Secondary Communication Research Articles

Secondary Side-Channel Wireline Communication Using Transmitter Clock Frequency Modulation

A secondary communication link, or side-channel, is proposed, which uses binary frequency shift keying to modulate the frequency of a high-speed wireline transmitter clock. This side-channel data is then received using the corresponding receiver’s conventional clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit. An analysis of the CDR loop parameters demonstrates that, within certain limits, the side-channel does not impact the signal integrity of the primary high-speed data. Measurements were made on a side-channel prototype using a 56-Gb/s PAM-4 (half-rate 14-GHz clock) transceiver in 7-nm FinFET technology through a 15-dB loss channel. Over 104 side-channel bits were transmitted at 50 kb/s, and the side-channel remained error-free with no visible impact on the high-speed link.

POLA KOMUNIKASI DALAM PEMBERIAN SANKSI ADAT TERHADAP PELAKU KAWIN LARI

In order to achieve a common goal in a society, sometimes the exchange of messages can be biased, therefore it is important how the communication patterns in giving a support to the elopement, so that problems do not arise in the future. Therefore, the writer wants to see and know the communication patterns that take place in the granting of sanctions to the elopement in BatuEjung village. This type of research is qualitative research, data sources in this study were taken from primary data and secondary data, data collection techniques were carried out by interview observation and documentation. Analysis techniques by data reduction, data presentation, then drawing conclusions / verification. The results of studies of various types of communication patterns, ranging from primary communication patterns, secondary communication patterns, linear communication patterns and circular communication patterns, the most suitable and approaching in sanctioning elopement actors are primary communication patterns because they include which elements in the pattern This is divided into two symbols, verbal symbols and nonverbal symbols. In verbal or language symbols, it can be seen how dialogue patterns that occur between indigenous people and the host convey the problem directly, in a nonverbal pattern the process of communicating thoughts by the communicator to the communicant using a symbol, known as "tepunjung" both yellow arbor and white arbor, and payment of a fine in cash.
 Keywords: communication patterns, customs, elopement

Coverage Probability Analysis Under Clustered Ambient Backscatter Nodes

In this letter, we consider a new large-scale communication scheme where randomly distributed backscatter nodes are involved as secondary users to primary transmitter and primary receiver pairs. The secondary communication between a backscatter transmitter and a backscatter receiver introduces additional double fading channels and has a two-side effect to the primary communications. We derive the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio and signal-to-interference ratio based coverage probabilities for two network configuration scenarios.

KOMUNIKASI KOTA HEXAGON DI MEDIA SOSIAL

City Branding is a autentity of a city and must managed properly, applied and become a culture and behavior for both the apparatus and the citizens of the city. In managing a city and establishing city branding, a strong research is required to map changes in the environment, the target market, the city's competitors and the changes that occur within the city itself. In addition to research, a combination of other communication and marketing strategies is important to consider the implementation of city branding. Based on the background, this research aims are to: first, to know the characteristics of citizen social media users in the city of Bogor, secondly, describing and analyzing the communication of the branding of Bogor, the third, explaining and analyzing Branding of the city of Bogor. The methods used in this study are descriptive analysis, and the rate of score. The results found in the study explained that the management of the city's branding could combine the strengths of primary and secondary communications in the city, especially on social media to elicit the sense of meaning a city refers to the model Branding of the city hexagon.

KOMUNIKASI ANTAR BUDAYA PADA KOMUNITAS ARON DI BERASTAGI

<p>Peneliti melihat bagaimana pola komunikasi antarbudaya dalam komunitas aron di Berastagi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis proses komunikasi dan menganalisis pola komunikasi seperti apa yang terjadi diantara berbagai etnik yang masuk dalam komunitas aron serta hambatan-hambatan apa yang muncul dalam proses komunikasi antarbudaya di Kota Berastagi. Mengingat banyaknya etnik pendatang yang menjadi aron, peneliti hanya melihat proses komunikasi pada etnik Batak Toba, Simalungun, Jawa, Nias, Karo, Gayo dan Alas. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode etnografi komunikasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan pola komunikasi antarbudaya pada komunitas aron masuk dalam pola komunikasi intraktif, transaksional, dinamis dan pola komunikasi intraktif terbatas. Selain itu, proses komunikasi antarbudaya antar etnik juga masuk kedalam pola komunikasi primer dan skunder. Dari semua proses komunikasi antarbudaya dalam komunitas aron, terdapat hambatan-hambatan komunikasi dalam bentuk prasangka dan streotip dalam bentuk sindiran yang dilakukan etnik Karo kepada etnik Batak Toba.</p>

Augmenting Museum Communication Services to Create Young Audiences

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how museums use Augmented Reality (AR) to enhance communication services with their audiences and attract new ones. Still, there is no definite answer to how young audiences perceive the educational effects of experiencing this augmented space of communication as an immersive medium. This study is based on a survey of 400 students after they visited an AR technology-enhanced exhibition held by a local history museum. Two stimulus–response marketing scale metrics, widely used to assess TV commercials, were adapted for AR experiences and validated. The mediation analysis revealed an intervening emotional mechanism, in which the multisensory AR experience has educational effects through entertainment and empathy. An improved stimulus–response empirical model is proposed, in which AR technologies, as environmental multisensory stimuli, produce cognitive responses through emotional immersion. The findings have significance in improving how museums encode their message using AR technologies as a secondary communication medium with young audiences. This study could help museum professionals and application developers to find AR implementation solutions as service tools to enhancing user experience by using a widely tested scale for evaluating TV commercials applied to measure AR experiences.

Pola Komunikasi Urban Care Community pada Masyarakat Marginal Surabaya

Marginalization still occurs in some communities in the city of Surabaya. One of them is the people in the Kali Jagir village of Surabaya. Urban Care Community is a non-governmental organization (NGO) that fosters marginalized communities in Stren Kali Jagir, Wonokromo, Surabaya City. This article discusses how the Urban Care Community process and communication patterns among marginalized communities in the Kali Jagir Stren. The purpose of this study was to determine the patterns and processes of Urban Care Community communication in empowering marginalized communities in Stren Kali Jagir. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method. The result of this research is the communication process carried out by the Urban Care Community with marginalized communities in the Kali Jagir Stren using interpersonal communication processes, group communication, and social media communication to make it more efficient. Meanwhile, the communication pattern with marginalized communities in Stren Kali Jagir uses a secondary communication pattern

Cooperative relay based on exploiting hybrid ARQ

In order to compensate the primary performance degradation, which is caused by the co-existing secondary communications or the heavy fading of primary link, a cooperative relay scheme is proposed in cognitive radio systems by taking advantage of the opportunities that are arisen by the primary ARQ (Automatic Repeat-reQuest) retransmission. With the help of this scheme, nontrivial relay assistances for the primary retransmission are achieved without initialization phase. The cooperation among secondary users provides additional spatial diversity to facilitate the primary transmission. This can be accomplished with an oblivious primary system and without assuming any non-causal information about the primary data. The scheme are further extended to the scenarios where multiple cognitive pairs exist. Performance analyses of the schemes are devised and the effectiveness is verified via simulations.

Frequency-Hopping Code Design for Target Detection via Optimization Theory

We present a signaling scheme for information embedding into the illumination of radar using frequency-hopping pulses. A frequency-hopping-based joint radar-communication system enables implementing a primary radar operation and a secondary communication function simultaneously. Then, we consider the problems of radar codes optimization under a peak-to-average-power ratio and an energy constraint. These radar codes design problems can be converted into non-convex quadratic programs with a finite or an infinite number of quadratic constraints. All problems are proved to be NP-hard optimization problems. Therefore, we develop optimization approaches, resorting to semi-definite programming relaxation technique along with to the idea of trigonometric polynomials, offering expected approximate solutions with a polynomial time calculation burden. We assess the capability of the proposed schemes, considering both the detection probability and the robustness in correspondence of Doppler shifts offered by the Neyman–Pearson detector. Simulation results show an improvement in detection performance as the average signal-to-noise ratio value increases, while still maintaining low symbol error rates between the proposed system nodes.

Social Media Use Among Nonprofit Organizations in Rural Appalachia.

IntroductionSocial media have changed the landscape of health communication for nonprofit organizations (NPOs). Yet, adoption and use of social media lag among NPOs in rural Appalachia due largely to limited infrastructure development.MethodsSemi-structured phone interviews were conducted in January–March 2018 with 21 NPO representatives in an 8-county region of rural Appalachian Tennessee. NPO representatives were asked questions pertaining to social media use and message content, effective communication strategies, and best practices in social media use. Transcripts were analyzed in April–May 2018 using thematic analysis.ResultsThe majority of NPOs had a Facebook page and recognized its promise as a communication tool. However, due to resource constraints, most NPOs used social media as a secondary communication strategy to complement traditional approaches. In terms of messaging, NPOs used social media primarily to share information and solicit donations or volunteers. Representatives identified several obstacles to social media use among NPOs in the region. These included limited organizational resources, community infrastructure, and household resources.ImplicationsSocial media are inexpensive communication tools that NPOs in rural Appalachia can use to expand their digital footprint into hard-to-reach populations. Therefore, eliminating the digital divide across the U.S. is an important step toward enhancing rural NPOs’ capacity to serve their communities well. Opportunities for NPO staff to access low-cost professional development and training in the use of social media, specifically for social marketing purposes, are also essential.

Dual-Function MIMO Radar Communications System Design Via Sparse Array Optimization

Spectrum congestion and competition over frequency bandwidth could be alleviated by deploying dual-function radar-communications systems, where the radar platform presents itself as a system of opportunity to secondary communication functions. In this paper, we propose a new technique for communication information embedding into the emission of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar using sparse antenna array configurations. The phases induced by antenna displacements in a sensor array are unique, which makes array configuration feasible for symbol embedding. We also exploit the fact that in a MIMO radar system, the association of independent waveforms with the transmit antennas can change over different pulse repetition periods without impacting the radar functionality. We show that by reconfiguring sparse transmit array through antenna selection and reordering waveform-antenna paring, a data rate of megabits per second can be achieved for a moderate number of transmit antennas. To counteract practical implementation issues, we propose a regularized antenna selection based signaling scheme. The possible data rate is analyzed and the symbol/bit error rates are derived. Simulation examples are provided for performance evaluations and to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed DFRC techniques.

A POMDP‐based long‐term transmission rate maximization for cognitive radio networks with wireless‐powered ambient backscatter

SummaryWireless energy harvesting enables wireless‐powered communications to accommodate data services in a self‐sustainable manner over a long operational time. Along with energy harvesting, an ambient backscatter technique helps a secondary transmitter reflect existing radio frequency (RF) signal sources to communicate with a secondary receiver when the primary channel (PC) is utilized. However, secondary system performance is significantly affected by factors such as the availability of the primary channel, imperfect spectrum sensing, and energy‐constrained problems. Therefore, we propose a novel approach for wireless‐powered cognitive radio networks (CRNs) to improve the transmission performance of secondary systems. To reduce the dependence of the secondary system on RF sources, in the paper, we provide a new paradigm by integrating ambient backscattering with both RF and non‐RF wireless‐powered communications to facilitate secondary communications. On the basis of the sensing result in a time slot, the secondary transmitter can dynamically select the operational action: (a) backscattering, (b) harvesting, or (c) transmitting to maximize the long‐term achievable data transmission rate at the secondary receiver. In addition, the optimal action set for CRNs with wireless‐powered ambient backscatter is selected by the partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), which maximizes an expected transmission rate calculated over a number of subsequent time slots. The proposed scheme aims to improve long‐term transmission rate of CRNs with wireless‐powered ambient backscatter in comparison with conventional schemes where an action is taken only to maximize the immediate reward in every single time slot.

Achievable Throughput Analysis and Channel Access in Energy Harvesting Cognitive Radio Sensor Network

In this paper, we consider an energy harvesting cognitive radio sensor network (EH-CRSN), which is composed of multiple secondary users (sensor nodes) opportunistically access licensed channels. We first propose a novel single-sink EH-CRSN and derive its network throughput. Then, we extend the EH-CRSN to the multi-sink case which will cause interference among secondary communications. To deal with this problem, we optimize channel access schedule, so as to maximize the network throughput in many actual large-scale scenarios. Specifically, we formulate a mixed interaction game and demonstrated the existence of Nash equilibrium. A stochastic learning automata (SLA)-based channel selecting an algorithm is further proposed to achieve the Nash equilibrium. Finally, the simulation results verify the validity of network throughput function in single-sink EH-CRSN and show that the proposed solution can get the maximum or near-maximum system throughput.

Формування інформаційно-цифрової компетентності учнів в інтерактивному освітньому середовищі закладу загальної середньої освіти

The study focuses on the research of the digital competence of students in an interactive environment. The concept of public policy implementation in the field of reforming general secondary education regards information and communication technologies (ICT) in the educational process as a «tool for success» of the New Ukrainian School (NUS). Problems, status and directions of development of information technologies, possibilities of their application in the education system, development and formation of information competences are widely discussed in the scientific community. The ideas of the competence approach in education were considered by: V. I. Bidenko, G. Weiler, V. K. Zagvozdkin, J. Raven, A. V. Khutorsky and others; integration of the concept of «information competence» in the educational process was studied by A. F. Akhmerova, N.V. Bagramova, A.I. Mishchenko. Various aspects of personality development in the conditions of informatization were reflected in the works of N.V. Gafurova, M.P. Spodarets, I.V. Robert. The analysis of the studies showed that theoretical prerequisites for informatization of education and development of information competence using different pedagogical conditions have been established, but the lack of research examining the formation of students’ digital competence in an interactive environment is emphasized. This research is devoted to this problem. The purpose of the study is to highlight the main problems of digital competence development of students’ competence in the interactive environment. The article also defines the essence and structure of the concept of information competence as an integrative quality of the individual, describes its components and the possibilities of the interactive environment. The methodological basis of the study was a systematic approach that considers competence as a set of structural components an activity approach aimed at the use of modern methods and technologies; a competence approach that ensures the development of information competence in an educational process based on an interactive environment. It has been found that an interactive environment is required to build digital competence as an educational output. The main feature of online learning is the use of students’ own experience in solving problematic issues, with maximum freedom of thought. The interactive environment should be based on certain didactic features of the organization of the learning process, which are implemented in the conditions of interaction with the electronic information and educational environment. Contemporary means of digital competence formation can be different content (e-courses, simulators, teacher-student interaction tools, distance learning systems, etc.). The building of the digital competence is made through a combination of digital tools and interactive learning.

Mitigating the interferences and intruders in cognitive radio networks using an authentication protocol over Reed-Solomon codes

Cognitive radio networks have emerged as a promising solution for spectrum scarcity problem. Secondary users (unlicensed users) accessing cognitive radio network suffer from continuous unintentional interference from primary users (licensed users). Also, the adversary present in the channel tries to thwart the secondary users' communication. To address these two problems, an inherent authentication protocol is defined over Reed-Solomon codes. Reed-Solomon codes with authentication protocol are used with M-ary frequency shift keying modulation technique, for transmissions over cognitive radio network. Similarly, the received message is demodulated and decoded to get the original information bits at the receiver. The performance of the proposed scheme is given in terms of bit error rate. The experimental results show that the proposed system performs better in terms of BER reduction. Also, it is shown that the proposed scheme is resistant to replay attack, man-in-the-middle and impersonation kind of attacks.

Adaptive Link Utilization in Two-Way Spectrum Sharing Relay Systems Under Average Interference-Constraints

In this paper, we investigate the performance of an underlay cognitive two-way relay system with direct link using time division broadcast protocol in the presence of primary user's interference. Herein, relying on the practicability and low complexity of statistical channel state information, the secondary transmissions are in compliance with the fading-averaged interference constraints imposed by the primary receiver. For this setup, we study an adaptive link utilization scheme (ALUS) that can exploit both direct and relay links with appropriate diversity combining methods to improve the performance of secondary users. Based on ALUS, we evaluate and compare the performance of two decode-and-forward based relaying strategies viz., fixed relaying and incremental relaying. We derive the tight closed-form expressions of outage probability of the secondary communications for both the strategies over Nakagami- m fading channels. We further conduct asymptotic high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio analysis to examine the achievable diversity order of the considered system. In addition, we quantify the expected spectral efficiency and average transmission time for both relaying strategies. Our results illustrate that the incremental relaying strategy can significantly improve the system performance in comparison with fixed relaying. Numerical and simulation results are provided to attest our theoretical studies.

A Wireless Vehicle-based mobile network infrastructure designed for smarter cities

The evolution of smart city services and applications requires a more efficient wireless infrastructure to provide the needed data rate to users in a high-density environment with high mobility, satisfying at the same time the request for high-connectivity and low-energy consumption. To address the challenges in this new network scenario, we propose to opportunistically rely on the increasing number of connected vehicles in densely populated urban areas. The idea is to support the macro base station (BS) with a secondary communication tier composed of a set of smart and connected vehicles that are in movement in the urban area. As a first step towards a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of this architecture, this paper considers the case where these vehicles are equipped with femto-mobile access points (fmAPs) and constitute a mobile out-of-band relay infrastructure. We first study this network system with a continuous time model, in which three techniques to select an fmAP (if more than one is available) are proposed and the maximal feasible gain in the data rate is characterized as a function of the vehicle density, average vehicle speeds, handoff overhead cost, as well as physical layer parameters. We then introduce a time slotted model, in which we consider a more realistic communication channel, with an exponential path loss model, and we investigate the tradeoff between energy consumption and expected data rate, as a function of the system parameters. The analytical and simulation results, with both the continuous and time slotted models, provide a first benchmark characterizing this architecture and the definition of guidelines for its future realistic study and implementation.

Outage Probability and Throughput Analysis of SWIPT Enabled Cognitive Relay Network With Ambient Backscatter

In this paper, we propose an ambient backscatter (AB)-enabled decode-and-forward (DF) cognitive relay network with wireless energy-harvesting capabilities. In our proposed scheme, a source node communicates with its destination node via a radio frequency-powered DF relay. It is assumed that the relay node is equipped with two different interfaces and can concurrently harvest/decode and backscatter the received source signals. A power-splitting-based approach is adopted for the information processing and the energy harvesting at the relay. The analytical expressions for the outage probability at all of the receiving nodes are derived. It has been shown that the analytical results match the simulation results. It has also been shown that using the AB for secondary communications can significantly improve the overall network performance in terms of the achievable throughput and the energy efficiency.

FOCAN: A Fog-supported smart city network architecture for management of applications in the Internet of Everything environments

Smart city vision brings emerging heterogeneous communication technologies such as Fog Computing (FC) together to substantially reduce the latency and energy consumption of Internet of Everything (IoE) devices running various applications. The key feature that distinguishes the FC paradigm for smart cities is that it spreads communication and computing resources over the wired/wireless access network (e.g., proximate access points and base stations) to provide resource augmentation (e.g., cyberforaging) for resource- and energy-limited wired/wireless (possibly mobile) things. Motivated by these considerations, this paper presents a Fog-supported smart city network architecture called Fog Computing Architecture Network (FOCAN), a multi-tier structure in which the applications are running on things thatjointly compute, route, and communicate with one another through the smart city environment. FOCAN decreases latency and improves energy provisioning and the efficiency of services among things with different capabilities. In particular, three types of communications are defined between FOCAN devices – interprimary, primary, and secondary communication –to manage applications in a way that meets the quality of service standards for the Internet of Everything. One of the main advantages of the proposed architecture is that the devices can provide the services with low energy usage and in an efficient manner. Simulation results for a selected case study demonstrate the tremendous impact of the FOCAN energy-efficient solution on the communication performance of various types of things in smart cities.

KOMUNIKASI MORAL RELIGIUS MELALUI DONGENG PADA SELAPARANG TV

This paper uses a case study approach, in addition to obtaining valid data, the author here collects data with structured interview techniques, full participant observation and documentation analysis. Communication is used by storytellers in conveying moral messages through the Selaparang TV media namely verbal and nonverbal communication. Verbal communication is used when narrating or telling fairy tales, while nonverbal communication is used in the form of illustrations from fairy tales brought. The communication process that occurs in the feld is secondary communication where storytellers convey moral messages through television media. The moral message conveyed is more about the stories of prophet Muhammad SAW.