Second Half Of Nineteenth Century Research Articles

The International Energy Agency and its Role in the Global Oil Market

The energy is very essential way to fulfill man various need. It is the main nerve for economical and industrial development. Since the beginning of the world and most war that man made through history is to invade the new energy and develop it. Coal is the oldest source of energy and was exploit in economic way during industrial evolution since the beginning of eighteenth century in Britain. The share of coal was dominated the total world consumption of energy so nineteenth century was called coal century.However, the second half of nineteenth century witnessed emerge a new source of energy was called oil. Which that mean begin a new age of capitalism conflict of obsession on oil field that concentrated in the middle east especially Arab Gulf countries. Each of it want to secure their need of crude oil and fighting with each other to control oil sources.Great capitalism countries especially Britain, United States of America, and France managed to dominate international oil industry by utilize oil and getting their oil companies enormous income. Since the beginning of second half of twentieth century large company oil was emerged especially (seven sister) in the international oil market and middle East region as the largest monopolistic organization on international level.

THE PLACE OF WOMEN IN THE KINGDOM OF DAWRO, ETHIOPIA

In many patriarchate societies of Africa, women were highly dominated in every aspect of life. Even in our contemporary world, there are few public figures that traversed the male domination. In spite of such dominance, women have had a better socio-political and economic status in some medieval kingdoms like Dawro, and the role and wisdom of prominent women in such kingdoms needs further investigation. The oral history of Dawro explicitly reveals that women had almost equal status with men. They had the right to choose their own counterpart as well as hold public office by competing with men except the office of king which was an absolute power vested on men. On the other hand, there was a unique office for women to act as the head of the king’s treasury. Similarly, in Dawro indigenous religion, every clan have their own male deities and Mariaminto is a ‘female’ deity for women. This kind of gender equity emanated from the unique Dawro socio-political system. It was introduced at the beginning of the 16th century by a famous King Adeto Erashu and it was further developed and reshaped by the active involvement and advice of the famous Dawro Queen Bale during the reign of her son, King Erashu Hallalla. In the Dawro indigenous political system, women had an equal chance to compete for political office, except the office of kingship. There was also a separate office, Tomosogenne (king’s treasury officer) for women who spun cotton, Shalwua, the local currency and currency of other neighboring kingdoms. Hence many spinners under the leadership of Tomosogenne spun more cotton in order to boost the economic powers of various Dawro kings. It is reported that there were many female public officials in the Dawro political system including Genne Bale, Genne Shoshote and many others who worked more for the glory of the kingdom, while few of them added fuel for the decline and fall of the state. According to Dawro elders, the most prominent one was Genne Angelate Gabe, a female Worrabba (regional ruler) in Tocha. Above all her other pursuits, she was credited with separating her region from Dawro and finally peacefully surrendering it to the invading force of King Menelik (18891913) in the second half of nineteenth century. Keywords: Indigenous administration, women, Dawro, Ethiopia

Ewish center of lacemaking in Sasov of Eastern Galicia of the second half of the 19th - the first third of the 20th century: history and artistic features

Jewish center of lacemaking in Sasov, founded in the mid-nineteenth century by Marcus Leib Margulis. In process of research were used archive materials, sources of the first third of twentieth century, particular works of Peter Kontny, publications in periodicals and works of leading researchers of Jewish textiles. The sources of research are art objects of Jewish lacemaking from museum and private collections. It was founded that in village of Sasiv in period of the heyday of production in the second half of nineteenth century, was working near 250 masters, who made elements of ritual costumes. The main assortment of products was Atara for Thales, men's kippah, women's shabbat hats and bibs. Technique of making lace of the Sasov center is called “Spanier Arbeit”. The origin of the term is quite controversial today; it also is associated with the definition of “Spanish Work” and with Yiddish terminology “wickerwork”. Lace of Sasov belongs to the braded type of silver threads with flat cross section – tinsel. The article analyzes the artistic features of Atara – rectangular “crown”, “collar" which was sewn to the prayers veil of the thallas in the part which covered the head. The tradition of performing atars has a long history that is confirmed by different miniatures of medieval books, portraits of Jews in ritual costumes, as well as saved samples. The decoration of atara is dominated by plant ornament, usually in Baroque style. The images of roses, sunflowers, pomegranates, rosettes have a deep symbolic meaning in Jewish culture and appeals to biblical and Talmudic texts as well as oral tradition. High skills of making the lace and their artistic features indicate the professionalism of cell masters. Preserved monuments are unique examples of decorative art of Galician Jews.

Revisiting a Fractured Legacy: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Muslim Women Education.

Indian Muslims during second half of nineteenth century witnessed significant changes in their socio-political and economic conditions. The men of intellect among the community sought the redressal of the despondency within Muslims through varied approaches of reformation. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was prominent among these reformers who advocated the necessity of western-modern education as a panacea for the deprived conditions of Muslims. Although not being antagonistic towards the education in principle but he disapproved the modern education for women and limited his mission of education only to men. He upheld the traditional model of education suitable for women and thus drew criticism from academic circle. In this paper an attempt is made to revisit the already existing debate regarding Sir Syed’s stance on education of women. An attempt to provide the plausible reasons which might have influenced Sir Syed’s opinion would be accounted. In the light of primary sources how his personal life, social standing and prevailing circumstances molded his opinion would be highlighted which would help in situating the reformer in a balanced perspective.

Cattle plague and the introduction of veterinary education in colonial Bengal

Historically, Bengal had played a pivotal role in the introduction of a regulated regime of veterinary practice and education in colonial India. The proposed study seeks to view this practice through the lens of cattle plague that gripped the province in the second half of nineteenth century. Contrary to what the extant literature makes us believe, it is argued that in the matter of livestock management, Bengal paid more attention to her bovine inmates primarily for agricultural purposes rather than horse breeding and supply in military and transportation sector.

The Cultural Dimension of Nature in Heritage Protection in Interwar Vilnius

The article examines the relationship between the protection of natural and cultural objects (monuments), which has been close since the emergence of these phenomena in the second half of nineteenth century. In interwar Poland, these areas were not completely separated, either ideologically or in practice. On the one hand, the establishment of nature reserves and parks began, in which focus was placed primarily on nature and its interests were central here. The cultural meanings of nature were alive and relevant, natural objects were often viewed, and they were valued as culture objects. The national significance and educational meaning of natural objects/ monuments, partly taken over from architectural monuments, was self-evident and, practically, the model of the protection of nature as separate natural monuments operated within the framework of the system of protection of cultural monuments. In the case of Poland, this commonality of the protection of natural and cultural monuments was also due to practical reasons: separate legal and administrative systems of state nature protection failed to be fully implemented.

Чура Нарыков – политический деятель Казанского ханства

Research objectives: To reconstruct the image of Chura, the son of Naryk (Chura Narykov) – a political figure and historical personality of the period of the Kazan Khanate – based on a comparison of the historical epic with the history of the Tatar kha­nates in the first half of sixteenth century. Research materials: The author analyzes various historical sources and literature with information about the real personality of Chura Narykov, his life, and his work. She focuses on the history of the Kazan Khanate in the sixteenth century and analyzes the texts of dastans collected and published by Russian and foreign scholars from the second half of nineteenth century, along with archival and published epic texts in various versions dedicated to Chura Batyr which were distributed and recorded by Tatar-speaking informants in the Volga region. In turn, information about Chura Narykov as a real person is contained in Russian chronicles, the anonymous “Kazan history” of the sixteenth century, and in publications of Kh. Atlasi (1993), R. Fakhretdin (1995), M. Khudyakov (1990), A.Kh. Khalikov (1992), D.M. Iskhakov (1994, 1997, 2017), S.Kh. Alishev (1995), A.-Z. Validi (1992), and others. Results and novelty of the research: The author draws parallels between historical reality and the epic Chura-batyr, addresses the problems of the historical explanation of the rich material of folk art, and reveals the commonality between reality and epic works about Chura-batyr. The study systematically proves the relevance – in the history of the Turkic peoples – of political events associated with the Tatar khanates that existed until the late Middle Ages, focusing on the fact that during this period Kazan was a major political center of important events of a global scale. Key aspects of the topic raised in the study contribute to a more detailed study of the history of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates, determining the role and historical significance of the Tatar version of the dastan about Chura-batyr along with other Turkic versions and variants. The historical personality of Chura Narykov is considered as a prototype of not only the Tatar, but also the Turkic historical and heroic epic.

Is Tribe a Homogeneous Category? Evidence From Tripura in North-East India

Anthropological–sociological studies since the colonial period in India largely saw tribes as homogeneous, unchanging and undifferentiated groups which were free from conflicts or exploitation. This article critiques this notion of tribe and shows heterogeneity within tribes through an analysis of the social history of Tripura in the north-east region of India and mass movement of tribal organisations like the Ganamukti Parishad therein in the late 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. As a princely State, Tripura showed the presence of socio-economic exploitation and contradiction between social strata in the second half of nineteenth century. In the late 1940s, the GMP formulated a notion of tribe that intersected the categories of peasant and class. It was the result of this formulation that class unity between tribal and non-tribal (Bengali) peasantry was an important pivot in its mass movement during this period. In addition, the development of landed class among Tripura tribes over the last few decades is a new and important feature of the state’s agrarian structure, and was further proof of the development of socio-economic heterogeneity within tribes. This article, thus, argues for a dynamic notion of tribe that changes with time and has close linkages with other categories like peasant and class.

Современный отечественный взгляд на «Черную смерть» и крупные эпидемические вспышки чумы в историческом прошлом

Research objectives: To analyze the main research trends of the last thirty years in the national historiography on the topic of the Black Death and major epidemic outbreaks of plague in the historical past. Research materials: The historiographic analysis was conducted based on both original domestic studies of the topic and those written in co-authorship with Western colleagues. To outline the main theoretical base of the topic, the author used major works on the historical theory, demography, climatology, paleogenetics, and phylogenetics of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. Results and novelty of the research: The analysis showed that until the 1980s, the views of Russian historians on the epidemics of the historical past were based on the study of a major German epidemiologist in the second half of nineteenth century, H. Häser. At the same time, the main directions in the research of domestic historians on the topic were developed within the framework of an order from domestic biologists and epidemiologists. This situation began to change when, in the 1980s, Russian historical research took a course towards geographical determinism. From the second half of the 1990s to the 2000s, in connection with the publications of the American Turkologist U. Schamiloglu and French historians, new topics in the field of anthropology, cultural studies, and historical demography began to be addressed in the research of domestic authors. At the same time, all theoretical considerations continued to be formed within the framework of the Marxist theory of the “crisis of the Middle Ages”. Therefore, the “Black Death” was considered exclusively as a concomitant theme attached to the main events. Only in the 2010s, in the light of the growth of joint research with Western specialists in the field of archaeology, paleogenetics, and climatology was it possible to start moving towards the development of a new theoretical and methodological basis for research on the topic in Russian historiography. The result of this process was the publication of new studies which are likely to determine the predominant course of scientific research in the field of historical epidemiology in Russia in the coming years.

История формирования фондов Золотой Орды в хранении Государственного исторического музея

Research objectives: To study the composition and geography of the Golden Horde collections conserved in the State Historical Museum. It is necessary to demonstrate: how museum collections are used as an essential tool of the modern researcher; how the attitude towards this source of information changes in a chronological perspective; how the absence of any types of sources’ information encourages researchers to discover new directions and develop new archaeological aspects of their study. Additionally, attention should be paid to the question of key events that became starting points for the beginning of archaeological research of the Golden Horde cities. Research materials: The lists of the collections of archaeological department of the State Historical Museum, the main inventory book of the museum, and archaeological items from the the Golden Horde collections of the archaeological department. Results and novelty of the research: The author identified the following methods of replenishing the collections: finds of private individuals of the second half of nineteenth century, items of famous collectors (P.I. Shchukin), archaeological finds of the founders of the museum (P.S. Uvarova), excavations on the instructions of the Imperial Archaeological Commission (D.Ya. Samokvasov, N.I. Veselovsky, V.A. Gorodtsov, A.A. Spitsyn, etc.), transfers from other museums (Rumyantsev Museum, Hermitage), research by museum staff (E.V. Weimarn, V.P. Levasheva, V.L. Egorov, L.L. Savchenkova, N.I. Shishlina, etc.), receipts from the state bodies of the Soviet period (the Simferopol hoard), excavations by archaeologists from friendly research organizations (G.A. Fedorov-Davydov, M.G. Kra­marovsky, etc.). Many items from these collections have taken their place in the exhibition space. The exhibition space itself was built with the database of information and publications of researchers being taken into account. Thus, the finds of the Volga expedition made it possible to display the main aspects of the statehood of the Golden Horde: its architectural traditions, culture, and all types of crafts. Also, the exposition contains items of armament – that is, the main nomadic component of the Golden Horde civilization – as well as two paizas of the heyday of the Golden Horde. Although the exposition cannot reflect all aspects of the Golden Horde civilization, the main (nomadic and sedentary) components are still demonstrated.

DEPICTION OF WOMEN IN NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN AND BRITISH FICTION

It was time of nineteenth century when women writers used to have male pennames for publication. Theme of marriage and society were prevalent in both American and British society. It was a microcosm of its own as women readers used to write about their life through the eyes of women writers. This phenomenon is historical as it stands between Mary Wollstonecraft, arguably the first feminist thinker and Virginia Woolf, arguably the most famous one. Changing times in the second half of nineteenth century was affecting the sensibility and religious clutches on society. It was also affecting notions of patriarchy. Writings of the time ought to reflect that. However, author also presumes a gender of her or his own before writing. That makes her or his gendering of character political and biased. But honest portrayals are important for examining depictions of women in a particular time. This paper aims to analyse two popular writers of the age, a female and a male, to understand the changing notions regarding patriarchy. American novelist Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888) have been written important social novels like novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Little Men (1871) and Jo's Boys (1886). Her novels features cast of female characters from the contemporary times. Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, was a British writer writing detective fiction who used to portray his contemporary society. He also uses female characters in her stories. This paper aims to study works of both novelist employing methodologies of close reading and comparative literature to see how depiction of women in nineteenth century America and British fiction changes and what are the reasons for it.

Angelo Mosso: Transduction and Measurement of Physiological Signals

<p>Professor Angelo Mosso (1846-1910) was an Italian physiologist who worked in the University of Turin in the second half of nineteenth century. His researches were devoted to record and measure vital and mental processes. He invented many instruments and the signals were recorded on blackened paper on kymograph. In his work Mosso had the important help of the technician Luigi Corino, whose skill allowed to obtain very precise and functional instruments. In the storage rooms of ASTUT we preserve many of these instruments together with original documents, pictures.</p>

Stumbling towards Empire: The Shanghai Local Post Office, the Transnational British Community and Informal Empire in China, 1863–97

ABSTRACTIn the second half of nineteenth century, a small transnational British and foreign community grew up in the treaty ports scattered along China’s coast, a community literally caught between the great inner Asian empire of the Manchu Qing and British-dominated informal empire in Asia. Although scholars often contend that few major developments occurred in the foreign sector of the treaty port world until the very end of the nineteenth century, this article joins recent revisionist scholarship seeking to better understand the growth of this transnational treaty port community through a study of the Shanghai Municipal Council’s local post office in the context of informal empire prior to the rise of muscular Chinese nationalism in the early twentieth century.As an institutional history of the virtually unknown local post office, this article is a study of the decades-long process by which the foreign settler community of Shanghai slowly built up the administrative capacity, trading networks and communications infrastructure of informal empire and semi-colonial order in the nineteenth-century treaty ports. The history of the local post office is largely unknown not because of its insignificance, but because we have not paid enough attention to the institutions that facilitated the emergence of transnational expatriate and settler communities throughout the world of British informal empire and the global and local influences that shaped them.

Vade retro fanchono, Ave paneleiro!

Given the rarity of scientific and medical studies on homosexuality in Portugal during the nineteenth century, it becomes essential to relativize the importance of the «invention of homosexuality». Indeed, during the second half of nineteenth century, male homosexuality became extremely visible in Lisbon, making it clear that a community was burgeoning. Hence the word «fanchono», used since the sixteenth century as a synonym for «sodomite» outside of religious discourse, disappeared slowly making space for new words as: «fresco», «pêssego», «sacana», «panela» or «paneleiro». Based on a corpus of texts published between 1860 and 1900, we will demonstrate how «fanchonos» gave place to «paneleiros».

ІСТОРІЯ СТВОРЕННЯ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТА ЇХ СУЧАСНЕ БІЗНЕС-ПЛАНУВАННЯ

The article analyzes history of creation and considers current problems of business planning of new tourist enterprises. The author came to conclusion that historically first tourist enterprises appeared in second half of nineteenth century. A tourist enterprise is a self-governing entity that owns rights of a legal entity, which, on basis of use of a labor collective of property, produces and sells products, performs work, renders services in field of tourism. Іn 1872, Т. Cook formed a partnership with his son, John Mason Cook, and renamed travel agency as Thomas Cook & Son. They acquired business premises on Fleet Street, London. The office also contained a shop which sold essential travel accessories, including guide books, luggage, telescopes and footwear. Thomas saw his venture as both religious and social service; his son provided commercial expertise that allowed company to expand. In accordance with his beliefs, he and his wife also ran a small temperance hotel above office. Their business model was refined by introduction of 'hotel coupon' in 1868. Detachable coupons in a counterfoil book were issued to traveller. These were valid for either a restaurant meal or an overnight hotel stay provided they were on Cook's list. Conflicts of interest between father and son were resolved when son persuaded his father, Thomas Cook, to retire at end of 1878. He moved back to Leicester and lived quietly until his death. The firm's growth was consolidated by John Mason Cook and his three sons, especially by its involvement with military transport and postal services for Britain and Egypt during 1880s, when Cook began organising tours to Middle East. In 1880, Italian government joined Cook's tour company. The Italian economy benefited from additional tourism profits in which Cook programmed and executed as a system. Cook certainly played a key role in not only boosting Italian economy but also bringing atmosphere and morale of Italian unification. Italians physically felt their country from place to place by traveling. By 1888, company had established offices around world, including three in Australia and one in Auckland, New Zealand and in 1890, company sold over 3¼ million tickets. John Mason Cook promoted, and even led, excursions to, for example, Middle East where he was described as the second-greatest man in Egypt. However, while arranging for German Emperor Wilhelm II to visit Palestine in 1898, he contracted dysentery and died following year. Disclosure of theme became possible through use of general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, system, generalization, concreteness, historicism and dialectical method. The scientific research also uses special scientific methods of research: historical-comparative, historical-synthetic, historical-diachronic, empirical analysis, etc.

Turismo gastronômico, cultura e comida de festa

Migrations from the Italian peninsula to the south of Brazil date from second half of nineteenth century. Adaptations to the new territory marked culinary practices of these groups. This article presents current situation of communities which originated in immigration, in terms of their food practices associated with local feasts, and, consequently, with tourism. The methodological procedure took up previous research in the same location, using its primary data. Afterwards, we conducted semi-structured interviews with women who currently live in the same community. Compared results show changes associated with origin of ingredients, use of new technologies and introduction of industrial products, as well as a new organization in menus. Everyday dishes have become part of the so-called feast food and are presented to tourists as marks of local community identity.

The “Discourse” of International Law and Humanitarian Intervention

AbstractThis essay analyzes the doctrine of “humanitarian intervention” in the frame of international law in the second half of nineteenth century and identifies the ground of legitimation of this intervention in the violation of presumed universal laws of humanity. The analysis emphasizes the transformation of the paradigm of “humanitarian intervention” into the current doctrine of the “responsibility to protect,” which under the rubric of “responsibility” legitimizes limitations on a state's sovereignty in cases where the state fails to guarantee the protection of its own population. This reconstruction of the genealogy of “humanitarian intervention” illustrates the continual exceptions to the principle of nonintervention, which means that the Westphalian principle of sovereignty has always been violated. Both doctrines—humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect—can be considered “hegemonic techniques” that use so‐called universal concepts in order to legitimize unilateral power interests.

Lost in Translation or Lost in Publishing: Introduction of World Literature in Early Modern Bulgarian Publishing via Russian Language Editions

Bulgarian book publishing starts developing as commercial system as early as the second half of nineteenth century. With the increasing of competition after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, as main problem the lack of texts for publishing emerges. The Bulgarian literature was still too young to provide texts for the publishers with the required quality and quantity. That’s why the publisher’s main goal remains the translation of popular (in any sense of meaning) foreign authors. In relation with this policy two main problems emerged—the lack of translators from the main European and World languages and appearance of many intellectuals who pretended to have good Russian language skills. This resulted in Russian book editions of world literature being the main source for Bulgarian translations. The paper focuses on to the process of retransmission and republishing of texts from language to language and from place to place. Interesting conclusions are made on how the publishing market strategies affect readers and their perception of the most popular titles of world literature. The main thesis is that the language skills (or lack of skills) of the translator are important for the reader’s perception of the text but the publisher’s choice of foreign editions through the mediation of second country’s publishing system had critical importance for the perception of Bulgarian readers of classical and popular examples of Western literature.

A região como artefato: o Cariri na segunda metade dos Oitocentos

<p>Na segunda metade do século XIX, a região conhecida por Cariri cearense, localizada no extremo sul da província do Ceará, destacava-se no sertão por ser conhecida como um “oásis” no semiárido, devido a sua vegetação, a presença de fontes d’água e solos férteis. Elaborou-se um discurso sobre a região ser o “celeiro” dos sertões. O presente artigo busca entender como, no espaço regional, o discurso sobre a natureza serviu de recurso político para o desenvolvimento da ideia de progresso por intermédio do trabalho que, no contexto histórico delimitado na temporalidade, refletia-se na submissão de trabalhadores livres em diversas condições econômicas e trabalhadores escravizados. Pretende-se analisar como as diferentes classes sociais estabeleceram suas identidades e vivências na região, as contradições resultantes da desigualdade social, bem como as práticas de controle estabelecidas pelos senhores e as diferentes formas de resistência dos trabalhadores.</p>

Socio-Religious and Political Changes in Punjab during the Second Half of Nineteenth Century

<div><p><em>After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the East India Company defeated the Khalsa Army of Lahore Darbar in two Anglo-Sikh Wars. Being astute political masters, the British felt the lurking fear of simmering discontent among the Punjabis against their rule. For safeguarding the logistics of administration, efficacious precautionary measures were undertaken by them to satisfy the grievances of certain sections of the society so that British rule would face lesser political instability and enmity of the natives. After 1857, the British conducted a thorough study of ethnographic, fiscal, geographical, political, social and religious conditions of Punjab and oriented their administrative policies to suit the best interests of the Empire. Far-reaching political, economic and social changes were introduced by the British to strengthen their hold over all branches of administration. A new administrative hierarchy, composed of Anglo-Indian elements was firmly established and it embraced every activity of the state. </em></p></div>