Number Of Secondary Branches Research Articles

The Functional Verification of CmSMXL6 from Chrysanthemum in the Regulation of Branching in Arabidopsis thaliana

The development of branching plays a pivotal role in the cultivation of ornamental chrysanthemums, as it dictates the ultimate morphology and quality of the plants. Strigolactones (SLs) are associated with apical dominance to indirectly inhibit shoot branching. Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Baltasar’ in this study was subjected to treatment with three hormones: auxin (IAA), 6-BA, and GR24. Following the exogenous application of GR24 and IAA, a significant reduction in both the length and quantity of lateral buds on chrysanthemums was observed. Additionally, there was a notable down-regulation in the expression levels of CmPIN1 (associated with auxin transport) and CmIPT3, which is involved in cytokinin (CK) synthesis. After the application of 6-BA, there was a significant increase in both the length and quantity of lateral buds on chrysanthemums. Subsequently, the separate application of IAA and 6-BA to C. morifolium ‘Baltasar’ notably induced the expression of CmMAX1, a gene involved in the biosynthesis of strigolactones, and CmSMXL6, a gene associated with the signaling pathway of SLs, suggesting a negative regulatory role for SLs and auxin in chrysanthemum lateral buds, while CK demonstrated positive regulation. Cloning and expression analysis of CmSMXL6, a member of the D53/SMXL gene family in chrysanthemum, revealed its up-regulation following GR24 treatment, peaking at 9 h. The overexpression of CmSMXL6 in Arabidopsis thaliana promoted increased numbers of primary and secondary branches. In transgenic lines, genes associated with SLs synthesis (AtMAX1, AtMAX2, and AtMAX3) exhibited varying degrees of down-regulation, while the branching-inhibitory gene AtBRC1 also displayed decreased expression levels. These findings suggest that CmSMXL6 plays a role in promoting branching.

Phenotypic characterization and genetic variability of Muthu Mullai mutants ofJasminum auriculatum for induction of homeotic mutants

An experiment was conducted during 2021–23 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu to create genetic variation in Jasminum auriculatum (Vahl.) by inducing mutation using physical and chemical means, through gamma rays and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS). The present study was designed to evaluate the M1V3 generation putative mutants of J. auriculatum ecotype Muthu Mullai generated through physical and chemical mutation with various dosages of gamma radiation and EMS. The study revealed that among the mutagen treated population, the plants subjected to 15 Gy gamma irradiation and 5 mM EMS recorded the maximum vegetative growth parameters including number of primary and secondary branches, internodal length, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width and flower quality parameters namely days to flowering, number of flowering cymes/branch, flower bud length, corolla tube length, bud girth, flower diameter and 100 flower bud weight than control. Homeotic mutants were identified and isolated from the mutated population and this study further explored the reliability of the observed traits for making effective selection for crop improvement.

Performance de crescimento do feijão caupi sob diferentes concentrações iônicas da solução nutritiva

ABSTRACT: Cowpea is a food crop representing an important source of proteins and income, mainly for people living in the north and northeast of Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of two cowpea cultivars under four different ionic concentrations of the growth solution. Thus, a pot experiment was performed using the sand culture technique and set up in a completely randomized design with a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, using four replications and one plant per plot. After the period of growth, the parameters such as length of the shoot, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of secondary branches, number of pods, fresh weight of the stem, stem dry mass, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass, and root/shoot ratio were obtained. The results pointed out that there was a significant interaction effect on parameters like stem diameter, leaf dry mass, shoot dry mass, and number of leaves. Both cultivars were strongly responsive to changes in ionic concentration, indicating a greater biomass production at ionic concentrations of 90% and 120%. A greater growth performance for BRS Rouxinol than BRS Itaim was observed, while the second cultivar indicated a high tolerance as exposed to the highest ionic concentrations.

Multi-trait genome-wide association studies reveal novel pleiotropic loci associated with yield and yield-related traits in rice

Rice yield is a complex trait affected by many related traits. Traditional single-trait genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have limitations when studying complex traits, as they cannot account for the genetic relationships among multiple traits. Multi-trait GWAS, which can consider the relationships among multiple traits and identify pleiotropic loci, is more suitable for complex traits such as rice yield than single-trait GWAS. In this study, we conducted a multi-trait GWAS on 11 two-trait combinations of yield and yield-related traits with 575 hybrid rice varieties across two environments. All of these yield-related traits showed significant genetic correlation with yield (YD), including filled grains per panicle (FGPP), kilo-grain weight (KGW), tillers per plant (TP), primary branch number (PB), secondary branch number (SB) and main panicle length (MPL). In total we identified 44 pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (pQTLs), including 29 new pQTLs not found in single-trait GWAS. We then screened 23 pQTLs showing common effects in two traits as key pQTLs. These key pQTLs were subsequently analyzed for haplotype analysis and identified 13 pleiotropic candidate genes. Finally, we identified two optimal yield-enhancing allele combinations by pyraming superior haplotypes: GS3-GL3.1-OsCIPK17 for the YD-KGW combination and GNP12 for the YD-FGPP and YD-SB combinations. This study provides pleiotropic candidate genes and allele combinations that exhibit superior differences in both yield and yield-related traits, offering valuable information for future high-yielding rice breeding.

GWAS for the identification of introgressed candidate genes of Sinapis alba with increased branching numbers in backcross lines of the allohexaploid Brassica.

Plant architecture is a crucial determinant of crop yield. The number of primary (PB) and secondary branches (SB) is particularly significant in shaping the architecture of Indian mustard. In this study, we analyzed a panel of 86 backcross introgression lines (BCILs) derived from the first stable allohexaploid Brassicas with 170 Sinapis alba genome-specific SSR markers to identify associated markers with higher PB and SB through association mapping. The structure analysis revealed three subpopulations, i.e., P1, P2, and P3, in the association panel containing a total of 11, 33, and 42 BCILs, respectively. We identified five novel SSR markers linked to higher PB and SB. Subsequently, we explored the 20 kb up- and downstream regions of these SSR markers to predict candidate genes for improved branching and annotated them through BLASTN. As a result, we predicted 47 complete genes within the 40 kb regions of all trait-linked markers, among which 35 were identified as candidate genes for higher PB and SB numbers in BCILs. These candidate genes were orthologous to ANT, RAMOSUS, RAX, MAX, MP, SEU, REV, etc., branching genes. The remaining 12 genes were annotated for additional roles using BLASTP with protein databases. This study identified five novel S. alba genome-specific SSR markers associated with increased PB and SB, as well as 35 candidate genes contributing to plant architecture through improved branching numbers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of introgressive genes for higher branching numbers in B. juncea from S. alba.

Nutrient-feeding strategy promotes the growth, biomass, and quality of genotype/variety CIM Megha of Kalmegh

The current study used two harvesting periods (2020-21 and 2021–2022) to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers applied to the soil on Kalmegh growth, productivity, and economic viability. The study looked at a variety of growth parameters, including plant height, the number of primary and secondary branches, plant spread, leaf area, dry matter accumulation, and fresh, dry, and seeded herbage output. T6 (RDF + VAM + Vermicompost) produced much higher growth metrics and yields than other treatments, exhibiting consistently better performance. The improved outcomes were attributed to the combined effects of inorganic fertilizers, mycorrhizal association (VAM), and organic supplementation (vermicompost). T2 (RDF + vermicompost) displayed a similar performance. On the other hand, the T7 control group had the lowest values across all metrics. The economic study determined that T6 was the most economically viable choice due to its higher gross and net returns. This emphasizes the importance of coordinated nutrient management in achieving optimal agricultural output and economic sustainability. According to the study's findings, T6, which has a balanced mix of inorganic and organic amendments, is a promising technique for increasing kalmegh variety CIM Megha production. This technique provides higher crops, financial rewards, and improved soil nutrient levels.

Evaluation of oryzalin-induced putative polyploids of <i>Jasminum sambac</i> cv. Ramanathapuram Gundumalli

The aim of the research was to create genetic variations in Jasminum sambac using oryzalin as a polyploidizing agent. Rooted stem cuttings of J. sambac were treated with oryzalin (0.005, 0.01 and 0.05%) and their vegetative and flowering parameters were recorded on 150 days after treatment. The study revealed that the higher concentration of oryzalin (0.05%) caused reduction in plant height, internodal length, number of flowering cymes per plant and number of flower buds per cyme. However, the same treatment significantly enhanced certain vegetative parameters viz., number of secondary branches, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area, and flowering parameters namely flower bud length, corolla tube length, flower bud girth, diameter of open flower and hundred flower bud weight. High GCV was recorded in major yield attributing traits, i.e. number of flowering cymes per plant and hundred flower bud weight. High heritability and genetic advance registered for the traits viz., plant height, number of secondary branches, internodal length, number of flowering cymes, flower bud girth and hundred flower bud weight per plant indicates least influence by environment and selection such characters may be useful.

Evaluation of oryzalin-induced putative polyploids of <i>Jasminum sambac</i> cv. Ramanathapuram Gundumalli

The aim of the research was to create genetic variations in Jasminum sambac using oryzalin as a polyploidizing agent. Rooted stem cuttings of J. sambac were treated with oryzalin (0.005, 0.01 and 0.05%) and their vegetative and flowering parameters were recorded on 150 days after treatment. The study revealed that the higher concentration of oryzalin (0.05%) caused reduction in plant height, internodal length, number of flowering cymes per plant and number of flower buds per cyme. However, the same treatment significantly enhanced certain vegetative parameters viz., number of secondary branches, stem girth, number of leaves and leaf area, and flowering parameters namely flower bud length, corolla tube length, flower bud girth, diameter of open flower and hundred flower bud weight. High GCV was recorded in major yield attributing traits, i.e. number of flowering cymes per plant and hundred flower bud weight. High heritability and genetic advance registered for the traits viz., plant height, number of secondary branches, internodal length, number of flowering cymes, flower bud girth and hundred flower bud weight per plant indicates least influence by environment and selection such characters may be useful.

The wall-associated kinase GWN1 controls grain weight and grain number in rice.

Grain size is a crucial agronomic trait that determines grain weight and final yield. Although several genes have been reported to regulate grain size in rice (Oryza sativa), the function of Wall-Associated Kinase family genes affecting grain size is still largely unknown. In this study, we identified GRAIN WEIGHT AND NUMBER 1 (GWN1) using map-based cloning. GWN1 encodes the OsWAK74 protein kinase, which is conserved in plants. GWN1 negatively regulates grain length and weight by regulating cell proliferation in spikelet hulls. We also found that GWN1 negatively influenced grain number by influencing secondary branch numbers and finally increased plant grain yield. The GWN1 gene was highly expressed in inflorescences and its encoded protein is located at the cell membrane and cell wall. Moreover, we identified three haplotypes of GWN1 in the germplasm. GWN1hap1 showing longer grain, has not been widely utilized in modern rice varieties. In summary, GWN1 played a very important role in regulating grain length, weight and number, thereby exhibiting application potential in molecular breeding for longer grain and higher yield.

Strategic Approaches for Genetic Enhancement of Quantitative and Physiological Traits in Advanced Breeding Lines of Chickpea

Performance on seed yield and yield attributing traits of 41 advance breeding lines were used to estimate parameters of genetic variability, association analysis and diversity analysis between seed yield and its contributing traits. Traits such as biological yield per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant, stem thickness, height of first fruiting node, number of effective pods per plant, total number of pods per plant, harvest index and primary branches per plant revealed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean. High magnitude of positive direct effect and significantly positive correlations on seed yield per plant was found with number of effective pods per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest index and number of secondary branches per plant. Clustering analysis based on various morphological traits assorted 41 desi chickpea genotypes into four clusters. Traits like biological yield, plant height and 100 seed weight contributed most towards the genetic divergence. Genotypes ICCV211103, ICCV211106, ICCV211108, ICCV211111, ICCV211116, RVG 204, JG 24, JG 12, JG 16, Virat and Vishal recorded maximum positive principal component scores for the traits viz., plant height, total number of pods per plant, number of effective pods per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, stem thickness, biological yield per plant, harvest index, seed yield per plant, 100 seed weight and stem height at first fruiting node, therefore these genotypes will as promising donor lines for chickpea yield improvement.

Study of Genetic Variability and Path Analysis for Yield Attributing Traits in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

This study was conducted to assess genetic variability, interrelationship among yield attributing traits and their direct and indirect effect on yield. Ninety-two genotypes including four checks was taken in the study and were planted during two seasons i.e., Rabi 2022-23 and Rabi 2023-24 at Research Farm, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior. These genotypes were evaluated for analysis of genetic variability, phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, correlation and path analysis for seed yield and its related traits. Higher estimates of GCV and PCV were observed for traits like seed yield per plant, harvest index, thousand seed weight, numbers of seeds per capsule, numbers of capsules per plant, numbers of secondary and primary branches. Highly significant and positive correlation with seed yield was documented for numbers of capsules per plant (0.82), numbers of secondary branches per plant (0.64) and thousand seed weight (0.31). Path coefficient analysis revealed that numbers of capsules per plant was the major contributor to the seed yield (0.7950) followed by harvest index (0.1762) and biological yield (0.1211).

Identifying phosphorus use efficient genotypes by evaluating a chickpea reference set across different phosphorus regimes

AbstractLow phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is one of the abiotic factors that hamper yield and production potential in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Higher yield coupled with improved PUE can make this crop more adaptive and competitive to wide cropland area, especially on marginal soils having low-level phosphorus (P). To identify chickpea germplasm lines that assimilate phosphorus more efficiently under P-deficient soils, 288 diverse genotypes of chickpea belonging to reference set were evaluated for yield component traits and PUE under field conditions for two consecutive years at two phosphorus levels (low P – no phosphorus application and high P – phosphorus application at 40 kg/ha). Based on 2-year evaluation of data under high and low P soil conditions, we identified strong correlations for traits like number of primary and secondary branches, number of pods, biological yield and seed yield indicating that these traits can be used as proxy traits for PUE. ICC 6571 was the best performing genotype under low P conditions while ICC 6579 yielded maximum under high P regime. We report 16 genotypes namely ICC 1052, ICC 1083, ICC 1098, ICC 1161, ICC 2072, ICC 4418, ICC 4567, ICC 4991, ICC 5504, ICC 5639, ICC 7413, ICC 8350, ICC 9590, ICC 9702, ICC 11584 and ICC 13357 as phosphorus use efficient genotypes based on their better performance for yield and yield-contributing traits under low P compared to high P conditions. These genotypes can be exploited in future as potential donors for development of phosphorus use efficient chickpea cultivars.

Effect of Microbial Inoculants on Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes of Brinjal

The present investigation was carried outduring May- August, 2021 at DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab to find out the effect of microbial inoculants on growth, yield and quality attributes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). The experiment consisted of different microbial inoculants (Rhizobium, Trichoderma and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) and three varieties (Pusa Purple Long, BR-112 and Pusa Purple Round) laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Observations were recorded on days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of leaves per plant, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight (g), yield per plant (Kg/plant), yield per plot (Kg/plot), TSS, ascorbic acid (mg/100g) and titratable acidity (%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant effect of microbial inoculants, varieties and their interaction for all the characters under study. It was observed that plants which were treated with Rhizobium resulted in superior performance for most of the traits studied. Among varieties, desirable results were observed in Pusa Purple Long. Considering the interaction of microbial inoculants and varieties it was concluded that Pusa Purple Long treated with Rhizobium resulted in superior performance with respect to growth, yield and quality parameters of brinjal.

Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis in the BC2F2 population of groundnut

The present study was carried out in the backcross population of groundnut involving TMV 7 and ICG 15419. Allele-specific primers were used to screen the population for high oleic acid and a total of 11 yield-contributing traits were included in this study. The number of primary and secondary branches had higher estimates of PCV and GCV whereas pod yield per plant had moderate PCV but low GCV. Along with the variability parameters, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, pod width, 100 pod weight, oleic acid content and linoleic acid content had good estimates of heritability and genetic advance as a percent of the mean, whereas pod yield per plant had moderate and low, heritability and GAM respectively, with a negatively significant skewed distribution. Association analysis exhibited a positive correlation between the number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, pod length and 100 pod weight with pod yield per plant and it was evident that oleic acid was indirectly proportional to linoleic acid content. Hundred pod weights had the highest direct effect on pod yield per plant. Selection based on traits with a better relationship with pod yield per plant and moderate to high estimates of PCV, GCV, heritability and genetic advancement would help in accelerating the groundnut improvement program. High oleic, low linolenic lines of BC2F2 with better pod yield would be forwarded to the next generation.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.)

The present study on genetic divergence among 33 genotypes in mungbean was carried out using Mahalanobis D2 statistics for yield and its contributing traits, and a total of six clusters were formed. Cluster VI contains the highest number of genotypes (17), followed by clusters I, II, and V with 7, 4, and 3 genotypes, respectively, and clusters III and VI are monogenotypic. The inter-cluster distance was highest between clusters I and VI (250.89) and lowest between clusters I and III (57.74), whereas the intra-cluster distance was highest in cluster IV (63.97) and lowest for clusters III and VI (0.00), which have only one genotype. Cluster III records the highest mean for seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, and lowest days to maturity, and Cluster VI also records the second highest mean for seed yield per plant, highest seed germination%, speed of germination, and seed viability. The maximum contribution towards genetic diversity was determined by the number of primary branches per plant (12.12%), followed by the number of secondary branches per plant. Genotypes belonging to clusters III and VI may be taken for a hybridization breeding program. Therefore, from the analysis, it was also concluded that genotypes belonging to different clusters separated by a high statistical distance may be used for developing new recombinants and desired traits.

Estimates Indirect Selection Parameters Through Correlation and Path Analysis in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

An important rabi oilseed crop, linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has diploid chromosomal number 2n=30. According to Tadesse et al. (2009), L. usitatissimum is a single species in the Linaceae family of commercial value. According to correlation coefficient analyses, there is a strong intrinsic inherent between the different qualities because the genotypic correlation values were larger than the equivalent phenotypic correlation values. The biological yield per plant, 1000 seed weight, and seed yield per plant all shown a highly significant and favorable correlation. It suggested that grain yield might be enhanced under selection by enhancing these features. The results of the genotypic path coefficient analysis of seed yield and its contributing characters showed that harvest index, days to 50% flowering, number of secondary branches per plant, and number of primary branches per plant were the next most important factors that positively influenced grain yield per plant. These findings suggested that selection based on these traits could increase yield. The biological yield per plant, harvest index, number of primary branches per plant, days to maturity, and days to 50% flowering were found to have the greatest positive direct effects on seed yield per plant based on phenotypic path coefficient analysis of grain yield and its contributing features.

Genotypic Variability, Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Elite Genotypes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The study was conducted during the rabi season (October, 2021–April, 2022) at the Crop Research Centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, focused on 30 chickpea genotypes to evaluate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlations and path analysis among quantitative traits. Utilizing a randomized block design, the study found that the number of pods plant-1 exhibited the highest variability, while pod length showed the least variability. Significant phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation highlighted substantial variability among the genotypes, with shoot length, root length, and the number of secondary branches displaying high genetic advance and heritability. This suggested the predominant influence of additive gene action on these traits, making them suitable for selection-based improvements. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations were generally similar, indicating minimal environmental influence on most traits. Positive correlations were identified between the number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, seed index and other dependent traits, indicating their potential for enhancing crop yield through selection. The study further revealed significant direct associations among traits, emphasizing the presence of additive gene action and the feasibility of effective selection for improving chickpea characteristics. In conclusion, the findings offer valuable insights into the genetic variability and heritability of chickpea traits, guiding future breeding and selection programs for enhanced genotypes.

Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Quantitative Traits of Chickpea Genotypes

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important pulse crop providing the livelihood to farmers. India is one of the topmost countries in chickpea production followed by middle-east. Assessment of morphological traits and their genetic diversity will help in increasing production of chickpea. A comprehensive evaluation of 44 distinct chickpea genotypes was conducted during 2020-21 Rabi season at RLBCAU, Jhansi. Utilizing Tocher's method and D2 values, the studied genotypes were meticulously organized into nine non-overlapping clusters, with cluster (I) comprising the most, featuring 17 genotypes, followed by cluster (II) with 12 genotypes. Significant genetic diversity was evident, especially between clusters (IV) and (VI) (2710.13) followed by (V) and (VI) (2565.51), highlighting the diversity among these genotypes. Key contributors to this divergence were 100-seed weight (48.8%), number of secondary branches per plant (26.5%), and seed yield per plant (9%). Cluster (VIII) exhibited higher mean values for days to maturity (140.57), while cluster (VII) had elevated values for the number of pods per plant (84.61). Genotypes like Phule G 171105, RVSSG 81, RLBG 6, GL-16063, and RKG 19-2 emerged as potential contributors to future breeding programs, promising significant hybrid vigour and superior heterotic segregants to advance chickpea genetics.

Optimum Transplanting Date for Rape Forage and Grain Yields in the Ridge Culture Place Planting System on the Yangtze River Delta

The ridge culture place planting system (RCPPS) is a promising technique for planting rapeseed that can promote the growth of rapeseed by late rice stubble, which has been widely adopted in the Yangtze River delta. To determine the optimum planting date for rape (Brassica napus L.) forage and grain yield in an intensive rice–rape rotation system, a field experiment was conducted with five transplantation dates (from 20 October to 30 November at 10 day intervals) in RCPPS. The forage/grain yield, nutrition, and growth parameters were analyzed. At podding, rape biomass yield was highest, and no significant differences were found among treatments. It was around 12.0% crude protein, 11.4% ether extract, 38.8% neutral detergent fiber, and 34.9% acid detergent fiber. In the treatments of 20 and 30 November, crude protein content increased and acid detergent fiber content decreased significantly. Compared with 20 October, the grain yield of rape transplanted in November decreased significantly by 17.2% to 22.5%. The grain yield was significantly correlated with the number of secondary branches, pods, and seeds. At the final flowering stage, rape transplanted in November had noticeably reduced leaf growth, rhizome width, and yield than 20 and 30 October. Overall, for multiple uses of rapeseed in the Yangtze River delta belt with RCPPS, it is optimal to plant in mid to late November for forage use with higher nutritional value, being coordinated with the previous rice crop, whereas late October is the appropriate planting time to obtain a higher grain yield.

Agro-Morphological Response of Three Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Genotypes to CAFCOOP Products in the Nursery and Field Conditions

Tomatoes are grown using chemical or organic fertilizers, which influence their quality at harvest. The study aimed to evaluate the agro-morphological and germinative characteristics of three tomato genotypes under CAFCOOP products. The Nadira F1, Rio grande and Roma savanna genotypes tested for their reaction to the effect of the CAFCOOP Ltd product were obtained from the Mfoundi market (Yaoundé). Germination time, emergence of seedlings and first leaf outline, number of secondary roots and stem development were counted manually at the nursery. In the field, a caliper was used to measure plant stem, while a graduated ruler was used to measure root length and plant height. The number of secondary roots, branches and plants were counted manually. The results obtained showed significant genotypic variation in all agro-morphological traits. The number of roots varied from 14.15 ± 2.8 to 22.46 ± 3.53 for Roma, from 10.38 ± 1.89 to 24.71 ± 3.69 for Nadira F1 and from 14.62 ± 2.99 to 24.38 ± 3.47 for Rio grande, for chemical and organic treatments respectively. Plant stem diameter ranged from 5.15 ± 1.14 mm to 9 ± 0.46 mm for Nadira F1 and Rio Control, with no significant difference between treatments. The number of branches per plant, with no significant difference between treatments, ranged from 11.50±3.83 to 17.95±2.98 for Nadira F1 and Rio grande. Our study has enabled us to gain a better understanding of the positive effect of organic products on tomato production.