Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside Research Articles

Expression profiles of genes involved in lignan synthesis in developing flax seeds

Flax seeds are the richest plant source of lignans, which prevent the development of many diseases. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is the predominant lignan in seeds of the cultivated species Linum usitatissimum. We sequenced transcriptomes of flax seeds at five developmental stages for 8 varieties differing in lignan content grown under three different conditions and evaluated the expression of PLR1 and UGT74S1 genes, which play a key role in SDG synthesis. The co-expression of PLR1 and UGT74S1 genes was detected, and the expression level of these genes was observed to change tens and hundreds of times during seed development, confirming their role in SDG synthesis in flax seeds. Low temperature (16 °С) and abundant watering resulted in a shift of the maximum expression level of both genes to later dates (14th day after flowering) compared to poor watering and high temperature (24 °С) and optimal conditions (20 °С) (7th day after flowering). Meanwhile, the expression level of PLR1 and UGT74S1 genes was lower under high temperature and poor watering than under optimal conditions. No association was found between lignan content in seeds of the studied flax varieties and the expression level of PLR1 and UGT74S1 genes. Our results provide important information on the contribution of genotype and environment to the expression of key genes of SDG synthesis, which is also necessary for the development of optimal approaches to obtain lignan-rich flax seeds.

Comparing the individual and combined effects of nano zinc and conventional zinc fertilization on growth, yield, phytochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside content in linseed

Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), a conventional Zn fertilizer, is widely used due to its high solubility and ease of application. In contrast, nano Zn represents an innovative approach, utilizing nanoscale particles to enhance Zn bioavailability and uptake efficiency. This study compares these two Zn fertilizers regarding their impact on plant growth, yield, Zn uptake, and overall crop quality. In our study, we explored the potential of nano Zn and ZnSO4 by applying two different doses of each (100, 1000 ppm ZnO NP and 30, 50 kg ha−1 ZnSO4) both individually and in combination, to linseed accession. The results obtained showed the potential of nano Zn over conventional Zn fertilizer in terms of enhanced linseed growth and yield together with greater antioxidants enzyme, oil content, protein content, Zn accumulation, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) content, and the accumulation of bioactive metabolites. Nanoscale ZnO (with particle size less than 100 nm) at a 1000 ppm concentration sped up growth, yield, increased SDG content, and antioxidant activity. However, when nano Zn (1000 ppm) was applied in combination with ZnSO4 (30 kg ha−1), it maximally enhanced plant fresh and dry weight, photosynthesis, and yield compared to their individual treatment. The combined application increased seed yield by 4.55 folds compared to the control. The treated plants were assessed for SDG content using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS), which showed maximum increase with 1000 ppm ZnO NP. SDG is a type of lignan known for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits paving way for its pharmaceutical importance.

Dietary secoisolariciresinol diglucoside crude extract improves growth through modulating rumen bacterial community and epithelial development in lambs.

Flaxseed lignans, types of polyphenolic compounds, primarily consist of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). Natural plant extracts are becoming increasingly important as feed for ruminant animals. An underutilized plant bioactive component, SDG shows promising benefits for young ruminant production. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of SDG on rumen fermentation using an in vitro rumen simulation technology. Additionally, we tested the effects of SDG (0.20 g kg-1 body weight) on rumen development and production performance of lambs in a production setting. The in vitro addition of 100 mg L-1 SDG demonstrated significant regulatory effects, with a notable decrease in the acetate/propionate ratio (P < 0.05). Feeding trials revealed that SDG significantly increased average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain (P < 0.05), and reduced the acetate/propionate ratio (P < 0.05). This led to a significant increase in the relative abundance of Eubacterium ruminantium (P = 0.038) and Butyrivibrio (P = 0.002). Furthermore, it promoted rumen development and upregulated the relative expression of mRNA of Cyclin E1 and CDK2 in rumen epithelial cells (P < 0.05). The SDG extract optimizes the composition of rumen microbiota and the development of rumen epithelial cells, promoting the growth of pre-weaning lambs. The SDG additive exhibits potential as a novel growth promoter for ruminant animals, offering a promising solution for sustainable livestock production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Kinetics of Secoisolariciresinol Glucosyltransferase LuUGT74S1 and Its Mutants.

The lignan secoisolariciresinol (SECO) diglucoside (SDG) is a phytoestrogen with diverse effects. LuUGT74S1 glucosylates SECO to SDG, whereby only small amounts of the monoglucoside SMG are formed intermediately, which exhibit increased activity. To identify critical amino acids that are important for enzymatic activity and the SMG/SDG ratio, 3D structural modeling and docking, as well as site-directed mutation studies, were performed. Enzyme assays with ten mutants revealed that four of them had identical kinetic data to LuUGT74S1, while three showed reduced and one increased catalytic efficiency kcat/Km. S82F and E189L substitutions resulted in the complete absence of activity. A17 and Q136 are crucial for the conversion of SMG to SDG as A17S and Q136F mutants exhibited the highest SMG/SDG ratios of 0.7 and 0.4. Kinetic analyses show that diglucosylation is an essentially irreversible reaction, while monoglycosylation is kinetically favored. The results lay the foundation for the biotechnological production of SMG.

Health benefit of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): a mini review

The importance of nutrition and its impact on human well-being has increased interest in "functional foods." This has prompted a reevaluation of the practical advantages offered by various conventional food sources. it is the richest known source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), phytoestrogen lignans, and solubility fiber, flax continues to acquire popularity as a functional food and is currently gaining attention in the field of cardiovascular disease. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, a lignin derivative found in flaxseeds, is metabolized into mammalian lignans. Lignans have numerous biological effects. Flax lignans have an effect on the early warning indications of breast and colon carcinogenesis in animal models. Regular flaxseed consumption may affect total and lowdensity lipoprotein levels in the blood. Increase serum levels of the omega-3 fatty acids ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid, reduce inflammatory markers, and reduce postprandial glucose absorption. Flaxseed has demonstrated significant antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties in both animal and human research. In cases such as cardiovascular risk, certain types of cancer, and other metabolic disorders, a flaxseed supplement in the diet may be beneficial. Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of fresh flaxseed and flaxseed-based baked goods for maintaining health and preventing disease. This article focuses on the 'nutraceutical' potential of 'flaxseed' and its function as a 'medicine food' that is both therapeutic and preventative.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside attenuates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in female Alzheimer’s disease mice via modulating gut microbiota metabolism and GPER/CREB/BDNF pathway

BackgroundGender is a significant risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), often attributed to the decline of estrogen. The plant estrogen secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. However, the protective effects and mechanisms of SDG in female AD remain unclear.MethodsTen-month-old female APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic mice were treated with SDG to assess its potential ameliorative effects on cognitive impairments in a female AD model through a series of behavioral and biochemical experiments. Serum levels of gut microbial metabolites enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL) were quantified using HPLC-MS. Correlation analysis and broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABx) treatment were employed to demonstrate the involvement of END and ENL in SDG’s cognitive improvement effects in female APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, an acute neuroinflammation model was constructed in three-month-old C57BL/6J mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and subjected to i.c.v. injection of G15, an inhibitor of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), to investigate the mediating role of the estrogen receptor GPER in the cognitive benefits conferred by SDG.ResultsSDG administration resulted in significant improvements in spatial, recognition, and working memory in female APP/PS1 mice. Neuroprotective effects were observed, including enhanced expression of CREB/BDNF and PSD-95, reduced β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, and decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10. SDG also altered gut microbiota composition, increasing serum levels of END and ENL. Correlation analysis indicated significant associations between END, ENL, cognitive performance, hippocampal Aβ-related protein mRNA expression, and cortical neuroinflammatory cytokine levels. The removal of gut microbiota inhibited END and ENL production and eliminated the neuroprotective effects of SDG. Furthermore, GPER was found to mediate the inhibitory effects of SDG on neuroinflammatory responses.ConclusionThese findings suggest that SDG promotes the production of gut microbial metabolites END and ENL, which inhibit cerebral β-amyloid deposition, activate GPER to enhance CREB/BDNF signaling pathways, and suppress neuroinflammatory responses. Consequently, SDG exerts neuroprotective effects and ameliorates cognitive impairments associated with AD in female mice.

Flaxseed: A Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Health Benefits

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a nutritional powerhouse rich in alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid), lignans (especially secoisolariciresinol diglucoside), and dietary fiber. These bioactive components possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-modulating properties, suggesting potential health benefits for humans and animals. This review explores the effects of flaxseed consumption or its isolated bioactive ingredients on various health conditions. We delve into existing research on the potential impact of flaxseed on cardiovascular health, cancer, gut health, brain function, and hormonal balance in menopausal women. The review highlights the unique composition of flaxseed, including its high content of alpha-linolenic acid (over 70% of total oil), protein (20–30%), and dietary fibre (28%). Flaxseed also has the highest lignan concentration among plant sources. This distinct chemical profile positions flaxseed as a promising candidate for exploring its preventive and functional properties. The review emphasises the well-established safety of flaxseed under proper storage and processing conditions.

Therapeutic implications of flaxseed peptides and bioactive components against various diseases

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is nutritionally loaded with alpha-linolenic acid, lignans, Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, soluble fiber, proteins, and bioactive peptides that implicate numerous therapeutic and health-boosting effects. The current review article aimed to comprehensively summarize the essential components of flaxseed along with their therapeutic role against different physiological disorders. Flaxseed is used in different forms including oil, powder, extract and whole seed where polyunsaturated fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic acid are significantly abundant in flaxseed oil. Most of the fiber in flaxseed comes from the hull, which contains 9 % insoluble fiber and 20 % soluble fiber. Soluble fibers contain neutral glucose and acidic polysaccharides, while insoluble fibers consist of lignin, cellulose, and acid detergent fiber. Bioactive peptides present in flaxseeds have gained acceptance as health-promoting medicines due to their useful amino acid profile. Studies revealed that flaxseed is rich in 40 % protein and bioactive peptides which are made up of 20 amino acids and two (dipeptides) residues with a molecular mass of 0.4–2 kDa. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a successful process for producing and releasing bioactive peptides which are obtained from the wastes of flaxseed oil after extraction. Peptide fractions (1 kDa) obtained after ultrafiltration of alcalde-hydrolyzed flaxseed are used in various applications, including as a food source and nutraceutical. Flaxseed has become a well-acknowledged functional food due to its physiological properties, such as anti-diabetic, antibacterial, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant capacity owing to the presence of peptides, SDG, lignin, ALA and fiber. In addition, these bioactive fractions of flaxseed in various forms tend to reduce and prevent arthritis, hyperlipidaemias, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, neurological disorders, and cancers of many types. Hence, flaxseed is evident to be a versatile functional food that elicits several physiological disorders and ailments due to its mechanically active compounds. Further research is required about the bioavailability of active components and their broad spectrum application in humans for health promotion and disease prevention.

Bioconversion of lignans in flaxseed cake by fermented tofu microbiota and isolation of Enterococcus faecium strain ZB26 responsible for converting secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to enterodiol

Human intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in converting secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, a lignan found in flaxseed, to enterodiol, which has a range of health benefits: antioxidative, antitumor, and estrogenic/anti-estrogenic effects. Given the high secoisolariciresinol diglucoside content in flaxseed cake, this study investigated the potential of co-fermenting flaxseed cake with fermented soybean product to isolate bacterial strains that effectively convert secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to enterodiol in a controlled environment (in vitro). The co-fermentation process with stinky tofu microbiota significantly altered the lignan, generating 12 intermediate lignan metabolites as identified by targeted metabolomics. One particular promising strain, ZB26, demonstrated an impressive ability to convert secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. It achieved a conversion rate of 87.42 ± 0.33%, with secoisolariciresinol and enterodiol generation rates of 94.22 ± 0.51% and 2.91 ± 0.03%, respectively. Further optimization revealed, under specific conditions (0.5 mM secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, pH 8, 30 °C for 3 days), ZB26 could convert an even higher percentage (97.75 ± 0.05%) of the secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to generate secoisolariciresinol (103.02 ± 0.16%) and enterodiol (3.18 ± 0.31%). These findings suggest that the identified strains ZB26 have promising potential for developing functional foods and ingredients enriched with lignans.

Supplementing flaxseed meal with sucrose, flaxseed oil, or both: Effects on milk enterolactone, ruminal microbiota profile, production performance, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows

Flaxseed is the richest source of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, which is converted by ruminal microorganisms primarily to the mammalian lignan enterolactone. Our objective was to investigate the effect of diets containing soybean meal or flaxseed meal (FM) supplemented with sucrose, flaxseed oil, or both, on milk enterolactone concentration yield, diversity, and relative abundance of ruminal bacterial taxa, ruminal fermentation profile, production performance, milk fatty acids (FA) yield, and nutrient utilization in dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein cows (8 multiparous [4 ruminally cannulated] and 8 primiparous) averaging (mean ± SD) 134 ± 54.1 DIM and 679 ± 78.9 kg of BW in the beginning of the study were assigned to treatment sequences in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 25 d, with 18 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. Diets were formulated to contain a 60:40 forage:concentrate ratio and included the following (DM basis): (1) 8% soybean meal and 23% ground corn (SBM); (2) 15% FM, 10.7% ground corn, and 5% sucrose (FLX+S); (3) 15% FM, 15.4% ground corn, and 3% flaxseed oil (FLX+O); and (4) 15% FM, 10.2% ground corn, 5% sucrose, and 3% flaxseed oil (FLX+SO). Compared with SBM, the concentration and yield of milk enterolactone increased in cows fed the FM diets but did not differ among FLX+S, FLX+O, and FLX+SO. The relative abundances of the phyla Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobiota, and Actinobacteriota, and those of the bacterial genera Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group, Anaeromusa-Anaeroarcus, WCHB1-41, and p-251-o5 decreased, whereas Prevotella and NK4A214 group increased when comparing SBM against at least 1 diet containing FM. Furthermore, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota and those of Prevotella, Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group, Acetitomaculum, Lachnospiraceae unclassified, NK4A214 group, and Anaeromusa-Anaeroarcus changed (increased or decreased) across the FLX+S, FLX+O, and FLX+SO diets. However, all these changes in the relative abundance of the ruminal bacterial taxa were not conclusively associated with the effect of diets on milk enterolactone. Diets did not affect ruminal pH and concentrations of NH3-N and total VFA. Dry matter intake and yields of milk, milk fat, and milk true protein all decreased in cows fed FLX+O or FLX+SO. Yields of milk total odd-chain FA, branched-chain FA, total <16C FA, and total 16C FA decreased with feeding FLX+O and FLX+SO. The apparent total-tract digestibilities of DM and OM were lowest in the FLX+S and FLX+O diets, with CP and ADF digestibilities lowest in cows receiving FLX+S or FLX+O, respectively. Urinary excretion of total N was lowest with feeding SBM. Contrarily, diets did not affect the urinary excretion of total purine derivatives. In brief, despite the effect of diets on the relative abundance of several ruminal microbiota phyla and genera, we were unable to conclusively associate these changes with increased milk enterolactone in FM-containing diets versus SBM.

Assessing the influence of Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside multi‐antioxidants on flaxseed oil's oxidative stability

AbstractTo increase the oxidative stability of flaxseed oil (FSO), combinations of two synergists (vitamin C, citric acid) and five distinct antioxidants (SDG (Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside), tea polyphenol (TP), resveratrol (RE), caffeic acid (CA), and vitamin E (VE)) were assessed. Based on the accelerated oxidation reaction at 65°C, the antioxidant effect was assessed for changes in the shelf‐life, fatty acid composition, peroxide value (POV), volatile and sterol contents of FSO. The SDG multi‐antioxidant combination, which included 0.01% SDG, 0.01% TP, and 0.02% vitamin C, demonstrated the strongest antioxidative qualities, according to the data; the POV of FSO dropped by 57.5% as compared to the blank group. Additionally, the SDG multi‐antioxidant combination outperformed 0.02% TBHQ (tertiary butylhydroquinone), increased the shelf‐life of FSO from 295 to 761 days, and postponed the deterioration of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the production of ketones and the degradation of esters and acids were diminished. In summary, the combination of SDG‐TP and vitamin C as antioxidants can be an effective natural alternative to artificial antioxidants to extend the shelf‐life of FSO.Practical Applications: Flaxseed oil utilizing multi‐antioxidant combinations has a wide range of practical applications. Multi‐antioxidant combination of flaxseed oil helps prevent cell damage and slows down the aging process. Antioxidant‐rich oils have numerous health benefits such as reducing inflammation, promoting heart health and improving digestive health. Multi‐antioxidant combination flaxseed oil is versatile and a valuable natural product that can be used in all aspects of daily life to improve overall health, It can provide a theoretical reference for the selection of antioxidants to improve the oxidative stability of flaxseed oil, provide a theoretical basis for the replacement of artificial antioxidants, and also provide certain technical support for the industrial application of flaxseed oil.

Anti-inflammatory effect of lignans from flaxseed after fermentation by lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCB0151 in vitro.

Lignan, a beneficial constituent of Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) showed great interest in researchers because of its multiple functional properties. Nonetheless, a challenge arises due to the glycosidic structure of lignans, which the gut epithelium cannot readily absorb. Therefore, we screened 18 strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Enterococcus durans to remove glycosides from flaxseed lignan extract enzymatically. Among our findings, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCB0151 showed the highest activity of β-glucosidase (8.91 ± 0.04 U/mL) and higher transformed efficiency of Secoisolariciresinol (SECO) (8.21 ± 0.13%). The conversion rate of Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and the generation rate of SECO was 58.30 ± 3.78% and 32.13 ± 2.78%, respectively, under the optimized conditions. According to the LC-HRMSMS analysis, SECO (68.55 ± 6.57 µM), Ferulic acid (FA) (32.12 ± 2.50 µM), and Coumaric acid (CA) (79.60 ± 6.21 µM) were identified in the biotransformation products (TP) of flaxseed lignan extract. Results revealed that the TP exhibited a more pronounced anti-inflammatory effect than the flaxseed lignan extract. SECO, FA, and CA demonstrated a more inhibitory effect on NO than that of SDG. The expression of iNOS and COX-2 was significantly suppressed by TP treatment in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells. The secretion of IL-6, IL-2, and IL-1β decreased by 87.09 ± 0.99%, 45.40 ± 0.87%, and 53.18 ± 0.83%, respectively, at 60µg/mL of TP treatment. Given these data, the bioavailability of flaxseed lignan extract and its anti-inflammatory effect were significantly enhanced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SCB0151, which provided a novel approach to commercializing flaxseed lignan extract for functional food.

A comparative study on flaxseed lignan biotransformation through resting cell catalysis and microbial fermentation by β-glucosidase production Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.

Flax lignan has attracted much attention because of its potential bioactivities. However, the bioavailability of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the main lignan in flaxseed, depends on the bioconversion by the colon bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with β-glucosidase activity has found wide application in preparing bioactive aglycone. LAB strains with good β-glucosidase activity were isolated from fermented tofu. Their bioconversion of flax lignan extract was investigated by resting cell catalysis and microbial fermentation, and the metabolism of SDG by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum C5 following fermentation was characterized by widely targeted metabolomics. Five L. plantarum strains producing β-glucosidase with broad substrate specificity were isolated and identified, and they all can transform SDG into secoisolariciresinol (SECO). L. plantarum C5 resting cell reached a maximum SDG conversion of 49.19 ± 3.75%, and SECO generation of 21.49 ± 1.32% (0.215 ± 0.013 mm) at an SDG substrate concentration of 1 mM and 0.477 ± 0.003 mm SECO was produced at 4 mm within 24 h. Although sixteen flax lignan metabolites were identified following the fermentation of SDG extract by L. plantarum C5, among them, four were produced following the fermentation: SECO, demethyl-SECO, demethyl-dehydroxy-SECO and isolariciresinol. Moreover, seven lignans increased significantly. Fermentation significantly increased the profile and level of flax lignan metabolites, and the resting cell catalysis benefits from higher bioconversion efficiency and more straightforward product separation. Resting cell catalysis and microbial fermentation of flax lignan extract by the isolated β-glucosidase production L. plantarum could be potentially applied in preparing flax lignan ingredients and fermented flaxseed. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Exploring lipid health indices and protein quality in ninety Indian linseed varieties by comprehensive analysis of fatty acid composition, lignan content, and amino acid composition

Biochemical profiling of 90 linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties was done to have insights into their health benefits and nutritional properties. The analysis of fatty acid (FA) composition revealed 5 major FAs as α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), oleic acid (OA), palmitic acid (PA), and stearic acid (SA) ranging from 1.68% to 59.19%, 5.61–62.44%, 18.14–45.54%, 5.69–9.5%, and 3.94–10.29%, respectively. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) content varied significantly with a wide range of 0.02–3.60% in the seed with highest SDG content recorded so far as 3.60% in variety KL-226. Amino acid (AA) composition analysis revealed the variation in average amino acid content of essential amino acids (EAA) (His, Thr Val, Met, Trp, Phe, Ile, Leu, Lys) and non-essential amino acids (NEAA) (Asp, Glu, Ser, Gly, Arg, Ala, Tyr, Cys). Total NEAA content ranged from 3.24% to 23.69% while total EAA content ranged from 1.89% to 14.89%. Lipid heath indices such as atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, cholestrolemic index and peroxidisability index along with other fatty acid ratios such as n-6/n-3 ratio, UFA/SFA, PUFA/SFA were calculated to determine the stability of the varieties against auto-oxidation. It also revealed the positive effect of all varieties providing protection against atherosclerosis, coronary heart diseases, cancer and inflammatory diseases. Oleic desaturation ratio (ODR) and linoleic desaturation ratio (LDR) calculated to determine the desaturation efficiency of fatty acids, while protein efficiency ratio (PER) value calculated using amino acid composition determine the nutritional quality of protein. PER value ranged from 1.92 to 4.12 making all 90 varieties a good quality protein plant source. Principal component analysis revealed a significant variation between the fatty acid composition, amino acid composition and SDG content with a total variation of 69.95%. Hierarchical cluster analysis calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that 89 varieties are mostly similar except TL-99 variety.

Availability of dietary secoisolariciresinol diglucoside on borderline blood cholesterol level in men: a randomized, parallel, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial.

Borderline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (120-139 mg/dl) increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the use of functional dietary nutrients is expected to control blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary secoisolariciresinol diglucoside on blood cholesterol in healthy adults with borderline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. A randomized, parallel, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial was performed for participants with borderline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, for 12 weeks with secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (60 mg/day) or placebo. Lipid profile [low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, total cholesterol, and triglycerides] and liver disease risk markers were measured at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Analyzing 36 participants in each group revealed a significant interaction between treatment and time, indicating reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.049) and total cholesterol (p = 0.020) levels in secoisolariciresinol diglucoside-receiving men but not women. However, no significant differences were observed in other markers regardless of gender. The results suggest that a daily intake of 60 mg of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in men with borderline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, proposing secoisolariciresinol diglucoside potential as a functional dietary nutrient for cardiovascular disease prevention. This study was registered in the UMIN-CTR database (UMIN000046202).

LİGNAN SEKOİZOLARİSİRESİNOL DIGLUKOSIT ÜZERİNE İN VİTRO VE İN SİLİKO ÇALIŞMALAR

Objective: Lignans are important biologically active compounds in diphenolic structure. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a significant type of lignan known to have anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative activity properties of SDG on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2), colorectal cancer cells (DLD-1), lung carcinoma (A549), and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines. Material and Method: Cell viability of cancer cells was determined by the MTT method after treatment with various concentrations of SDG at 48 or 72 hours. The DFT (Density Functional Theory) analysis of the SDG was performed using Spartan'10 and visualized. Drug-likeness and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME-Tox) properties of this compound were examined. Molecular docking was carried out to research the biological activity of SDG. Result and Discussion: Our results showed that SDG exhibited significant cytotoxicity only against DLD-1 cells with IC50 value of 37.45 µM, but inactive against other cancer cell lines as in vitro. 4UYA, which biomarker for colon cancer, is the crystal structure of the MLK4 kinase domain. The binding energy value for the SDG-MLK4 kinase domain was calculated as -6.1 kcal/mol. Anticancer potential was verified by in vitro assay and in silico molecular docking study. In conclusion, this study revealed the protective aspect of SDG against colon cancer and showed that it has promising anticancer activity.

Protective Effects of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside on Arsenic-induced Renal Damage and Oxidative Stress in Rats

Protective Effects of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside on Arsenic-induced Renal Damage and Oxidative Stress in Rats

A Mini Review on Components of Flax Seed and Their Effects on Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is recognized as one of the most common cancers worldwide that can lead to death. Alternative treatment options are needed due to drug resistance caused by current treatment methods such as chemotherapy, inclusion of healthy cells in the target, and possible side effects. In this context, there is great interest in natural compounds and their active metabolites. One of these is flaxseed (FS), which is one of the most studied foods to be associated with breast cancer. FS is a functional food with high nutritional value. FS components (fatty acids, fiber, and lignans) and especially the basic lignan structure in FS content, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and its metabolites enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) have beneficial effects on breast cancer progression. This review aimed to develop a perspective for further research on this type of cancer in the future by giving some general information about FS and its components and evaluating some studies showing potential effects on breast cancer.

Linagliptin and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside attenuate hyperlipidemia and cardiac hypertrophy induced by a high-methionine diet in rats via suppression of hyperhomocysteinemia-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Background: Cardiac hypertrophy (CH) is one of the contributing causes of morbidity and mortality. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is one of the diseases which may predispose hyperlipidemia and CH. Linagliptin (Lina) and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) are known to alleviate a variety of illnesses by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Aim: This study aimed to study the effect of HHcy on cardiac tissues, with a special focus on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a mainstay pathophysiological pathway. In addition, our study examined the protective effect of Lina, SDG, and their combination against HHcy-induced hyperlipidemia and CH in rats. Methods: Seventy-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, and for 60days, the following regimen was administered: Group I: rats received distilled water; Group II: rats received methionine (MET) (2g/kg/day, p.o.); groups III and IV: rats received Lina (3mg/kg/day, p.o.) and SDG (20mg/kg/day, p.o.), respectively, followed by MET (2g/kg/day, p.o.); Group V: rats received Lina and SDG, followed by MET (2g/kg/day, p.o.). Results: Pretreatment with Lina, SDG, and their combination showed a significant decrease in serum levels of HHcy and an improved lipid profile compared to the MET group. Moreover, both drugs improved cardiac injury, as evidenced by the substantial improvement in ECG parameters, morphological features of the cardiac muscle, and reduced serum levels of cardiac markers. Additionally, Lina and SDG significantly attenuated cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, Lina, SDG, and their combination remarkably downregulated the enhanced expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, GRP78, PERK, ATF-4, CHOP, NF-κB, and SREBP1c compared to the MET-group. Conclusion: Lina and SDG showed cardioprotective effects against HHcy-induced heart hypertrophy and hyperlipidemia in rats.

Anti-osteoporosis effects of mammalian lignans and their precursors from flaxseed and safflower seed using zebrafish model.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and tracheloside (TCL) are the main lignan components of flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake, which are by-products of oil extraction. Both SDG and TCL are metabolized into mammalian lignan enterolactone (EL) with the involvement of intestinal bacteria. In this research, we evaluated the anti-osteoporosis effects of SDG and the in vivo metabolites EL and enterodiol (ED) prepared in our previous work, as well as the newly isolated chemical constituents from safflower seed, including TCL, the lactone ring opening product of TCL (OTCL) and two alkaloids on the alloxan-induced zebrafish model. All the compounds showed significant anti-osteoporosis effects at 80µM, with p<0.05 for EL and p<0.001 for other compounds compared with the model. SDG and TCL showed the most significant and concentration-dependent effects, with p<0.001 compared with model at 20µM. The alkaloids, N-coumaroylserotonin glucoside and N-feruloylserotonin glucoside, also showed anti-osteoporosis at 20µM with p<0.01, whereas EL, ED, and OTCL showed no significant effects. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that SDG and TCL upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes Runx2, SP7, OPG, Col1a1a, Alp, ON, OPN, and OCN in alloxan-treated zebrafish. The in vivo metabolite of lignans, EL, showed significant anti-inflammatory effect (p<0.01) at 20µM, which might also help to combat osteoporosis and other complications caused by excessive immune response in the body. The results provided scientific data for using the oil extraction by-products as sources of anti-osteoporosis compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study found that lignans in flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake exhibited anti-osteoporosis effects by upregulating the expression of osteogenic genes, making the oil extraction by-products sources of anti-osteoporosis compounds.