Second Half Of XIX Century Research Articles

Эволюция законодательства об охране здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации: поиск оптимальной модели правового регулирования

The article соnsideres the evolution of legislation on the protection of citizens’ health in Russia, starting from the second half of XIX century to the present day. Cardinal changes in the approach to the legal regulation of medical care are noted. If initially medical care was provided to citizens as a benefit granted to the population, then in modern legislation medical care is defined as a set of measures aimed at maintaining and (or) restoring health and including the provision of medical services. There is a problem of ensuring a balance of public and private legal regulation of relations on the provision of medical care.

Impact of Jadidism on the development of people’s consciousness in the second half of XIX century on the territory of modern Kazakhstan

This article is a contemporary analysis of the influence of Jadidism on the formation of understanding and consciousness of Kazakh people in the context of education at the second half of XIX century. The formation of Russian resettlement settlements near Kazakh villages in the second half of XIX century contributed not only to economic development, but also to the interaction and mutual enrichment of Kazakh and Russian cultures. In the history of the development of the spiritual culture of Kazakh people in the second half of the XIX century, a special historical phenomenon of Jadidism appeared. In this article it is considered in terms of its role in formation of consciousness and enlightenment of people. On the basis of Jadidism, local teachers in their work attributed the backwardness of Kazakh society to the lack of economic growth. The main problem, according to Kazakh educators, was the tendency of Kazakh society to progress. In search of an answer to this question, the great Kazakh enlighteners made the conclusion that for the self-development of people, it is necessary to assimilate with the culture of developed countries. As results of this research it is important to highlight that Kazakh enlightenment in the conditions of the second half of XIX century developed in Kazakhstan on the way of adaptation to Russian civilization, becoming a strong driving force on the path of social, economic and cultural progress. This article revealed the impact of Jadidism on Russian - Kazakh cultural interaction, development of interethnic harmony and national consciousness of people.

La genesi della contabilità matriciale e la "ragioneria scientifica" del secolo decimonono

El artículo se propone demostrar que las raíces de la contabilidad matricial se encuentran en la tradición de la contabilidad matemática desarrollada en Italia durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX. La investigación subraya y saca a la luz los factores sociales e históricos que han determinado el desarrollo de dicha contabilidad. En la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, gracias a la obra de Giovanni Rossi (1845-1921), unánimemente reconocido como el más gran discípulo de Giuseppe Cerboni, y su escuela logismográfica, tuvo lugar la sistematización de la contabilidad matricial y de sus aplicaciones a las diferentes unidades económicas, tanto empresas como entidades del sector público. En efecto, en 1889 Rossi publicó una monografía fundamental, "Lo schacchiere anglo normanno e la scrittura in partita doppia a forma di scacchiera" (El tablero anglo-normando y la escritura por partida doble en forma matricial), publicada por el Collegio dei Ragionieri in Roma. La obra -de la que queda un número muy limitado de ejemplares- representa el resultado de largos anos de investigación de Rossi en contabilidad matemática, que realizó a través del estudio de manuscritos de su archivo particular, donado luego a la Biblioteca Municipal de su ciudad, Reggio Emilia. Sin embargo, sorprendentemente, a este estudioso se le considera más por sus aportaciones a la teoría personalista de las cuentas, que por su labor como fundador de la contabilidad matricial. Los elementos fundamentales del innovador método contable de Rossi, de aplicación tanto a la contabilidad por partida doble, como a la contabilidad por "partida cuádruple", se reconocen y documentan en los estudios matemáticos de este investigador -principalmente en los llamados "determinante simbólico" y "determinante gráfico"-, así como en sus estudios históricos sobre el tablero anglo-normando, como por ejemplo el Rotulus annalis y el Memorandum, de donde se deriva el título de su monografia. La publicación del volumen suscitó gran interés, lo mismo nacional que internacional. Véanse, entre otros, los trabajos de D. Biancardi, P. D'Alvise, E. Gagliardi, F. Hügli, G. Massa, A. Sanguinetti y A. Savigny. El presente ensayo, apoyándose en soportes documentales, sostiene la tesis de la originalidad y la innovación de las herramientas contables instrumentadas por Rossi y rechaza las acusaciones de plagio formuladas por algunos en relación con trabajos previos de Fabio Besta. El artículo presenta dos aplicaciones de contabilidad matricial en empresas comerciales: la primera, en el marco de un sistema contable logismográfico y, la segunda, en un sistema contable de partida doble típicamente pacioliano.

The Efforts of Ottoman Empire to Build Railways in The Balkans (1855-1913)

During the second half of XIX century there were several plans to build railway in Ottoman Empire. Some of these plans were to be realized in the Balkans. Because Ottoman Empire did not had a technical possibilities to build this infrastructure by herself, started the negotiations with different European funds, governments, companies and personalities. The part of the Ottoman Empire in Europe had a priority in the project for building railway, by connecting Istanbul with European railway network through Sarajevo, which later fell under Austro-Hungarian administration. But there were also plans for connecting important harbors with internal part of the country. One of the plans was the railway line Thesaloniki-Skopje-Prishtina-Mitrovica. Railway transport was a quick way of transport and therefore the Empire wanted to benefit from it in different aspects, to improve the economical situation, but also to transport quickly its military troops in the region. There were also European governments which were interested to give credits to Ottoman Empire to build railways looking on that as a better way to have access on Ottoman markets. The Berlin Treaty of 1878 had a very important impact on the new railway corridors which were changed from previous plans, because the map of the Balkans was changed, and therefore railway priorities as well. The railway connections which were built during the Ottoman Empire modernized the transport and had a huge impact on the development of the region and made possible that the traveling to and from the capital of the Empire to be shorter than ever.

Family structures on Polish soil at the end of the partitions period and in the interwar Poland. The outline of issues

The article focuses on the history of the Christian family (and of the Jewish family to a lesser extent) and of the household on Polish soil since 1880s till 1939. It aims at presenting the demographic characteristics of rural families (of peasants, of petty nobility and of landowners) and urban families (of craftsmen, bourgeoisie and intelligentsia) as well as the circumstances of rising and lasting of these families. The Author of the article presents in detail such important features as: the age of the newlyweds, the length of the marriage, fertility rate and the death rate in the families. Furthermore, the Author indicates the influence of the intense economic and social transformations on Polish soil from the second half of XIX century on the role and position of each individual member of the family: the spouses, the children and the grandparents.

The contribution of medical community into elaboration of theoretical problems of health care in the sixties of XIX century

The article considers activity of medical societies in 1860s related to theoretical development of problems of organization of Zemstvo medicine, sanitary statistics, medical topographical studies, preventive course of public medicine. It is demonstrated that results of these activities hereinafter were widely applied in the course of health care reforms of the second half of XIX century.

Соціально-економічна нерівність: сутність, циклічність динаміки

The article considers socio-economic inequality as a social phenomenon inherent in all historical forms of society, which is characterized by the exploitation of wide circles of population by the elite. It is generated by the basic economic law of each historical form of antagonistic society and is expressed in the periodic aggravation of class contradictions. The most important component of social inequality in capitalist society is economic inequality. There is a relationship between the economic growth and inequality of income that S. Kuznets was one of the first to prove. P. Sorokin, justifying the hypothesis of the cyclicality of fluctuations in the average level of welfare and income within a certain society, appealed to the existence of "small business cycles", and explained by the existence of Kondratiev waves the tendency towards the increase in the average level of income and welfare, manifested in the second half of XIX century in some countries. The author analyzes the close relationship between the dynamics of inequality and social processes, whose driving force is violence – "four horsemen of the equalization": the war with mass mobilization, the transformational revolution, the decay of the state and the lethal pandemic, – as established by W. Scheidel; it is the "four horsemen of the equalization" that reduce the gap between rich and poor, that is, the social inequality is temporarily smoothed destructively. It has been established that during large-scale wars, revolutions, the destruction of states there is a permission of cyclically exacerbating contradictions of social development, which generate the deployment of long-term socio-economic cycles (cycles of changing the forms of society; hegemony establishment cycles in the world-system, long political cycles, Kondratiev waves, etc.). Therefore, the changes in the levels of socio-economic inequality generated by these "horsemen of the equalization" are also cyclic.

Bone density and genomic analysis unfold cold adaptation mechanisms of ancient inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego

The Fuegians, ancient inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, are an exemplary case of a cold-adapted population, since they were capable of living in extreme climatic conditions without any adequate clothing. However, the mechanisms of their extraordinary resistance to cold remain enigmatic. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a crucial role in this kind of adaptation, besides having a protective role on the detrimental effect of low temperatures on bone structure. Skeletal remains of 12 adult Fuegians, collected in the second half of XIX century, were analyzed for bone mineral density and structure. We show that, despite the unfavorable climate, bone mineral density of Fuegians was close to that seen in modern humans living in temperate zones. Furthermore, we report significant differences between Fuegians and other cold-adapted populations in the frequency of the Homeobox protein Hox-C4 (HOXC4) rs190771160 variant, a gene involved in BAT differentiation, whose identified variant is predicted to upregulate HOXC4 expression. Greater BAT accumulation might therefore explain the Fuegians extreme cold-resistance and the protection against major cold-related damage. These results increase our understanding of how ecological challenges have been important drivers of human–environment interactions during Humankind history.

ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ А.Н. ГОЛИЦЫНА (1773-1844) ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ РОССИЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ИСТОРИЧЕСКОГО АРХИВА

The article examines some little-studied documents devoted to the state activities of the prince, the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod, the minister of public education and spiritual affairs, the chief of the postal department A.N. Golitsyn (1773-1844). A brief historiographic review is given in connection with the examination of documentary materials of the Russian State Historical Archive, which are related to the administrative-charitable, administrative-religious and state aspects of A.N. Golitsyn’s activities. The prince was one of the most famous and controversial statesmen of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century, which means that it is important to update his documentary heritage. The figure of A.N. Golitsyn, who have already gained popularity in Russian fiction in the second half of XIX century, is still being actively studied by Russian and foreign scholars both in the traditional «source-studying» context and the «new imperial history» approach. Since the documentary basis, related to the activities of the prince, is stored in various Russian scientific and archival institutions, the article attempts to give a general description of some documents from the founds of the Russian State Historical Archive, revealing the significance of A.N. Golitsyn outside his activities as the chief of the postal department, Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod and Minister of Public Education.

A coleção científica do Museu do ISEP: as Pilhas de Grenet e Leclanché

ISEP Museum was founded in 1999. It stores the memory of industrial school dated from the second half of XIX century. The education, at that time, was very practical and the methodology was based on models and tools. The collections are formed by 3 main typological groups: objects, prints/drawings and photos, a total of about 10 thousand pieces. The complexity of this collection causes multiple challenges concerning to conservation and management subjects. Recently, the main concern focus on the objects, because the lack of technical interventions by specialists. For instance, the Grenet and Leclanché cells are two case studies that show the prominent need of a technical intervention. This article presents a historical contextualization of cells, their composition and the conservation state of their constituent materials. The obtained results will attend to clarify further conservation and restoration approaches.

Performing transformation of the main role in the opera "Lucia di Lammermoor" by G. Donizetti

The purpose of the article is to trail regularities of vocal evolution which has formed the transition of stage operatic development from Rossini to Verdi and which has predetermined the performing tradition of Lucia‘s role in Donizetti’s opera “Lucia Lammermoor “(1835) by light coloratura soprano in the second half of XIX century until the present day. The methodology of the study is based on the intonation approach to interaction of music and spoken word in B. Asafiev”s school in Ukraine and which corresponds to the trend of hermeneutics research of the musicology study, as offered in works of L. Zima, E. Markova, A. Roshchenko. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by originality of historical approach to vocal intonation change which has been given birth by Italian romanticism in its dissociation from the R. Wagner approach and which has been accepted as leading approach in operatic performing tradition. This concept coincides with the author's independent analysis of the main heroine in Donizetti’s opera. Conclusion. The role of Lucia in Donizetti‘s opera with its particular style of libretto and manifestation of both femininity and outstanding power resulting in madness forms the parallel to preceding operatic images of hers as well as contemporary images in the days of Donizetti. The composer’s approach to F. Takkinardi-Persiani’s interpretation of this role, however, points to a presentiment of the replacement of "Rossini" soprano by lyrical coloratura in the operas of Gounod. Still this replacement drove the performing of the dramatic role of Lucia by "light" coloratura sopranos - from A. Patti to A. Galli-Kurci, from A. Nezhdanova to E. Miroshnichenko and last not least author of the essay in reference. It is sincerity and faithfulness to the beloved one rather than power of nature which determine the core values of Lucia, forming an analogy to heroines in psychodramas of V. Rebikov, whose genius as a treasure of the Ukraine South became a discovery at the musical theater nowadays. As a consequence ” Lucia di Lammermoor” continuously occupies a significant place in the repertoire of Ukrainian opera houses.

From Liguria to Sardinia. Notes about some incunabula in the Biblioteca Universitaria of Cagliari

The text examines some incunabula now in the Biblioteca Universitaria in Cagliari and their ex libris, which belong to the library collection of Giulio Salinero (1574-1612), a lawyer born in Savona, and also to the Dominican Convent of Savona. These books, formerly part of the Simon collection, settled in in Alghero, and of the Library of the Piarist Order in Cagliari, were given to the Biblioteca Universitaria in the second half of XIX century. They relate to the antiquarian interests growing in Sardinia between the end of XVIIth and the beginning of XVIIIth century.

Activities of excise supervision of the Ministry of finance of the Romanov‘s Empire on the Left-Bank Ukraine during the introducion of excise Wine Reform in the second half of XIX century

The purpose of the work – is to generalize how the regulatory and administrative transformations that took place in the central office of excise supervision of the Romanov Empire, affected the activities of excise officials on the Left-Bank Ukraine, in the context of excise wine reform in the second half XIX century. Based on the official reports of the Ministry of Finance, professional research information, especially contemporary publicists and archival documents for the most complete verification of data, the normative transformations of excise supervisory bodies, during the excise wine reform on the Left-Bank Ukraine, during the second half of the XIX century. It is noted that the excise wine reform led to an improvement in the quality of work, in particular the structures of excise supervision, as the wine excise was levied with overfulfillment. As a result of the introduction of the excise system for regulating the circulation of alcoholic beverages, managers of the provincial excise duties were given administrative powers to increase the budget content of the revenue side, which previously belonged to the central administration, which confirmed the strengthening of regional bureaucracy. It is noted that one of the most important requirements for the regulation of reforms was the maximum reductions of costs, including the maintenance of employees. It is revealed that the preconditions for the increase in profits from the circulation of alcoholic beverages were due to an increase in the excise duty on alcoholic beverages rather than an increase in drinking, and occurred mainly in the interests of the treasury, with an increase in patent fees for alcohol. In particular, similar trends were implemented in the Left-Bank Ukraine. Moreover, the vast majority of taxpayers were small in their production capacity and human resources, so it was allowed to obtain patents for retail outlets for a period of six months. It was emphasized that the legal regulation and practice of excise departments have changed in the direction of increasing administrative control over the principle of free retail, alcoholic beverages, which was the basic of excise system. After the introduction of the excise system for regulating the circulation of alcoholic beverages, the government’s control over distilling and wine trade was strengthened, which included the expansion and complication of excise supervision, and which actually expanded the staff of provincial and county excise administrations. In the context of the relationship between the state treasury and local governments in general, excise supervisors acted from the position of the central budget, which reduced local budget revenues, which were “tied” to subsidies from the central budget, and led in particular to local communities to promote patentless alcohol trade. The transformation of excise supervisory bodies that took place during the excise wine reform on the Left-Bank Ukraine during the second half of the 19th century was not fully used, taking into account only partially the production capacity and social base for taxation in the region.

The Development of Cloth Industry in the Noble Households of the Middle Volga Region in Second Half of XIX Century

Introduction. The development of the cloth industry in the noble farms of the Middle Volga region in second half of XIX centuries occurred under the conditions of active reform of the agricultural sector of the country’s economy, which predetermined significant difficulties for the local nobility, which received significant preferences in the implementation of commercial and industrial business in the pre-reform period. Materials and Methods. Statistical, problem-chronological, historical-systemic and comparative-historical methods allowed us to trace the changes that occurred during the study period in the cloth industry of the noble industry. Results. As a result of the study, the degree of prevalence of this industry and its share in the overall industry structure of each province of the studied region, as well as the reasons for the popularity of cloth production among the local nobility, were analyzed. The volumes of production based on the official statistics are shown. The factors that predetermined the crisis state of the industry after the abolition of serfdom are indicated. The main directions of development of this industry in the post-reform period are investigated. The factors of reducing the number of cloth factories in the noble estates and the reasons for their massive transition to the merchant estate are considered. On the example of one of the largest factories, the general structure of the woolen production of the corresponding period is investigated. A large number of specific examples of noble cloth factories are given, indicating their owners, the equipment available, the number of workers and the volume of production. Discussion and Conclusions. The conclusion is drawn about the transitional state of the noble cloth industry, which, despite the crisis phenomena of the second half of the 19th century, continued to play an important role in the economy of the noble households of this region.

The figure of Fr. Joseph Hlibovytsky in the history of Galicia (second half of the XIX century)

The article deals with the versatile activity of Joseph Hlibovitsky in the second half of XIX century. His role in the construction of the church, school, residence, public and cultural life of the Hutsul’s village Yablunytsya, Nadvirna district was emphasized.

Svaz československého díla: muzeum jako platforma modernizace

The text demonstrates the metamorphosis of the new platform of modernization of the industrial society: The European Network of Museums of Decorative Arts in the second half of XIXth century. After the foundation of German Werkbund in 1907, the new wave of a reform movement concerning the quality of manufactured objects of everyday use arose, embracing both artistic and economic aims. Museums played an important role as a mediator of synergy between art and business. The formative task of the museums was the education in the matters of aesthetics and good taste, inspired by Deutscher Werkbund initiative: Gustav Edmund Pazaurek’s Department of Aesthetic Aberrations in Stuttgart and The German Museum of Art in Trade and Industry in Hagen. These strategies had influenced the museums in the Czech lands after the foundation of the Association of the Czechoslovak Werkbund and its cooperation with The Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague. Under Karel Herain, the director of the museum, the activism had been focused on art contests, exhibitions of local contemporary works, the industrial production and the networking with the contemporary producers abroad. The collaboration with the Swedish Werkbund in the 1930’s and the personality of Hugo Steiner-Prag reveal unusual and complex concepts of modernity in the core of the Association of the European Werkbund.

Problem degeneracji w myśli anarchistycznej P. Kropotkina

Peter Kropotkin was one of the most theorists of anarchism, a respected scholar and a leading representative of the so-called Russian (Eastern) Darwinism. Merging political and scientific ambition by the “anarchist prince” underlaid his scientism and was an assumption for making a critical analysis of existing socio-economic reality in the light of its influence on the biological and moral condition of humankind. The Russian anarchist was convinced about the destructive influence of conditions produced by the state and capitalism which he found as the fundamental cause of human degeneration. In this context, Kropotkin’s political proposals may be seen as a try to overcome a progressing both biological and moral crisis of humankind. The aim of this article is to present the mentioned analysis and to demonstrate the influence and similarities of Kropotkin’s project to the so-called theory of degeneration that was popular in the second half of XIX century.

The reform of the system of management of the cities of Galicia in 1889 in the context of regional policy of the Austria-Hungary

In the article it has been analyzed the specifics of the functioning of self-government bodies of the cities of Galicia in the second half of XIX century. It is proved that the law of 1889 facilitated the formation of elected bodies of self-government. It was indicated that the law of 1889 significantly expanded the rights of urban self-government. Compared to the previous laws (1862 s 1866), which concerned the big cities of Lviv and Krakow, the new law already includes 30 towns. Particular attention has been focused on functional responsibilities of public council and magistrate. They had the regulatory with supervisory and administrative executive functions respectively. A constant value membership of public council was set at 36, regardless of the number of residents. The head of both organization was burgomaster. His credentials included: organize the work of the council, sign documents, disciplinary control and representation of the city before the higher authorities. In return, the regional authorities have supervised that the bodies of self-government have not exceeded powers and has not violated the law. The innovation in 1889 caused by political motives and the need to increase the efficiency of self-governing bodies, elimination of shortcomings in their work. Among them: the fight against the absenteeism and the indifference of elected people, the creation of a managerial hierarchy between the Council and the magistrate, the creation of special control commissions, the audit of municipal finances, and the improvement of clerical management. The changes made it possible to extend the impact of cities on Galicia's socio-economic life.
 Keywords: Self-government, Magistrate, Burgomaster, Municipal Enterprises.

Historical Considerations Regarding the Creation of the Cuban National Identity

Abstract Although the revolutionary outbreak of the Spanish colonies in the Americas was sudden and apparently unplanned it was, in fact, a long process, during which colonial economies underwent growth, societies developed identities, ideas advanced to new positions and Spanish Americans began conscious of their own culture and jealous of their own resources. In Cuba the process of creating a national identity displays similarities with what happened in the former European colonies from the two Americas, turned into independent states but, on the other hand, shows different characteristics that make Cuba an exceptional case among the nations of the New World. A number of factors of different natures, as well as the vicinity of a state that from the second half of XIXth century is paving the way for a great power, helped to keep Cuba in Spanish hands until the end of the XIXth century long after the other colonies of the Spanish empire had fallen to local settler armies elsewhere. This short study aims to illustrate some aspects regarding the historical dynamics in the build up of a Cuban national identity.

Public charity as the activity of Ust-Sysolsk “local community” in the second half of XIX century

The article discusses the social charity of “local community” in Ust -Sysolsk in the second half of the XIX century. We define “local community” as a voluntary, self-determining citizens association, designed or not properly executed legally for the solution of urgent problems of non-productive and non-commercial nature. The aim of the work is to study public charity as an activity of “local community” in Ust-Sysolsk in the second half of the XIX century. The provisions of the work can be used for educational and methodological materials on the subject “History of Finno-Ugric regions and countries”, “History of everyday life”, “History of the Komi Republic” and others. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, which includes structural, legal, historical and other methods of research. The materials are based on published and unpublished historical sources, such as legislative materials, statistics, documentation, as well as archival materials. Central Russia and the Urals had already introduced charities in the mid of XX century, while in the research area public charity was just beginning and was manifested through the social work of the Russian Orthodox Church, amateur associations and companies. Forms of public charity varied: fundraising, purchase of tools, equipment and materials for events and others. Public charity, “local community”, in Ust-Sysolsk developed within the framework of modernization processes of the second half of the nineteenth century. It led to the evolution of «local community» into a civil society. The emergence of new public organizations and active public charity contributed to the development of new forms of self-organization. In the city of Ust-Sysolsk, there was an upsurge of public life and public performance. The appearance of self-governing organizations “local community” was facilitated by the loyal policies of the district and provincial government. As historical sources show that we can talk about mutual understanding and cooperation between the authorities and the “local community”. Carrying out public charity, it provided public functions of traditional culture maintenance, the organization of leisure, cultural and educational activities.