Second Half Of XIX Research Articles

St. Petersburg University in the History of Training Kazakh Specialists in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries

St. Petersburg University in the History of Training Kazakh Specialists in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries

Juan Valera and Spanish prose of the second half of XIX

Juan Valera and Spanish prose of the second half of XIX

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ЭТНИЧЕСКОЙ ИСТОРИИ НАРОДОВ СИБИРИ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫМИ УЧЕНЫМИ: ДИНАМИКА И ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

The article highlights the dynamics of the study of ethnic history of the peoples of Siberia in the XVI-XX centuries by Russian scientists. The following four periods of such studies are defined: 1) XVIII - the middle of XIX century - characterized by separate data on the topic in general works on ethnography and history; 2) the second half of XIX - 1930s - appearance of scientidfic interpretation of materials on ethnic history; 3) 1940-1950s - appearance of special works on ethnic history; 4) 1960-2020s - formation of ethnic history as a priority research direction in ethnology, development of theoretical foundations of ethnic history.

Gender aspects of musical performance: conductor, female conductor, woman conductor

The article is devoted to the history of opera and symphonic conducting, considered through the prism of correlation of professionalism and gender. The facts of women’s mastering the conductor's profession in the second half of XIX - the first half of XX centuries (J. Aman-Weinlich, C. Gonzaga, E. Leginska, F. Petrides, A. Brico, F. Belinfante, V. Kapralova) are presented, which are considered as the evidence of gradual sociocultural changes, caused by the feminism processes in USA and Western Europe. The study highlights the activities of the first domestic female conductors (E. Slavinskaya, O. Berg, V. Dudarova, M. Heifetz), possible due to the drastic political, economic and cultural reforms in the USSR. The author identifies the problem of “female conducting” connected with socio-political, psychological, and socio-cultural patriarchal traditions as a manifestation of gender asymmetry in the sphere of academic conducting.

Study of development of regional railway system in Bukovyna

The article is devoted to the study, generalization and systematization of scientific knowledge about the history of the establishment, development and operation of the regional railway system in Bukovyna in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The authors attempted to analyze the process of creation and operation of railways in Bukovyna during the reign of the Austro-Hungarian Empire based on a wide range of previously unpublished archival documents, periodicals, statistical literature and memoirs. The article studies the development of organizational bases for the construction of railways, the activity of the communication network management, lists a whole range of requirements and tasks set for railway transport in Bukovyna, the progress of their implementation, considers successes and difficulties in this work. It is determined that private railways, as important transport arteries of Bukovyna, were of national importance and played a significant role in the transport system of Austria-Hungarian Empire. They served the leading economic districts of Bukovyna, acting as an integral part of production in each of them. In other words, they were used for development of local, intersectoral and interregional relations. Regional railways, first of all, played an important role in the social and economic life of Bukovyna region. In most cases, they did not carry the strategic cargo, but made it possible to connect the most remote corners of separate areas of the region into a single whole. In practice, local railways were a significant addition to the main central line, providing the latter with a greater intensity of cargo and passenger turnover and thus increasing their profitability. At the same time, the trade volume between the outskirts and the center of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was increased. It contributed to the intensification of economic development of certain districts of Bukovyna region.

PREFACE

PREFACE

АМЕРИКАНЦЫ О ЯРОСЛАВСКОМ КРАЕ (ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА XIX – НАЧАЛО XX В.)

The article analyzes materials about the Yaroslavl region, written by the representatives of the United States and pub-lished in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries, including personal travel experiences of the Americans who visit-ed the region. The first printed reports about Yaroslavl published on the American continent appeared in the middle of the 19th century. These publications differ in the degree of the authors’ awareness, their sources and style. What makes the materials collected in the article especially expressive is the sharp contrast in their content – from a reserved infor-mational reference book to a honeymoon diary and eye-witness notes of the pre-revolutionary situation in Yaroslavl in September 1917. The information provided by the Americans is of historical as well as cultural interest, and is analyzed in the interrelationship of the two perspectives. It is worth mentioning that travel notes, regardless of the individual characteristics of the author's text, are a reflection of how elements of different cultures meet, including education, art, politics, customs, everyday life habits, etc. Consequently, along with the historical aspect, the materials described serve as a means of contact between cultures, which provides opportunities to study the mutual perception of different socie-ties. Particular attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the data under consideration. In addition, the article examines the socio-cultural nature of the information contained in the foreigners' comments, which contributes to a deeper study of human activity at a certain period in history. Consequently, the multifaceted communicative interac-tion of cultures allows for a more complete and vivid characterization of the social scene at a certain point in history.

Aesthetic education of students of secondary education institutions in extracurricular activities in Henderson Guberniya (second half of XIX – early XXI)

Aesthetic education of students of secondary education institutions in extracurricular activities in Henderson Guberniya (second half of XIX – early XXI)

Historiography of the study of the system of penal prisons of Ukraine (second half of XIX – early XX century)

Historiography of the study of the system of penal prisons of Ukraine (second half of XIX – early XX century)

The Procedure of Joining the order in Belarus in the Second Half of XIX and at the Beginning of XX Century: Legislation and Practice

The article highlights the evolution of the legislation of the Russian Empire regarding the rules for joining the monastic order. It also shows how the approach to understanding the organization of monastic life in the Russian Empire has evolved: from the order as the main form to the monastery. On the examples of some people who wanted to join a monastic order, the discrepancy between the state legislation that allowed entry, and the practice that forbade them is shown.

CONTENT AND METHODS OF TEACHING THE GERMAN LANGUAGE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF WESTERN UKRAINE (SECOND HALF OF XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY)

The article deals with the analisys of content and methods of teaching the German language in secondary schools of Western Ukraine in the second half of XIX – early XX century. It summarizes positive historical experience of Western Ukraine in teaching the German language, identifies distinctive features of content and methods of teaching the German language in secondary schools in this period and clarifies the importance of researches by Ukrainian scholars, educators and methodologists in order to improve school educational content in modern conditions. To make teaching of the German language more effective diferent tyres of exercises were used: explanatory reading, reading excerpts from prose and poetic works of the past with oral and written retelling, oral and written translation, copying from a texbook, explanatory dictations, memorizing poems and excerpts from prose and writing them from memory in class, grammar and lexical tests. It has been defined that the ideas about daily study of the German language is well worth noting. Grammatical material cannot underlie the study of the German language and should be used to explain complicated structures in the texts.

Understanding of “Feeling” and “Self-Consciousness” on the Border of the XIX–XX Centuries and M. Loewy’s Concept of Depersonalization

The aimwas to review the understanding of the phenomena of “feeling” and “self-consciousness” in the concepts of the leading European scientists at the second half of XIX — beginning of the XX centuries.Method:H.R. Lotze, I.M. Sechenov, A. Bain, W. Wundt, G. Stoerring, Th. Lipps, K. Oesterreich, E. Kraepelin and some others are analyzed.Conclusion:while Th. Lipps, H.R. Lotze, W. Wundt and K. Oesterreich were striving for strict differentiation of the notions of “sensations” and “feelings”, A. Bain, I.M. Sechenov, G. Stoerring were not following an effi cient distinction of these phenomena. H.R. Lotze, I.M. Sechenov, A. Bain distinguished in the consciousness and self-consciousness the affective and intellectual components; Th. Lipps considered as the core of self-consciousness the feelings that were very manifold and accompanied different mental acts including the act of perception: “perceptions feeling”. G. Stoerring paid attention to the lack of the feeling of activity by depersonalization, and the Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist M. Loewy elaborated the concept of “ubiquitous” “action feelings” (Actionsgefuehle) that exist outside of “pleasure — displeasure” modality. According to M. Loewy’s concept every mental act is accompanied normally by two “feelings of act”: general and specifi c, in the abnormal case one or both of them may disappear. The clinical description of weakening or loss of the action feelings: impulse feeling, perception feeling of vital sensation, perception feelings of sensations from organs of sense, “feelings of the feeling process”, “thinking feeling”, M. Loewy accomplished by “personalizing” approach to the account of one of his patient, Russian female student. M. Loewy considered the depersonalization disorders in this case as a symbolic neurosis according to S. Freud and as a psychasthenia according to P. Janet. Although E. Kraepelin defi ned selfconsciousness as merely cognitive phenomenon he interpreted depersonalization as a kind of emotional disturbance including the disorders on the level of sensations in the frames of light depressive phase of the manic-depressive illness. The M. Loewy’s concept of the “action feelings” can be applied not only for the understanding of “neurotic” depersonalization but also for depersonalization cases on the ground of depressive and mixed phase affective states.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE RAILWAY STATIONS HOLOBY AND KOVEL IN THE WORK OF O. M. VERBYTSKYI

Annotation text. Architecture of the late XIX – early ХХ century causes great interest in researchers. At this time, railways and railway stations were actively built all over the world. At this time also, a new architectural style, called Art Nouveau, has distributed around the world. The representative of this style in Ukraine is the architect O. M. Verbytskyi, whose work is largely reflected in the architecture of railway station complexes.
 Today, the question arises of restoring the original appearance of historic architectural objects, including railway stations. Therefore, the research of history railway, and also the research of town-planning, planning, volume-spatial structure and stylistics of the railway station complexes as a type of buildings are relevant in the framework of historical and architectural researches of Volhynia in the second half of XIX – early ХХ century.
 The research methodology is based on general (observation, comparative analysis, etc.), interdisciplinary (structuring, classification, etc.) and disciplinary, that inlude architectural and town-planning (analysis of the urban situation, functional structure and morphology of individual buildings and their complexes) research methods.
 Holoby and Kovel railway stations are original and exquisite buildings by their architecture.
 The volume-spatial solutions of the Holoby and Kovel railway stations are characterized by the following features: innovation, architectural expressiveness, boldness of compositional solutions, combination of curvilinear forms with rectilinear ones, Art Nouveau style.
 The article deals with the history of creation, planning structure, volume-spatial composition and stylistics of the railway stations Holoby and Kovel, which are designed by the outstanding Ukrainian architect O. M. Verbytskyi and built in the beginning of the ХХ century.

Industrial architecture of the Far East. Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk

The article is focused on industrial architecture of the Russian Far East. Studying the cases of the largest cities in Priamurye, Blagoveshchensk and Khabarovsk, the authors identify the main features of the architecture of factories and other industrial facilities, due to the specifics of the development of the region and its individual cities. The main types of industrial facilities of the second half of XIX – early XX centuries and the principles of their placement in urban areas are considered.

The History of the Russian Far East during the Late Imperial Period in the Works of English- and German-language Researchers

The Russian Far East saw rapid development in the latter half of XIX – early XX centuries. The Eastern periphery of the Russian Empire attracted attention of foreign scientists. The objective of the present research was to analyze works published by American, British, and German researchers in the second half of XIX – early XXI centuries and devoted to the "late Imperial" history of the Russian Far East. Since the very first foreign publications on the history of accession of the Amur and Primorye regions, foreign studies focused not only on Russia’s foreign policy and military aspects of its eastward expansion but also on the geographical, demographic, social, and economic factors of the colonization. In the late XX century, Western publications featured mostly intercultural, inter-ethnic, and sociocultural problems, as well as ideological aspects of state policy and the changing image of the Russian Far East. English- and German-language scholars offered a great variety of concepts; however, two main trends stood out quite clearly. Most researchers emphasized the impact of the geopolitical context and the role of Russia’s expansionist policy, as the country fought for power in the Pacific Rim. However, some authors acknowledged Russia's objective necessity to strengthen its position on the Pacific coast, protect its Far Eastern territories, and develop their economy.

Генеза університетської освіти в Україні другої половини XIX – початку XX століття

Modernization of the higher education system in Ukraine requires the study and generalization of promising author’s ideas, the experience of scientists, in particular the second half of the XIX – early XX century. The main problems of higher university education of that period were: autonomy of universities, determining the predominant type of higher education institutions, training of teaching staff, defining the timing of the educational process in universities, the formation of women’s higher educaton, relevant in modern conditions. Previously unresolved parts of the general problem to which the article is devoted are the traditions of teaching disciplines in Ukrainian universities in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. The purpose of the article is to characterize the genesis of university education in Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. Object of research: higher university education of Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century. Subject of research: formation and development of university education in Ukraine in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. Conclusions. Thus: 1. University education in Ukraine in the late nineteenth – early twentieth century was a stage of formation and development. 2. University education in Ukraine during this period is beginning to become an independent branch of culture, growing tendencies to independence, autonomy. 3. Due to the lack of teachers since 1899, universities were allowed to announce a competition to fill vacancies in the departments, and admitted to the competition and persons with a master's degree. 4. In the early twentieth century. the general term of study at universities was established: 4 years (8 semesters), or 5 years (10 semesters). As an exception, it was allowed to continue studies up to 6 years (12 semesters), or to reduce them to 2 years (4 semesters). 5. Higher education for women was launched: Kyiv Higher Women's Courses were opened in 1878.

Houses With Mezzanine in Residential Development of Cities of the Tyumen Region as Objects of Historical and Cultural Heritage (Second Half of XIX - Early XX Centuries)

Houses With Mezzanine in Residential Development of Cities of the Tyumen Region as Objects of Historical and Cultural Heritage (Second Half of XIX - Early XX Centuries)

The doctrinal Foundation of the agrarian reforms in Russia in the second half of XIX - early XX century

The doctrinal Foundation of the agrarian reforms in Russia in the second half of XIX - early XX century

Agricultural societies and the Ministry of agriculture of the Russian Empire: dependence or cooperation (second half of XIX – early XX centuries)

The article analyses the relations of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Empire with agricultural societies of the Ukrainian provinces in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The structural reorganizations of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Agriculture, to which agricultural societies were directly subordinated, are clarified. Since the establishment of the Ministry of State Property, it was believed that agriculture could not be managed and had to be influenced by indirect methods. In our view, this position of the authorities to some extent prepared the ground for the spread of public associations that focused their activities on the agricultural sector. In our opinion, a certain change in the attitude of the Ministry of Agriculture to agricultural societies took place in the 1880s. In order to increase the efficiency of provincial work, the agricultural department decided to use agricultural societies more actively, not only for educational purposes but also for representative ones, informing etc. During the studied period, the status of public associations was discussed by both city officials and local public. In fact, agricultural societies of the second half of the 19th century were intermediaries between government agencies and agricultural population of the Ukrainian provinces. At the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries the situation changed. We emphasize the quantitative increase of peasant agricultural societies, in particular, associated with the reforms of P.A. Stolypin. Public organizations were engaged not only in cultural work, but also in production and marketing, which became a new area of their activity. Agricultural societies were characterised by a high degree of loyalty to the existing political system. Belief in the power of the state and in the possibility of attracting state support to solve their problems was an integral part of the public views of their members. Therefore, it was quite natural for the leaders of agricultural societies to establish constructive relations with local authorities. Officials were often honorary members of agricultural societies, and their initiatives received organizational and financial assistance from government agencies. The beginning of the First World War testified to the continuation of relations in the changed conditions. However, in our opinion, their public service was gradually transformed into public duty. The article concludes that the credo of agricultural societies was to find the middle ground, an alternative to bureaucratic and revolutionary methods of solving the agrarian problem. Therefore, even in periods of growing political confrontation in society, the contradictions of these organisations with the government were not fundamental or protracted.

«ВСЯ КАБАРДА ВСТРЕТИТ ЭТОТ АКТ С ЧУВСТВОМ ВЕЛИКОГО НРАВСТВЕННОГО УДОВЛЕТВОРЕНИЯ…». СТАТЬЯ Г. БАЕВА «О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ МАЛОЙ КАБАРДЫ К БОЛЬШОЙ»

In publicist writings of G. Bayev were reflected many issues of socio-cultural development of the peoples of the Terek region in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. Considerable attention Ossetian public figure paid to social and economic problems of peoples of Nalchik district. In particular they were treated in a context of functioning of their self-government – Congress of entrusted of the Great and Minor Kabarda and Five mountain societies. In January 1905, nine villages of Minor Kabarda concluded with G. Bayev an agreement to represent their interests in the petition to restore the unity of Great and Minor Kabarda within the Nalchik district. In the course of fulfilling of this task G. Bayev prepared an explanatory note and organised its information support. The basic positions of the petition's substantiation were stated in the article published in several issues of "Pyatigorskiy listok" at the beginning of June 1905. By its substantive qualities the material represented a detailed work on the history of the public self-government of Kabardians in the genre of zemstvo journalism. G. Bayev's systematic characterization of cultural and historical preconditions and administrative expediency of reunion of Great and Minor Kabarda convincingly testified to a deep understanding of socially significant tasks and the ways of their achievement necessary for socio-political and economic modernization of the territory. The result of his petition was the order of the viceroy of Caucasus I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov of August 24, 1905 to incorporate the villages of Minor Kabarda to the Nalchik okrug. The publication of G. Bayev's article introduces into scientific circulation an informative source testifying to the formation of constructive skills of socio-state interaction in political culture of peoples of Terskaya oblast’ initiated by representatives of national intelligentsia of the region.