The water productivities of the lettuce, spinach and parsley plants fertigated with pure drainage solution were 50%, 30% and 14% higher than in the control treatment, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency was improved by more than 50% compared to the control treatments.

Remote sensing for monitoring of fields in precision farming

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to move to precision farming due to the lack of land resources and the increasing population of the Earth. The article describes the sequence of work for the transition to precision farming based on geographic information systems, global positioning systems and field monitoring using remote sensing. The sequence of work is as follows: firstly, initial survey of the fields and the sections of the fields, drawing up a map of the fields, and assessing the features of the fields are carried out; the second step – the selection of crops and sowing with the help of smart agricultural machinery; the third – monitoring the fields using satellite images and images obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). At this stage, seedlings are analyzed for possible secondary crops, together with the analysis of soil moisture and watering, and also application of fertilizers and pesticides. After that, the readiness of the crop for harvesting, and a preliminary forecast of the yield is analyzed as well. After harvesting, the crop is estimated by fields and yield maps are compiled, and the following crops are planned taking into account the crop rotation. The article concludes that it is expedient to use airborne multispectral and hyperspectral images for monitoring agricultural fields, as well as for assessing and mapping yield variability within a field for precision farming.

Lettuce in Monoculture or in Intercropping with Tomato Changes the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities, Nutrients and Growth of Lettuce

Intercropping systems are a widely used agricultural practice by smallholder farmers to enhance food security and to use natural resources more efficiently. The objective of this study was to evaluate two lettuce cvs under an intercropping system. Enzymatic growth, yield and economic benefit were evaluated. The experiment was carried out from August to February in Jaboticabal (Brazil) using tomato plants as a main crop and Lucy Brown and Vanda cvs of lettuce as secondary crops. The catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity of lettuce plants was analyzed. Mineral nutrient content, growth, yield parameters and commercial economic benefit were measured. Significant differences in stress and activity enzymatic indicators were found versus cultivars of lettuce. The loss of abiotic factors such as radiation or its effect on enzymatic stress indicators was greater than its effect on yield. Yield loss in the intercropping systems was different for each cultivar system, with cv Lucy Brown showing greater yield loss than cv Vanda. Economic benefit was only found for the Vanda lettuce cv. Although the benefits of intercropping have been demonstrated as very appropriate cultural management, the choice of cultivars involved might be the determining factor for the agronomic success of the system.