Second Half Of XX Century Research Articles

On clinical elites and their role in institutionalization of new national clinical disciplines (the second half of XX century)

The development of national clinical medicine in Russia in XX century is related not only to evolution of scientific schools, but also to such historical phenomenon as clinical elites. In the article definition of therapeutic elites is proposed. The destiny of therapeutic elites and their role in institutionalization of national clinical disciplines is discussed.

To the problem of significance of the parameter «peak height velocity» in puberty as the biomarker of chronobiological status of the population in growth studies

Introduction. The significance of peak height velocity (PHV) in screening studies of children and adolescents as the biomarker of the chronobiological status of the population is in the focus of the study. Material and methods. The analysis embraces a significant specter of samples (N=37, literary data), including different ethnoterritorial groups of Russia and former USSR, examined through the vast historical period of second half of XX century – beginning of the XXI century. The analysis of interpopulation variability of the parameter of peak height velocity of growth changes of the average level of height through the adolescence is under discussion – its absolute value (MPHV, cm) and chronological age (APHV, years); intragroup sexual differences of these characteristics are under consideration as well. Results. Dynamic curves of height increase for urban samples from USSR territory, both native populations and Russian, have dome-shaped form, monotonous height increase/gain velocities up to the peak, slump further on. Traditional Mongolian groups and rural Abkhazian show the dynamic curve with descending wavy form. Histograms of intergroup distribution of the parameter APHV both for boys and girls differ from normal Gaussian distribution and gravitate towards double-peak form. Population values of APHV for boys are two and a half years later as compared to girls; MPHV is a more solid parameter, sex differences here are 0.41 cm with boys’ advantage. Factor analysis revealed definite autonomy of the process of pubertal spurt for male and female adolescents: the first factor describes growth activity of boys, the second — of girls (35% and 30% of the total variability of parameters correspondingly). Conclusion. The results allowed to conclude, that the variability of the parameter points to the significant social/anthropogenic base of chronobiological status of the population and independent growth strategies of male and female sexes, which suggests to interpret PHV as the valid and perspective biomarker in population growth studies. @ 2023. This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Proposals for unification and use of the Ukrainian national nomenclature for native and exotic species of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Ukraine. Part I: subfamilies Spondylidinae and Prioninae

Here, I presented the study on historical development and changes in the Ukrainian national nomenclature of the longhorn beetles, which traditionally named "Skrypuny". I collected and arranged the traditional Ukrainian names for the longhorn beetles, their regional variations, and historical attempts for their codifications. Since the middle of XIX century, vernacular names, collected in folklore expeditions, of certain groups of the longhorn beetles have been published in multiple scientific papers and school textbooks of zoology. On the beginning of XX century, most vernacular names of the longhorn beetles have been relevantly arranged in the dictionaries of the Ukrainian zoological nomenclature. The development of the Ukrainian national zoological nomenclature was forcibly stopped in the early 1930s. Due to the politics of "internationalization" and artificial "convergence of languages" in the USSR, the traditional Ukrainian vernacular names were withdrawn from the scientific use and replaced by "Vusachi" consonant with the Russian. In the second half of XX century, the Ukrainian vernacular names of the longhorn beetles were repeatedly replaced by Russian tracings and Latin transliterations in specialized zoological dictionaries and in the general dictionaries of Ukrainian language. In the current paper, I proposed methodological approaches to the derivation and standardization of Ukrainian vernacular names based on the Ukrainian Spelling. I also substantiated the reasons for choosing certain Ukrainian vernacular names for scientific use parallelly with the scientific Latin name. In the Part I, I presented Ukrainian names for 46 taxa, including 1 subfamily, 10 tribes, 17 genera, and 17 species.

RECOGNITION OF A LANDSCAPE TECHNO-SPHERE AS A NEW GEOSPHERE

The second half of XX century – the beginning of XXI century are characterized by the active development of a global ecological crisis, which is described by a critical state of the environment and excessive anthropogenization of a geographical sphere. The changes which lead to the formation of absolutely new techno-genic landscapes occur at very fast rates in current geo-spheres. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the recognition of a new geo-sphere – a landscape techno- sphere – based on the previous experience and our field research. The main tasks of the research are to analyze specific features and properties of a landscape techno-sphere; to identify its upper and lower borders; to study a structural organization of all options of a landscape sphere with available techno-substances; to characterize briefly the main stages of the development of a techno- sphere.
 The research of a landscape techno-sphere is a complicated process and it is based on the use of classical and innovative methodological principles of contemporary geography. A parallel application of three scientific paradigms is the foundation: system, model and ecological. They do not contradict each other; they rather compliment the studying of the interaction between nature and engineering. A system approach allows considering a techno-sphere as a complicated system of a lower taxonomic range of a landscape sphere and a geographical sphere. The following generally accepted scientific methods are used in the paper: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, systematization, induction and deductions.
 The article substantiates the existence of a new geosphere – the landscape techno-sphere, which is formed by the planetary set of landscape-technical systems. it is noted that it does not have a continuous distribution, but is constantly increasing in size and gradually goes beyond the landscape. The specific features and properties of the landscape techno-sphere are analyzed in detail. Taking into account the criterion of the presence of a zone of direct contract of three blocks of landscape-technical systems (managerial, technical and natural), the upper and lower limits of the landscape techno-sphere are identified. The structure of all variants of the landscape sphere in the presence of technological substances is considered. The main periods of development of the landscape techno-sphere are briefly described. It is concluded that man will never be able to control landscape-technical systems on a planetary scale. However, applying the methods and principles of engineering landscape research, it is possible to achieve optimal interaction of the three blocks of landscape-technical systems and to extend their functional suitability.

Global reassembly: Empirical data in conceptual pursuit. European perspective

The author explores a conceptual crisis in studies, dedicated to international relations, which are under pressure of growing number of threats and challenges. In search of new perspective models of global economic and political development and in the pursuit of attempts to explain the nature and causes of growing confrontation among different global actors specialists in IR, including European studies, propose various approaches and strategies, which often run counter to each other. The article focuses on a role of empirics in this scientific work, on a problem of measurability of different hypotheses and generalisations. On the basis of application of concrete indicators and data the author analyses the role of the EU, major European countries, Russia and other centres of power in world political-economic tables of ranks. The internal balance of power in the EU is explored, as well as main risks and vulnerabilities in its development. In the context of global reassembly the assessments are made on threats and challenges facing Russia. The conclusion is drawn that in the near future the phenomenon of polycentricity with elements of composite quasi-bipolarity will intensify. At the same tine, quasi-bipolarity represents more relevant configuration than the hypothesis about US-China “new bipolarity”. The United States and China more and more obviously shape new confrontational pivot of world politics in near future. This model is characterized with quasi-bipolarity because the number of rising powers, comparable with US and China in terms of capabilities and geopolitical ambitions, is much bigger than in the second half of XX century.

Comparative studies by Rodolfo Sacco

The work was written within the framework of the project of binary lectures of the Faculty of Law of the Lomonosov Moscow State University and the Kutafin University, or rather the module «Comparative Studies in persons» of the course «Comparative Jurisprudence» and is dedicated to the memory of the outstanding comparative scholar Rоdolfo Sacco.Rоdolfo Sacco was an honorable professor at Turin university department of law whose inestimable contribution to the science of law and comparative law fell on the second half of XX century, the time of intense political and legal changes. The time of his activity can be described as a major milestone of comparative law.The article examines the main ideas of European comparative law.The article describes and analyses legal formants which were outlined by Rоdolfo Sacco. The authors draw attention to the doctrine of legal formats as a confirmation of the complexity of law, and also pay attention to the peculiarities of using the comparative method in law.

The scientific heritage of Professor V.I. Luk’yanenko, Colonel of medical service is an important page of the national maxillofacial surgery and stomatology (To the 100th anniversary of his birth)

BACKGROUND: A great contribution to the development of the maxillofacial surgery and stomatology in the second half of XX century was made by a prominent Russian maxillofacial surgeon, participant of the Great Patriotic War 19411945, Doctor of Medicine, professor, colonel of medical service Vladimir Isidorovich Lukyanenko.
 The study aimed to present the contribution of Professor V.I. Lukyanenko to the theory and practice of maxillofacial surgery and dentistry.
 Russian literature in the field of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery that mentions the merits of Professor Lukyanenko and his monographs, textbooks, and scientific articles served as the material for the article.
 Professor Lukianenko contributed significantly to the development of many scientific problems of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. He was an innovator in traumatology of maxillofacial region, purulent maxillofacial surgery, periodontology, and therapeutic dentistry. Many of his editions, developments, and suggestions are still used in his daily educational and pedagogical work and are the reference books for dentists and maxillofacial surgeons of military medical and medical institutions of the country.
 The scientific heritage of Prof. V.I. Lukyanenko is a valuable contribution to the development of the maxillofacial traumatology, purulent surgery, and sections of stomatology. He has done much in the field for the improvement of surgical methods of treatment of facial bone fractures, osteomyelitis of the jaws, maxillary phlegmon, and periodontitis and diagnosis and treatment of pulpitis.

Is Income Convergence Possible with a Diminishing Industry’s Output? Development Gap and Structural Changes in Montenegro Since the World War II

Intensive industrialisation in the second half of XX century was the main driving force of the most dynamic economic growth in the Montenegrin economic history. Since the transition from self-management socialism to a market-oriented economy, the Montenegrin economy has become more service-oriented. Empirical studies show that TFP growth is higher in industry and knowledge-intensive services than in other services, leading to service-oriented economies growing at a lower rate. This study confirms the same for the Montenegrin economy. If industry and knowledge-intensive services do not expand, will Montenegro diverge instead of converging to developed economies? The results from this study contribute to convergence analysis and serve as an example of the growth prospects of developing countries with fewer industry and knowledge services-oriented economies.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA IN THE POST-COLONIAL PERIOD: MAIN FEATURES, PROBLEMS, EVOLUTION

After the liberation of the countries of Asia and Africa from colonial and semi-colonial dependence in the second half of XX century, they faced a whole series of problems that required urgent solutions. One of these problems was the task of filling the declared sovereignty with real efforts to create capable, established states. Not all countries of the Afro-Asian region, even today, have managed to solve this problem. However, among the third world countries there are also quite a few states that have succeeded. India can be such an example. A country with almost one and a half billion people, with a complex multi-confessional and multi-ethnic structure became the third largest economy in the world at the beginning of the 21st century. The purpose of the article is to clarify the prerequisites for the dynamic development of India since 1947 including civilizational ones, as well as to identify the main stages in the development of the Indian economy and its characteristic features, differences in economic development from other developing countries, and main problems and difficulties. The following methods of scientific research have been used in the research: a comparative-and historical one, periodization method, problem and chronological method, historical and genetic method, etc.

Complex ecological branch of law in terms of globalization

The article deals with study of the impact of globalization on the development of a complex branch of environmental law. A significant development of science and technology in the modern world, the relative "development of the planet" and globalization processes necessitate the solution of qualitatively new scientific and applied problems and, in particular, the need to take into account the intensive development of world industry, limited natural resources and environmental requirements. and social mobility. The author has analyzed the most important historical events, implementation of international norms on environmental protection to national legislation. A particular attention has been paid to the development of the idea of environmental protection in European law in the second half of XX century and the separation within it of European environmental law. Recently, such important issues as the management of genetically modified organisms, the management of waste and hazardous chemicals, the reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and water pollution have been regulated. This state of legal regulation of environmental relations at the level of international law has a positive impact on the national legislation of the Member States of the European Union and other states that have taken the European direction of development, including Ukraine. One of the important areas of cooperation between the European Union and Ukraine is the joint solution of problems in the field of environmental management and environmental protection. It has been concluded that the international legal regulation of environmental relations is a system of purposeful actions of subjects of international law, aimed at the rational use of nature and environmental protection in order to preserve it for present and future generations. The green economy is a priority for the European Union.

Changes of knowledge of the fauna volume: species discovery curve in case of silken-fungus beetles of the Carpathians

The approach to the analysis of the fauna composition and completeness of its detection through the concept of “species discovery curve” is considered. Beetles of the family Cryptophagidae were taken as a model group. The dynamics of the accumulation of the information about the composition and volume of the Cryptophagidae fauna of the Ukrainian Carpathians during the eight stages of their study (the middle XIX, late XIX and the end of XIX century, the beginning of the XX century, the period until 1930–1940; middle and second half of XX century, and the current state for 1999 and 2021) are presented. In general, the composition of the cryptophagid fauna in the Ukrainian Carpathians is estimated at 116 species. This is 16 % more compared to what was known 100 years ago, i.e. each stage of the study adds about 5 % to the known species richness of this group of beetles. The components of fauna changes are analysed separately: 1) due to the changes in the nomenclature of existing species, 2) as a result of finding rare species (i.e. strengthening research efforts), 3) due to division or vice versa – combining existing species into two or three “small” species that were previously considered as morphs, varieties, or were not distinguished.

The performing principles of the Ukrainian pianist and teacher Viktor Syriatsky

Background. Viktor Syriatsky is a pianist, pedagogue, composer and scholar, a unique figure in the piano art of the second half of XX century. His talent as a pianist is incredibly multi-faceted, he brought up several generations of famous musician during 35 years, while working at Kharkiv I. P. Kotlyarevsky National University of Arts. The aim of the article is to reveal basic principles of the performing style of Viktor Syriatsky and essence of his artistic aspirations. The relevance of chosen facet of the research is caused by the fact that its results might be used in the work of performer on the interpretation of musical piece, and in practice of teaching, including such courses as history and methodology of performance art. Research methodology. In order to reveal the chosen theme, complex musicologically-analytical approach is used, which is founded on the works by such scholars as B. Asafev, S. Savshinskiy, S. Feynberg, Ya. Milshteyn, D. Rabinovich, N. Rastopchina, G. Neygauz, modern research – works by N. Drach (2006), I. Belonosova (2014), O. Fedorovich (2014) etc. These works allowed to regard performance style as an attribute of the personality of the performer himself, which might be dependent on his own physiological and psychological traits, from his mentality and worldview. Results for discussion. All his life V. Syriatsky consciously and unremittingly worked on his performer style. The play of the pianist draws attention from the very first sounds. His sound is full mellow, warm, resonant, equally noble even in mighty ff and in soft pp, always full and resonant. His sound is a tool, not the goal itself. The best sound is the one, the most fully. embodying artistic content. Mastership of V. Syriatsky is connected as well with rich usage of textural performer’s means and pedal. Understanding performance art as the one bearing artistic content, he regarded intonation to be the most important mean of musical expressiveness. Apart from performer’s intonation for him the was not truly valuable and significant recreation of the author’s idea. His play stood out apart from the play of other pianists by naturality of the performance: whatever he played, it became alive under his hands. The master was incredibly careful in his choosing of temporal organization in music such as tempo. He also underlined importance of the performer’s rubato. At the same time, the ideas of the composer were a law for him. Conclusion. In performance style of V. Syriatsky there was incredible calmness and sage of a man who went through diverse school of life.

Lemko diaspora in the second half of XX century: cultural diplomacy activity

Lemko diaspora in the second half of XX century: cultural diplomacy activity

Genetic resources of fodder crops in Croatia: current state and future prospects

Plant breeding as an important discipline in agriculture started in Croatia during the last decades of XIX century at several institutions and farms, but was mainly focused on arable grains, but to less extent to fodder, and other crops. The efforts in the research, collecting and evaluation of genetic resources of fodder crops started in the second half of XX century, but were interrupted and ceased by the war in 1990-ies, with a part of material being lost. The activities started almost from scratch by establishing the Croatian Gene Bank in early 1990ties that existed only for few years. A new National Plant Gene Bank was established in 2004 as a network working in synergy with the SEEDNet programme, and was directed by National Plant Genetic Resources Programme based on the valid international treaties on biodiversity, and conducted according to good practice in genetic resources maintenance and research, with the support of the Ministry of Agriculture and EU funds. The paper presents the short outline of the research of the genetic resources of fodder crops.

Ethno-choreological reflexions of Kharkiv amateur folk and stage dance in the second half of XX century

Ethno-choreological reflexions of Kharkiv amateur folk and stage dance in the second half of XX century

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СПРИЙНЯТТЯ КОНЦЕПТУ ІДЕНТИЧНІСТЬ У МОВНІЙ КАРТИНІ СВІТУ ЧИЛІ

The article is devoted to the study of the formation of the linguistic picture of the world of Chile, the features of lexical composition and culturally significant vocabulary of the modern Chilean national version of the Spanish language. The fragment of the Chilean national conceptosphere, represented by the concept IDENTITY, and its ethnospecifics is analyzed, the analysis of the main extralingual factors of formation of worldviews of Chileans and historical preconditions of formation of the specified concept in modern Chilean linguistic culture is carried out. Personal contribution to the development of the topic. The author identified the cultural potential of polysemous lexical units that fill the concept IDENTITY in the linguistic picture of the world of Chile. Complemented the traditional notions of verbal representation of the concept IDENTITY by analyzing the features of verbalization of this concept, which are formed under the influence of extralingual factors in the Chilean national version of the Spanish language. The new paradigm of linguistic-cognitive research, oriented in the anthropological direction of the relationship between language and thinking, opens up opportunities to study the specifics of the worldview of different peoples of the world, which in the context of globalization is a requirement of the time. The linguistic picture of the world serves as a means of knowing the national mentality, features of linguistic consciousness and logical-thinking processes of its bearers, as well as national-specific linguistic signs, due to the need to adequately reflect the phenomena of the objective world. Based on the synthesis of the results of fundamental scientific works that the linguistic picture of the world objectifies the conceptual picture of the world by means of language, reveals with the help of language units a set of mental ideas about the world as a certain historically formed way of conceptualizing reality, analysis of a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world of Chile, presented by the concept IDENTITY, is aimed at identifying in its content national-specific features, emotional connotations, value characteristics that reveal the national mentality and character of this linguistic community. This analysis of the concept IDENTITY and the factors influencing its formation in the Chilean nation makes it possible to reveal its mentality, to realize the importance of each Spanish-speaking nation as a state- bearing ethnic component of their country. The study of extralingual factors and, in particular, the national-cultural specifics of metaphorical understanding of the world on the material of the Chilean national version of Spanish allows us to understand the essence and originality of the culture of this Spanish-speaking country. In our study, we analyzed the concept IDENTITY as a complex mental formation that contains knowledge about the cultural-historical aspect, the system of spiritual and moral values, the surrounding reality, which are verbalized by lexical units in speech. Accordingly, the analysis of a fragment of the linguistic picture of the world of Chile, represented by the concept IDENTITY, showed a set of fixed in units of language ideas of the people about history, culture, lifestyle, psychological way of life and mentality. The peculiarities of the use of language units are due to the fact that the worldview of speakers of one multinational language living in different countries is different, and the role of the national factor due to the globalization of economic and political processes that began in the second half of XX century does not decrease, but, on the contrary, sharply intensifies and by all means finds the reflection in language. The study showed that in the Chilean language picture of the world in the content of the concept IDENTITY appear national-specific features, emotional connotations, value characteristics, which were combined in 4 versions of its understanding: military-racial, postmodern business version, religious-catholic, psychosocial.

New normativity and reproductive choice: an attempt at comprehension

The article discusses two “special types” of reproductive choices – combating infertility through assisted reproductive technologies and voluntary childlessness. Particular attention is paid to the phenomenon of voluntary childlessness. Basing on the analysis of public opinion polls, reconstruction of historical realities of the second half of XX century, normogenesis studies, new psychodynamic theories of transgenerational transmission of traumatic experience, and philosophical ideas of intentionality of acceptance and hospitality, the author analyzes the existing reproductive practices in their connection with procreative norms. The reasons for the increasing spread of voluntary childlessness, according to the author of the article, are largely connected to the transgenerational transmission of experience of violence. The author’s hypothesis is based on psychodynamic ideas about transgenerational trauma and perverse maternal attitude and is that the spread of the voluntary childlessness in the generation of the 1990s may be caused by the impossibility of hospitality, acceptance, and vulnerability due to the lack of failure of the maternal functionary as a container and the lack of introjects of loving and guiding parent figures (“empty superego”). Thus, the new “shapeless” normativity, creating the illusion of “freedom to be oneself”, may prove to be a projection of a split, lifeless and empty collective unconscious superego, generated by a culture of violence that requires moral content, which has been abolished.

Education into identity: From „survival pedagogy” to „spiritual pedagogy”

Marzec Jarosław, Education into Identity: From „survival pedagogy” to „spiritual pedagogy”. Culture – Society –Education no 2(16) 2019, Poznań 2019, pp. 265–278, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2019.16.17.
 I would like to present the general outlook on dominant tendencies within educational studies and shortly introduce my analysis in the context of so called „turning point” of educational discourse in the second half of XX century. I would like to propose to look at that moment of our actual cultural and educational field through two dominant perspectives and metaphors on which two different pedagogies are grounded. I would like to introduce two domianant metaphors within the educational field and the new tendencies, shortly how the educational studies shift from the „survival pedagogy” to the „spiritual pedagogy”. In general, this atriculations founded in the mindfull critics of educational practices undermine the cultural shift which is based on the process of abandom the tradition values, and the civilisation trends of development which generated the actual shape of culture to be axhausted. The great positivismproject was adjected by the new generations of educators with new and fresh approach to the educational problems. At that moment it’s clear that we stand before the creation the new, alternative vision of the social world and culture in general. I would like to present the changes of that social process on the example XX-century pedagogy, which I hope is touched by that cultural transformation. I would like to concentrate on the educational discourse as a econcrete area of such cultural shift. It’s rather difficult to recognize the whole field of that revolutionary and alternative movement within our culture. In my text I would like to show the process of transition from „survival pedagogy” into „spiritual pedagogy”. As we simply know from the poststructural perspective each of educational interpretation operates in the social contexts has own definition of the aims, functions and tesks of education. After Michel Foucault works we can say that each of the educational discourse and interpretation is grounded in the cultural power/knowledge forces. The new generation of educatorsproposed new approach towards social analyses of edacational aims and destination. In that movement the main aim of edacation is to build identity of pupils. There are of course many researchers shared that view on edacational discourse eg. Zbyszko Melosik, Tomasz Szkudlare, Lech Witkowski, Zbigniew Kwieciński in Poland ( to give only representative examples) and Henry Giroux and Peter McLaren in the United States.They proposed the new approach towards the understanding of edacation destination ond obligations and broke the traditional interpretation. They rejected the traditional inerpretation of „formingthe reason” or „excercising the reason” as the main goal of education towards the popular culture and sensses. And they based their interpretations on that aspect of identity construction process. I would like to propose in my text general outlook at the cultural shift within educational discourse as the transtition from the metaphor of „survival pedagogy” towards the „spiritual pedagogy”. These metaphors also determined two different perspectives and approachesto education. I wolud argue that these perspectives are based on the two different antopological visions and determine different pedagogies.

Способы повышения эффективности особого экономического режима – специальные административные районы

Emergence and growing popularity of economic zones with special tax status was registered in the second half of XX century. As of today special economic regimes play a notable role in tax planning for a broad range of economic agents. For the states with an undeveloped economy and a low production potential special economic regimes and tax revenue collected on them or any other revenue is an important aspect of fiscal policy. The article is devoted to analysis of special economic regime in special economic regions (SAR) in Russia. Our research hypothesis is that the SAR legislation in force contains provisions that are not sufficiently effective for Russian economy. The article describes key principles of SAR operation including terms for registration with, and entrance to SAR, available tax benefits and preferences, hard currency regulations, administration, data confidentiality, etc. Besides describing the economic and political motivation in establishment of SAR the authors assess the feasibility of special administrative regions as an idea and determine the actual effect from activity of SAR residents on Russian economy. The research carries out a comparison of SAR with such Russian special regimes as TOSED, FPV, SEZ and leading global low-tax jurisdictions like Singapore, Switzerland and BVI. It also outlines the imperfections in the legislation on special regions and the authors’ position on the expediency of further improvement of SAR in the current situation as well as offers ways and methods of enhancing the attractiveness and effectiveness of special administrative regions. The research results can be of use in justification of changes and amendments to the normative legislative provisions in force

«Malleus Maleficarum» сучасного суспільства: передумови і поширеність тортур у ХХІ столітті та політика протидії тортурам

«Malleus Maleficarum» сучасного суспільства: передумови і поширеність тортур у ХХІ столітті та політика протидії тортурам