Second Half Of 1990s Research Articles

The Problem of Revising of US Trade and Credit Legislation and Issues of Technology Transfer in Soviet-American Relations in the Second Half of 1970s

The Problem of Revising of US Trade and Credit Legislation and Issues of Technology Transfer in Soviet-American Relations in the Second Half of 1970s

ЛЕОНИД БРЕЖНЕВТІҢ ДЕНСАУЛЫҒЫ МЕМЛЕКЕТТІК МЕХАНИЗМНІҢ ЭЛЕМЕНТІ РЕТІНДЕ

The article analyzes the role of health status of Leonid Brezhnev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, as a major element of the state apparatus in the USSR. Using numerous sources, including notes and diaries of Brezhnev himself, notes of Brezhnev’s secretaries, memories of Brezhnev’s political companions, doctors and family members, the authors have reconstructed the dynamic changes in the health status of Brezhnev, and in which way these changes have impacted his work efficiency. Despite the fact that Brezhnev came to power already burdened by diseases and bad habits, his first decade as a leader of Soviet Union was very fruitful. This conclusion contradicts an established historiographical opinion that Brezhnev belonged to a type of a quite healthy, but lazy leader, who could not and did not like to perform the duties of the state and party leader, trying to evade them at every opportunity. The last seven years of Brezhnev’s rule are characterized by a sharp deterioration in health status that led to the alternating periods of decline and rise of Brezhnev’s work efficiency, which severely affected entire state apparatus. Despite the efforts of Brezhnev himself and the fact that Soviet bureaucracy managed to mostly compensate the periods of “stalling” and even the temporary unavailability of the leader, the USSR’s specific power mechanism started to malfunction during the second half of 1970s. Another consequence of Brezhnev’s decreased performance was the delegation of significant political power to the group of companions, led by Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko. Having occupied the post of head of state almost for life, being the leader of socio-political system, which actually did not have mechanism for a legal change of power, except for the death of a predecessor, sick and decrepit Brezhnev had to work hard and remain “a leader” until his death, including at the cost of drug addiction.

企劃論文] 광학서포 연구 서설

Along with Hoedongseogwan(匯東書館), Gwanghakseopo(廣學書舖) is evaluated as one of the representative bookstores and publishers in the early modern eras. Nevertheless, even its basic information, such as the foundation year, its purpose and its promoter, has been wrongly known primarily because it was confused with Gwanghaksa which used the common headword, ‘Gwanghak(廣 學)’. In a w ord, G wanghakseopo w as t he p ub l isher which began a s Kimsangmanchaeksa(金相萬冊肆) that Kim Sangman founded under the Jungbu Pojeonbyeong(中部 布廛屛門下) around 1900 and then changed its name as Gwanghakseopo after 1906 and survived until the second half of 1920s. Its original purpose was to release imported books, but it began to actively publish books including 〈The Tears of Blood(血의淚)〉 after 1907, until the Japanese colonial rule prohibited the release of books and confiscated them in 1910. In particular, it established itself as the representative publisher intended for the enlightenment movement, by publishing the books of the contemporary enlightened intellectuals including Sin Chaeho(申采浩), Jang Jiyeong(張志淵), Yuwonpyo(劉元杓), etc. However, by the 1910s, Gwanghakseopo was not as active in publishing as it had been in the past. Because of this, it is undervalued as the place where Chinese classics were published. However, this is only a small part of the book that Gwanghakseopo has covered. Therefore, the evaluation of optical support needs to be rethought.

Domestic Reindeer Herding in Arctic Regions of Yakutia in Second Half of 1990s: Experience of Decision-Making on Socio-Economic Issues in Industry

The experience ofsolving social and economic problems related to domestic reindeer herding in the Arctic regions of Yakutia during the early post-Soviet period is being studied. Attention is given to the adoption of the first program document in the republic— Resolution No. 521, dedicated to comprehensive support for traditional industries and social protection of workers in the Arctic regions. Archive documents on the activities of the relevant ministry in developing recommendations on wage payment in reindeer herding, adopting new decisions on one-time payments to reindeer herders and tent workers, and statistical data on some general economic indicators in reindeer herding are presented. The approach to calculating labor standards for reindeer herders and attempts at their social protection through professional tariffication of wage payment are presented in detail. Social directions included officially in the program for the development of domestic reindeer herding are highlighted. At the local level, it is shown that representatives of the relevant ministry responsible for managing traditional industries could not always rely on a positive experience in making decisions on socio-economic development of domestic reindeer herding as a leading traditional occupation of indigenous people, but they were fully aware of the real social situation of workers in the industry.

Eurasian dialectics of history in the views of G.N. Polkovnikov

On the turn of 19201930s the Eurasian movement was experiencing a crisis. Clamart Schism and financial problems hindered the ability to publish new books and attract new supporters. For various reasons many notable figures such as N.S. Trubetskoy, L.P. Karsavin, P.P. Suvchinsky, were distancing themselves from the movement. Eurasianism lasted until the second half of 1930s, largely due to the vigorous activity of P.N. Savitsky, and his associates in the Eurasian Group in Prague. During financial and personnel crises, one of the most important tasks was to preserve the publishing activities of the movement. It was in such conditions, in the early 1930s, that the book by Georgy Nikolaevich Polkovnikov, called Dialectics of History appeared. In it, the author made an attempt to describe a complex vision of the evolution of human society and its patterns in the West and in the East. Extensive attention was given to the problem of determining the place and role of Russia in the world community of nations and polities. Suffice to say that even the people who supported the movement had contradictory responses to the book. In 1930s only a few works of this volume were produced by Eurasian Publications, but in modern historiography it remains virtually unexplored and not inscribed in the history of the movement. The paper examines the role of the book and its significance in the evolution of the ideology of the Eurasian Movement.

Overcoming the Soviet-Yugoslav crisis. The translation of Serbian literature into Russian language during the second half of 1950-s

In the history of Yugoslavia, the period of 1948–1953 is called “the times of Information Bureau”, when all the relations between USSR and Yugoslavia were severed, including cultural ones. In the second half of the 1950s they began to recover. The most important part of this process was the translation of Serbian literature into Russian language. The main works of Serbian classic and modern literature were published (P. Negosh, R. Domanovich, B. Nushich, B. Chopich, D. Chosich). Special attention was given to the works of Ivo Andrich. The translators, authors of prefaces, comments and notes were mainly professional slavic scholars from Moscow State University and University of Saint Petersburg. The poets M. Zenkevich and I. Golenischev-Kutuzov had significant impact on the development of poetry translation from Serbian into Russian.

The yen–dollar risk premium: A story of regime shifts in bond markets

We document a new risk premium in the yen–dollar currency pair that compensates for the uncertainty over regime shifts in the bond market. We estimate a no-arbitrage regime-switching term structure model, where the transition of volatility regimes is driven by the level of yields and is associated with a regime risk premium. We find that the currency excess return is explained by the regime risk premium in Japan in the second half of 1990s and in the US at the height of the Great Recession. The regime risk premium contains information beyond the affine model, the forward premium, and the carry and dollar factors.

Управление знаниями на примере машиностроительного предприятия и вуза

Thе article discusses the problem of knowledge management. Meaning of the role of human resources, organizational management and information technologies in efficiency advancement of modern companies is the reason why active research of the knowledge management problem got started in the second half of 1990s. Main aim of knowledge management is to transform knowledge and experience of employees into company capital. Information technologies today are the main drive for transformation of mo¬dern businesses which is the main factor for the fourth industrial revolution INDUSTRY 4.0. This is why today’s goal model of knowledge-intensive industry enterprises contains task of IT solution creation that handles knowledge management. Aim: creating a metamodel of knowledge management system (KMS) using TOGAF methodology. Developing a KMS architecture for it to be used on industrial enterprise and higher education institution. Research methods used: complex approach and structural analysis of the process of system design using SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technique) and TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework) methodologies. Results. Developed metamodel of KMS architecture shows application of SADT and TOGAF methodologies on a given subject area in order to create knowledge ma-nagement system of industrial enterprise and higher education institution. Developed functional model describes mechanism of how knowledge is collected and formalized in form of hypertext and productional knowledge bases when conducting collaborative projects and their transfer to industries KMS. Conclusion. Developed productional rules allow integration of organizational and functional structure of enterprise and higher education institution from point of advancing IT efficiency, to create a central intelligent sphere when conducting collaborative projects, to allow knowledge collection at local knowledge management systems and to transfer this knowledge in industry enterprises.

Soviet Film Policy of the Second Half of 1950s — Late 1970s

The subject of this article is the film policy of the Soviet leadership in the period of “cold warming.” The term is used as a conditional-instrumental designation of the period — the second half of the 1950s to the late 1970s, clearly manifested as a management style in which elements of “détente” in the field of culture, cinematography, which appeared much earlier than this phenomenon in international relations, continuously coexisted with an atmosphere of tension between the USSR and the USA. On the basis of a wide range of sources, including archival documents used here or are subjected to in-depth analysis for the first time, this article addresses political, ideological, institutional, media, and communicative aspects of Soviet film politics in historical dynamics, from Khrushchev’s “modernization” to Brezhnev’s “conservative appeasement”. The leading role of such structures as the USSR State Committee for Cinematography, film export organization, and Ideological Commissions of the Central Committee of the CPSU in following established traditions of state pragmatism is established. This was expressed in the opening of external information “gateways” on the principle of duality. Import and “free” transmission of foreign film production, the assumption of private and departmental interaction with Western, American cinema figures, the reception of “alien” artistic and administrative-organizational experience of improving the filmmaker, were interrupted by strict control, demonstrative strengthening of censorship, and control and supervisory activity of party-state structures to counter “bourgeois media attacks”. As a result, this led to the return of excessive ideological and political principles, the inertial construction of barriers, the re-conceptualization of figurative-visual stereotypes and dogmatic prejudices.

The Council of Mutual Economic Assistance and UNIDO: in Search of a Bright Industrial Future

On the basis of COMECON archive stored in Moscow the author for the first time analyzes mechanism of common decision making among socialist countries regarding UNIDO — the UN body in charge of industrial development in 1970s — 1980s. The article is in a scientific first to represent the story of the Permanent Working Group (PRG) of the COMECON Executive Committee as a special body responsible for working out of collective politics in UNIDO. For the first time the reader can grasp the concept of World economic security which had been worked out and promoted in UN structures by the COMECON member states in the second half of 1980s. On the basis of the PRG materials author comes to the conclusion that the International economic security concept had been seen by socialist states as “elastic mutually acceptable compromise” — part and parcel of the New world economic order, promoted by the Third World countries in 1980s. The author believes that “new thinking” in international economic relations which caused the appearance of the International economic security, strategy of COMECON in UNIDO and other program documents was the idealistic attempt to build the failed socialist project of globalization of which one heard in various publications about alternative scenarios of more fair world order, yet without analysis of key strategic documents of 1980s before. The nowday search of a new model of global development invite the readers to throw a new light at the theoretical baggage of 1980s and allow us to come to new conclusions about the rise and fall of collective actions by COMECON members at the world stage.

Social activity of Carpatho-Ukrainian students in interwar Brno (renovation according to the found sources)

For today the social activity of Carpatho-Ukrainian students in Brno is known to be the least studied issue in the history of the Carpatho-Ukrainian student movement in the period of interwar Czechoslovakia. Based on all available archival and published sources, in this study the attempt is made to reconstruct and analyse the process of formation and development of public activity of Ukrainian students (natives of modern Transcarpathian region (Ukraine) and Presov self-governing region (the Slovak Republic)), who in the 1920 – 1930s studied at higher education institutions in Brno (the University named after Masaryk, High Technical School, High Vet School). The author of the article states that the social activity of Carpatho-Ukrainian students in Brno developed in several stages. The first stage is the second half of the 1920s, the period when Prague student associations such as the Ukrainophile Union of Subcarpathian Students; and the Russophile society Vozrozhdenie (Rebirth) extended their activities in Brno some local students not only became their members but also formed some of their non-formal centers in Brno (e.g. Union of Subcarpathian Ruthenian Students). However, due to the decrease in the number of Carpatho-Ukrainian students at local universities, this process soon slowed down. Next stage is the second half of 1930s. At that time, relatively large independent Carpatho-Ukrainian student organizations – Russophile Society Verkhovina (1936) and the Subcarpathian Academic Society (1937) formed and gradually intensified in their activity in Brno. However, due to the political situation in the Czechoslovak Republic in 1938 – 1939, their activities ended. More information about the issue discussed in the article can be found in the original documents kept at the archival institutions of Brno.

USSR and Problem of German Influence in Iran in Second Half of 1930s (Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation)

The issues of the Soviet-German confrontation in Iran in the second half of the 30s are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the exacerbation in the last decades of the scientific dispute about the reasons for the occupation of Iran during the Second World War by the Soviet Union and Great Britain. The novelty of the research is associated with the introduction into scientific circulation of archival sources on the topic previously inaccessible to researchers, allowing them to more deeply explore the issues raised. The author proves that Hitler’s Germany on the eve of World War II strongly pressed the USSR, Great Britain and other European countries in the economy, politics and information and propaganda spheres of Iran. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the loss of positions in Iran by Moscow and London caused the Soviet Union and Great Britain to strive for revenge and became the leading motive for the introduction of troops and the occupation of Iran in 1941, after the German attack on the USSR. It is argued that the occupation of the northern part of Iran for the Soviet Union was primarily a situation of restoring previously lost positions, which made it possible to build and try to implement new geopolitical plans.

Organizational activity of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in participation of the delegation of Soviet scholars in the First Plenum of the International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic Regions by Means of the Airship (Aeroarctic) and its results

The subject of this research is the exploration of Arctic, its economic development, and use of resources on the scientific basis as the crucial policy avenue of the Soviet Union. The International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic Regions by Airship (Aeroarctic) made a significant contribution to the research of the Russian Arctic. The success and performance of the Soviet members of this society largely depended on the organizational and norm-setting measures taken by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and its commissions in the late 1920s. For elucidation of the role of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in organizing international cooperation of the Soviet scholars, the article employs the materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and St. Petersburg Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation. Among noteworthy results of international cooperation within the framework of “Aeroarctic” are the following: 1) organization of the 2nd Congress of Aeroarctic Society held in Leningrad in 1928; 2) inclusion of the possibility of establishing trans-Arctic air routes between Europe and America in the five-year plan of research activity of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute for 1928 – 1933. In the activity of the Council of People's Commissars on the issues of Soviet participation in “Aeroarctic”, the author observes the proclivity for providing the procesude for recognition of the Arctic territories of the USSR by the global community; as well as protect the Soviet Arctic territories from the claims of foreign states. The second half of 1920s marks a major breakthrough in development of the Arctic in the USSR reflected in conduct of regular scientific research, acquisition of reliable knowledge on this remote part of the Earth, discovery of mineral deposits, which also allowed among strengthening defense potential of the country.

Derivation of particle-size changes from polydisperse size distribution measurements: numerical and experimental verification

Measurements of particle-size transformations due to changes in temperature, relative humidity, and other environmental factors are essential for understanding aerosol properties, such as its hygroscopicity and volatility. The commonly used measurement techniques, such as tandem differential mobility analyzer (TDMA) and single-particle levitation techniques, allow measurements of only one initial size at a time, which makes their applications to highly dynamic aerosol systems problematic. In this paper, we evaluate the Heisler method developed in the second half of 1970s that uses measurements of size distributions of a polydisperse aerosol before and after it undergoes a growth or evaporation. The Heisler method is based on preservation of particle number concentration and allows simultaneous determination of particle-size changes across the whole measured size distribution. In this paper, we evaluated the Heisler method using numerical techniques and compared it with TDMA measurements during experiments with adipic acid aerosol. We show that the Heisler method is sensitive to counting statistics and that significant errors (over 50%) can occur if there are particles that can grow or evaporate in or out of the measured size range. Otherwise, the Heisler method gives results within 5% of those obtained with TDMA measurements, providing a faster alternative to the TDMA technique.

Деятельность Комитета народного контроля Ленинграда во второй половине 1960-х годов: потенциал и проблемы

Some of the courses of action of the Leningrad People’s Oversight Committee, which became the successor of the City Committee for Party and State Control in the mid-1960s, are described in the paper on the basis of archive sources and periodicals. The most effective approaches, forms and methods of fieldwork of both the Committee itself and individual authorities on the implementation of oversight functions, primarily in industrial production, are described in this paper. Attention is devoted to the analysis of the reasons for some blunders and omissions in organization and conduct of verification and oversight actions of Leningrad People’s Oversight Committee’s authorities in the second half of 1960s.

Some historiographic trends in the study of the problem of cultural and educational work in the Red Army during the front-line Civil War in Russia in Soviet historical science (second half of 1960s - first half of 1980s)

Some historiographic trends in the study of the problem of cultural and educational work in the Red Army during the front-line Civil War in Russia in Soviet historical science (second half of 1960s - first half of 1980s)

Methodological discussions of Soviet and Polish historians in the second half of 1950s on problems of history of Russia and Poland in the first half of 19th century: An Episode from the history of the Institute of Slavic studies of Russian Academy of Sciences

The paper focuses on discussions of Soviet and Polish historians on problems of history of Poland and Russia in the Late modern period. It was exemplified in the debate that took place in the Institute of Slavic Studies in April, 1957 over the second volume of the “History of Poland”, that had been prepared by Polish historians. The discussion reflected some fundamental problems: the crisis of the feudal serfdom system, the genesis of capitalism, the Polish nation-building process, the history of Polish liberation movement and Polish culture in the end of the 18th — the first half of the 19th centuries. The whole discussion was very productive both for Russian and Polish historical science, as it contributed to the elaboration of new methods and theories of studies of history.

LASPI 7 MESOLITHIC SITE ON THE SOUTH COAST OF CRIMEA, UKRAINE

Late Mesolithic Laspi 7 site is situated in Ukraine, in the West part of the South Coast of Crimea, in the Laspi Bay, Black Sea coast (44°24’48.5”N 33°42’41.3”E). It was investigated under the direction of prof. Dmytro Telegin in the second half of 1970s. The site was destroyed by Russian occupation power.
 There were 7 cultural layers of the site, which had the thickness near 2 m. There was Kokkenmedding — clay sediment with crushed stone and with unusual great number of the Helix albescens shells, ash and charcoal. Any structures of the cultural layer are not traced.
 Archaeological materials of Laspi 7 are represented by numerous flint collection (2347 eks.), bone tools assemblage (13 eks.), ocher, faunistic materials etc. Flint complexes from all cultural layers generally are similar. Most of the cores are pyramidal. Prismatic and pencil-shaped cores are single. Microlithic assemblage consists of geomethric miсroliths (asymmetrical and symmetrical trapezoids); single backed microliths and truncated blades. Scrapers are mostly semicircular on the flakes, single end scrapers are on the blades. Most of the burins are on the flakes, they are angle and, in smaller quantities, lateral. There are some «Kukrek type» burins with numerous worked parts. Angle burins on the blades are not numerous. Unusual big quantity of encoches is amazing. There is one Kukrek insert. Bone tools are very different (13 eks.): base part of the harpoon, fragment of the point with the grooves, different points, the borers, partly worked boar tusks, fragment of the antler socket. The age of Laspi 7 is 8600—7000 ВР. The most true 14C dates are 8625 ± 40 BP (GrA-35704) and 8620 ± 40 BP (GrA-35703).
 Laspi 7 flint assemblage is typical for the Late Mesolithic Murzak-Koba culture of Mountain Crimea.
 Laspi 7 is a shining example of the «revolution of the wide range» in Crimea. Inhabitants of the site used very different food resources: ungulates (red deer, boar, roe deer), birds (above all bustard), fish (catfish and pike perch), Helix albescens snails. Numerous ornito-, ihtio- and malakofauna dates evidences about the occupation of the site in autumn, winter, and spring time. Probably, the site was visited periodically during these seasons.

The penicillin support of medical institutions in the USSR during second half of 1940s

The article, on the basis of declassified archival documents, considers the issue of centralized state distribution of penicillin in the USSR in the second half of 1940s. The mechanism of determining the need in medication using special coefficient is presented. It is demonstrated that in conditions of acute shortage, this approach became an attempt to ensure physical accessibility of medication for patient. However, by the end of 1940s, when acute shortage was overcome, free state supplies created preconditions for mismanagement and misuse at national and local levels, that affected timing and volume of supplies of antibiotic to medical institutions, as well as quality of medication supplied to patient. The district hospitals of provincial towns occurred in the worst condition. The article presents the facts testifying that penicillin supply solved not only health problems, but also domestic and foreign policy problems of the post-war USSR.

The state regulation of penicillin price in the USSR in the second half of 1940s

The article considers, on the basis of analysis of declassified archival documents, issue of the Soviet government regulating price of penicillin in the second half of the 1940s in conditions of continuing drug shortage. The factors that affected formation of selling and retail prices of antibiotic are considered. Based on the calculation of cost of treatment of a number of nosologies in different age groups and comparing it with the level of income of the population, the conclusion is derived that real availability of antibiotics for population in the USSR was achieved by early 1950s.