Second Half Of XX Century Research Articles

U.S. consumer price index in the second half of XX century: calculation strategy and ways of its changes

The purpose of this research is a detection of U.S. consumer price index development and change ways emerged in the second half of XX century. Consumer price index is considered as a practically evaluable index number.Materials and methods. This research is based on the methodology documents of U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and its theoretical and practical papers published in Monthly Labor Review. The basic method is historical and descriptive techniques.Results. Data generalization for U.S. consumer price index across five revisions is realized in structure of the calculation method, adapted by ROSSTAT for the national consumer price index. Firstly the dynamic of number of cities, included in consumer price survey and changes of its sample is analyzed. Secondly the principles of point of purchase sampling is in focus. Thirdly the set of goods and services and dynamics of its structure are considered. Fourthly there is a generalization of pricing procedure principles that is frequency according to the type of cities and feature of goods and services. Fifthly the source and limits of data collecting for weights which needed for consumer price index calculation on the high level of aggregation. And sixthly there is description of mean price and price index calculation.Conclusion. The main ways of development and transformation in U.S. consumer price index are defined. It may be considered as alternative solutions in consumer price index of other countries. The main ways are the increase of city and goods sampling, extension of probability use, formation of good classification, equal temporal interval of weight renovation and creation of price index system.

Археологія Львова: витоки, традиції, дослідники

Archaeological research in Lviv has a long tradition and dates back about two hundred years. During this time, information about the ancient history of Lviv from many sections of the city was obtained. The beginnings of the archaeological study of the ancient history of the city date back to the first half of the nineteenth century. Thanks to Pauli, attention was drawn to ancient artifacts from the territory of Lviv. Some of the findings begin to form the collections of the first museum collections. In the second half of the XIX century, the formation of archaeological institutions in Lviv began. Government agencies appear to monitor the storage of monuments. As a result of joint action, rescue excavations during the construction of the railway were made. Archaeologists from Lviv are beginning to form hypotheses about the founding and development of the city. Archaeological sources have updated information about the pre-developmental stage of the development and gave new evidence about the stages of development of the annalistic city. This state of affairs remains until the middle of the twentieth century. However, sometimes archaeological research was influenced by ideological factors. With another change of social order in the second half of XX century managed to preserve the main trends of formation and structure of the archaeological branch of the city. The institutions in which the teams of researchers form are decisive. There is an organ function to preserve and study archaeology monuments. From this period, the intensification of the research process begins. Planned works covered both the Vysokyj Zamok (High Castle) and the city centre. Since Ukrainian independence, research has increased exponentially. They are occupied by large squares and give significant advantages in the formation and development of the urban space of Lviv in ancient times. The discovered artifacts are on display during museum exhibitions. Key words: archaeological research, Lviv, museum collections, Vysokyj Zamok (High Castle), city centre.

THE INTELLECTUAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN BULGARIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The following publication is based on a research project in support of doctoral students whose topic is: Education in children organisations in Bulgaria (1944-1990) presented through sources’’, funded by the state budget of the University of Sofia ‘’St. Clement of Ohrid’’and functioning as scientific research.This research is historical,pedagogical and scientific and it aims to reconstruct the basic trends in the development of children’s intellectual education in Bulgaria in the second half of XX century by means of historical sources. Its chronology spans half a century and includes one entire period of Bulgaria’s latest history. The key motive of the research is the absence of a new non-ideologised and objective scrutiny of the educational development of children within this period,including intellectual education as one of its types. This is only possible if based on a comprehensive source-centered research which is the actual sort of this project that has systematised sources from the Central State Archive, the Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Bulgarian Historical Archive of the ''St. St. Cyril and Methodius'' National Library and the periodical press.Retrospectively, the publication presents the essential specifics, the content and the manifestation forms of intellectual education of children within the period of state democracy (1944-1947); the imposing of totalitarism and its development, called ‘’Todor Zhivkov’s power (zhivkovism in Bulgarian);the first decade of post-totalitarian development of Bulgaria, also known as Democratic transition. Considering the specific social situation in the country and the form of power, we put highlight on the organised school and extra-curricular intellectual education. The extracted positive practices and methods of intellectual education,existing in various extra-curricular forms, are a valuable historical capital for contemporary structures for informal education of children.The conclusions in this aspect are logically drawn from a historical view of the relation between the social situation in Bulgaria and the organised education of children – school or extra-curricular education, as well as from historically grounded place, role and importance of intellectual education prior to other kinds of education - patriotic, international, aesthetic, moral, physical and labour education.The definition of „child“ is explained by a normative order existed back then in the researched period.

ІСТОРИЗМ У ПОШУКОВИХ СТРАТЕГІЯХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ БУДИНКІВ МОДЕЛЕЙ ОДЯГУ ТА ДОРОБКУ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ДИЗАЙНЕРІВ ДРУГОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ ХХ СТ.

The aim of the article is to identify the peculiarities of the dynamics and figurative and stylistic displays of historical method in the search strategies of Ukrainian Fashion Houses and domestic designers’ works of the second half of XX century.

Marriage, its forms and special features of the Bolgarians' prenuptial communication in Odessa region during the Soviet period

In the following article marriage is discussed as a form of social relationships among the Bolgarians in Odessa region while public affairs transition from androcentric society to civil law relations.The role of economic aspect is defined in procedures of entering into marriage during XX century. The portrait of "ideal" partner is described according to traditional society's demands and also its changes are mentioned under the challenge of that time. Transformations in prenuptial communication in the second half of XX century are recorded together with the Bolgarians' attitude to the institution of marriage in general. The author makes a conclusion as for changes in the institution of marriage and its semantic issues. Although, before the Soviet regime marriage was seen as a stable economic position in androcentric culture of Bulgarian village, during the second half of XX century wedlock was being perceived as a spiritual union by the general public. Prenuptial communication was getting open for young people and it caused contraventions of main prohibited cultural traditions. Moreover, forms of marriage got changed, too. During the second half of XX century the main form to get married remained as a complex of wedding rituals widespread but transformed for that time. However, most wedding rituals kept their original forms such as church weddings, regenerated only after the Soviet Union's collapse while forming independent Ukraine, and marriage registration.

Аксиологическая антитеза в образной системе марийского нравственно-психологического рассказа второй половины ХХ века

Аксиологическая антитеза в образной системе марийского нравственно-психологического рассказа второй половины ХХ века

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Assessment of Fiscal Decentralization Influence on Social and Economic Development

Transformation of the mechanism of responsibility redistribution between central and sub-central government resulted in expansion of fiscal decentralization (FD) ideas. The concept of fiscal decentralization in general features was formed at the second half of XX century, however, key ideas appeared far more earlier. Nevertheless, many controversial empirical research results are focused on the identification of fiscal decentralization influence on economic and social development (different empirical researches confirmed its positive, negative or insignificant influence). Thus, because of dynamic change of worldwide socio-economic trends, it becomes crucial to realize up-to-date empirical comprehensive research on fiscal decentralization impact on different aspects of country social and economic development

Forbidden insanity: the systematic denial of mental health issues from a state-run psychiatry.

The authors discuss the issue of psychiatric care and patients during the second half of XX century in Albania, when the country was under an absolute regime of communism. Completely isolated from the rest of the world, the territory remained a prohibited area for scholars, and local authors due to censorship or self-censorship, offered very scarce information. The general feeling of the public was that of a denial of psychic disorders in total, combined with the fear that this kind of disorders has ever since provoked. Nevertheless, insanity defence was a formulation encountered with a certain frequency in Albanian judicial procedures, although forensic psychiatry was a peripheral part of an already neglected medical specialty. The entire system of psychiatric care was mainly hospital based, and shock therapies (electroconvulsive therapy, pyretotherapy, insulin coma) were normal part of the therapeutic armamentarium along with antipsychotics and social isolation. Some recently unclassified documents and some archival papers, whose exhaustive consultation needs further study, might shed light to the problems of a psychiatry, that are not substantially different from the ones encountered in the Eastern communist Europe of the same period of time.

Ukrainian insurgency in the second half of XX century. Variation course program

Ukrainian insurgency in the second half of XX century. Variation course program

Introduction to subnational policy: from warnings to approval

Today a comprehensive analysis of political processes is impossible without use of a subnational comparative method. Subnational issue in political science passes three stages of development and now appears to be as an independent subject of scientific analysis. During a long period of time researchers analyze political processes in state exclusively at national level. There is idea that any manifestation of political life in a diminished spatial scale is only a projection of a national political life. It symbolizes phenomenon of the main in theory of politi- cal science. The main array of works in second half of XX century, which relating to democratization, are from a national point of view. Subnational issues have obliquely arisen in studies, which characterized by fragmentary comprehension, remarks or mentioning. This conceptual content characterizes devel- opment of subnational issue at first stage in 70's and 80's of XX century, a representation stage, that symbolizes first meeting of paradigm of that time and phenomenon that did not adapt, but existentially is always alongside with it. This whole-national in comparative political science changes in last decade of XX cen- tury, when it begins to explore various aspects of subnational politics, namely: territorial extension of processes of democratization. The first decade of XXI century is characterized by presence of research that representes an increased scientific and theoretical interest in subnational politics, supported by its own methods for measuring and classifying cases within subnational units of analysis. In 90's of XX century by middle of second decade of XXI century, which is chronologically second interval, stage of contact, is outlined in developing a subnational issue in comparative political science. It is a moment of communication between political practice and conceptual embryo (subna- tional comparative method), which is trying to understand it. In addition to approval of methodological issues and a large number of studies on subnational politics, transformation of paradigm bias from whole-national to monism becomes an important change. The monism is embodied in thesis that only unit of subnational analysis is subject of federative states that have a certain legally defined political independence, as opposed to administrative-territorial parts of unitary countries. The research trend of last four years (2014-2018) reflectes new practical implications for using comparative methodology in subnational politics. Studies show that monism overcomes today because work concerns unitary states in one or another way. The assertion of a subnational issue crystallizes in comparative science today and enteres into a stage, stage of collaboration, which, firstly, is based on dynamism of methodological principles of a problem, and, secondly, on autonomy of studying one's own subject.

The History of International Associations of Museums of Medicine

The article considers history of activity of international associations of museums of Europe and North America from the moment of organization of the first International Association of Medical Museums existed from 1907 to 1955 and to the European association of Museums of History of Medical Sciences (since 1983) and the Association of Medical Museums (since 1985) both existing at the present time. The analysis is presented concerning their role in unification of scientific community, development of research methods, determination and reconsideration of professional concepts and also alterations of functions of medical collections and museums with the course of time and new trends in medical education, clinical and fundamental medicine and museum business. The existence and development of museum associations is compared with concept of three "museum revolutions": professionalization of museum sector (at the turn of XIX-XX centuries), orientation on education of broad masses of population (second half of XX century), establishment of principles of social inclusion and multi-culturality (beginning of XXI century). The method of study is analysis of such sources untranslated to Russian previously as archives of "Vestnik" and reports and also scientific publications of members of associations involved into their activities. The results of study determined possible directions of work related to coordination of activities of medical museums, development of scientific research and scientific education methods and exposition work. The conclusions are made about an important role of international associations in systematization of knowledge, organization of scientific activities and medical community, development of guidelines for regional museums and also organization of unified information space for workers of medical museums.

El grabador de "Estampa Popular" Cristóbal Aguilar Barea

El autor estudia en este artículo la trayectoria artística y humana de Cristóbal Aguilar Barea, grabador sevillano de Estampa Popular, conocido por firmar sólo con su nombre. La importancia del grupo está reconocida en la bibliografía especializada, pero era necesario analizar los condicionamientos culturales, políticos, técnicos e iconográficos en la obra del artista. La figura de Cristóbal adquiere así un significativo valor por su decisiva contribución al arte del grabado en España en la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

Post-Soviet residential neighbourhoods in two second-order Ukrainian cities: Factors and models of spatial transformation

Post-socialist urban transformation constitutes an important segment of the contemporary urban studies. In this paper we focused on transformation processes in two typical post-Soviet residential neighbourhoods, built in the period of mass construction in the second half of XX century and located in the Ukrainian cities of Vinnytsia and Kherson. Our goals were to reveal the spatial and temporal transformation patterns, to identify the factors of transformation, and to delineate certain transformation mechanisms and models. The assessment of morphological and functional changes of urban objects was carried out via field observation according to a specially developed methodology with the further comparison of results with urban planning documents reflecting the reality in the beginning of 1990s. Our findings permitted to identify key transformation processes (deindustrialization, commercialization, revitalization, functional diversification), to list a set of factors promoting more intense transformations, and to explain mechanisms defining existing spatial pattern of transformations within the test neighbourhoods. Private commercial activity, including rapid development of retail sector, was the main source of transformation, thus defining its partial, fragmented and somewhere controversial nature. Since the probability of further transformation in each point of the territory is determined by the already existing pattern, the existing heterogeneities tend to enhance with a lapse of time, and therefore the initial stages of transformation are especially important for the further development of the neighbourhood. Despite the similar starting conditions, two neighbourhoods demonstrated different outcomes in terms of modernization, explained by the differences in the urban spatial structure, spatial and sectorial structure of industrial zones, position (importance) of the neighbourhood in the whole city, as well as the economic dynamics of the city. Based on detected factors and mechanisms, we proposed models for further transformation intended to maximize the level of modernization within the entire test neighbourhoods.

Инфраструктура монголоведных исследований в Великобритании и США

The article is devoted to the problem of formation, functioning and evolution of university centers of Great Britain and the USA in studying of Mongolia. Investigation phases of history of Mongolia are defined by British and American scientists, features of Mongolia studies in Great Britain and the USA are revealed, the comparative characteristic of university centers of Great Britain and the USA in studying of history of Mongolia and the adjacent states is submitted. The process of formation of Mongolia studies as separate research direction is shown. Mongolia studies, which have originally arisen as the branch of sinology in France and Germany, in the second half of XX century were transformed to the independent direction. After World War II organizationally studying of Mongolia was issued in Great Britain and the USA. In the late forties the number of university centers, which were engaged in research of Mongolia, including studying of Mongolian, has increased. Today in university centers of Great Britain and the USA seminars, research conferences are held, programs of exchange of scientists are open, works of British and American authors in the field of Mongolia studies are published.

РЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА ГОСУДАРСТВ В ОТНОШЕНИИ РЕСУРСО-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫХ ПЕРИФЕРИЙНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ: ОПЫТ АРГЕНТИНЫ В ОТНОШЕНИИ ПАТАГОНИИ В СРАВНЕНИИ С ПОЛИТИКОЙ РОССИИ ПО ОТНОШЕНИЮ К СИБИРИ

<p><span>This paper features economic-geographical, historical and political comparison between Patagonia and Siberia as the biggest resource-oriented peripheries of the world. A conclusion is made about the similarity of the social-economic role of these regions as a low-populated raw material base with small share of industry. Although the regional policy toward Patagonia has never been regulated by any program or strategic document the way it is in Siberia and East regions of China, some success has been achieved, especially in oil refining. The article analyzes the main governmental acts aimed at overcoming the raw material base role and decentralizing the Argentinean economy in the second half of XX century. The general problems obstructing the realization of the long-term measures are the political instability of </span><span>Argentina and its high dependency on the economy on foreign capital. The experience of Patagonia in the field of tax regulating, company registering limits and capital planning can be interpolated to the situation in Siberia and can become the subject of a more detailed research.</span></p>

Analytical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Where we are and where we are heading

The main aim of this paper is to offer an objective and critical overview of the situation and trends in Analytical Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (AN&N), which is an important break point in the evolution of Analytical Chemistry in the XXI century as they were computers and instruments in the second half of XX century. The first part of this overview is devoted to provide a general approach to AN&N by describing the state of the art of this recent topic, being the importance of it also emphasized. Secondly, particular but very relevant trends in this topic are outlined: the analysis of the nanoworld, the so “third way” in AN&N, the growing importance of bioanalysis, the evaluation of both nanosensors and nanosorbents, the impact of AN&N in bioimaging and in nanotoxicological studies, as well as the crucial importance of reliability of the nanotechnological processes and results for solving real analytical problems in the frame of Social Responsibility (SR) of science and technology. Several reflections are included at the end of this overview written as a bird's eye view, which is not an easy task for experts in AN&N.

Preditive Models And Health Sciences: A Brief Analysis

Background: Predictive Models are an important tool in event predicting and health planning. Despite this, there are few works focusing this area. Thus, the analysis of the real benefits of these models in Health Sciences is necessary to be performed.
 Results: Predictive techniques largely evolved in second half of XX century. The development of AR, MA, ARMA, ARIMA and SARIMA models, through Box-Jenkins methodology, constitute a robust conjunct of mechanisms able to help in solution of epidemiological modeling problems, mainly in Health Sciences, once it allows to evaluate individual characteristics of living beings and its correlation with pathologies in the same space-time. Nevertheless, AR, MA and ARMA does not have tendency in seasonality, which weakens the analysis.
 Conclusions: To predict the natural history of endemic/epidemic and its health-disease processes in a determined population is a sine que non condition to its adequate management in Public Health context and in adoption of affirmative measures concerning health promotion. Thus, the predictive models, with emphasis in ARIMA, SARIMA, Artificial Neural Networks and Formalism of Copulas are alternatives that can be feasible.

Language as subject of philosophic reflection: specifics and trends

Although «linguistic turn» and philosophy of language were recognized as research direction only at the beginning of XX century, the perception of language as social and cultural and historical phenomenon reflects the state of philosophy reflection which has lasted for more than two thousands years. For a long time human has speculated about essence, casual relations, functions and dependence of a language with many factors. As for the philosophy of language, at present the research efforts have focused on two directions - comment of a language as a tool of human communication and thinking as well as tools of a specific language for this or that period of its development. It is best to show the powers of the philosophy of language by listing its main problems: different aspects of understanding, sense, conceptual analysis etc. «Linguistic turn» is proper for a wide range of modern branches of philosophy – existentialism and hermeneutics, phenomenology and structuralism. Generally, from the beginning of the second half of XX century the main branches of philosophy are influenced at least by the stylistics of language, and the linguistic aspect of philosophic problem got impactive meaning for the philosophical dialectic. The current stage of the development of humanitarian sciences is characterized by the intention to unite all «linguistic» branches of philosophic research under the aegis of the philosophy of language. Like philosophy, literature and linguistic use the services of thinking and language, but if a language is at the top of the hierarchy of priorities and then - thinking, philosophy defines the priorities in another way: first of all, thinking which determines, conditions, defines specific historical social and cultural, mental and other specifics of language, its instrumental use

Un análisis del trayecto histórico del currículo en Colombia Segunda mitad del siglo XX

Objetivo: dar cuenta del recorrido de las teorías curriculares que han soportado el devenir educativo en Colombia en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, tomando como base esencial la institucionalización de la segunda misión alemana y la propuesta de las guías de instrucción que dieron paso a la implementación de la Tecnología Educativa en los años 1960 y 1970, hasta llegar a la Ley General de Educación 115 de 1994, que surgió como fruto del gran Movimiento Pedagógico Colombiano promovido por los maestros del país a partir de 1982. Metodología: escrito de orden histórico- educativo, basado en el análisis documental. Hallazgos y conclusiones: en el análisis realizado se da cuenta de las diferentes, y en ocasiones paralelas, posturas que se presentaron en la época, las cuales respondían a intencionalidades más de orden económico que social en su instauración, lo cual por supuesto, afectó la naturalización de las propuestas curriculares en las instituciones escolares; en tanto se justificaron para algunos, desde lo que se presupuestaba en el mundo frente a estos temas, mientras que otros asumieron posturas críticas y férreo rechazo especialmente por parte de colectividades intelectuales, aspecto que se evidenció sobre todo con los postulados del Movimiento Pedagógico Colombiano.