Second Half Of Summer Research Articles

Tick hazard in the South Downs National Park (UK): species, distribution, key locations for future interventions, site density, habitats.

South Downs National Park (SDNP) is UK's most visited National Park, and a focus of tick-borne Lyme disease. The first presumed UK autochthonous cases of tick-borne encephalitis and babesiosis were recorded in 2019-20. SDNP aims to conserve wildlife and encourage recreation, so interventions are needed that reduce hazard without negatively affecting ecosystem health. To be successful these require knowledge of site hazards. British Deer Society members submitted ticks removed from deer. Key potential intervention sites were selected and six 50 m2 transects drag-sampled per site (mostly twice yearly for 2 years). Ticks were identified in-lab (sex, life stage, species), hazard measured as tick presence, density of ticks (all life stages, DOT), and density of nymphs (DON). Sites and habitat types were analysed for association with hazard. Distribution was mapped by combining our results with records from five other sources. A total of 87 Ixodes ricinus (all but one adults, 82% F) were removed from 14 deer (10 Dama dama; three Capreolus capreolus; one not recorded; tick burden, 1-35) at 12 locations (commonly woodland). Five key potential intervention sites were identified and drag-sampled 2015-16, collecting 623 ticks (238 on-transects): 53.8% nymphs, 42.5% larvae, 3.7% adults (13 M, 10 F). Ticks were present on-transects at all sites: I. ricinus at three (The Mens (TM); Queen Elizabeth Country Park (QECP); Cowdray Estate (CE)), Haemaphysalis punctata at two (Seven Sisters Country Park (SSCP); Ditchling Beacon Nature Reserve (DBNR)). TM had the highest DOT at 30/300 m2 (DON = 30/300 m2), followed by QECP 22/300 m2 (12/300 m2), CE 8/300 m2 (6/300 m2), and SSCP 1/300 m2 (1/300 m2). For I. ricinus, nymphs predominated in spring, larvae in the second half of summer and early autumn. The overall ranking of site hazard held for DON and DOT from both seasonal sampling periods. DBNR was sampled 2016 only (one adult H. punctata collected). Woodland had significantly greater hazard than downland, but ticks were present at all downland sites. I. ricinus has been identified in 33/37 of SDNPs 10 km2 grid squares, Ixodes hexagonus 10/37, H. punctata 7/37, Dermacentor reticulatus 1/37. Mapping shows tick hazard broadly distributed across SDNP. I. ricinus was most common, but H. punctata's seeming range expansion is concerning. Recommendations: management of small heavily visited high hazard plots (QECP); post-visit precaution signage (all sites); repellent impregnated clothing for deerstalkers; flock trials to control H. punctata (SSCP, DBNR). Further research at TM may contribute to knowledge on ecological dynamics underlying infection density and predator re-introduction/protection as public health interventions. Ecological research on H. punctata would aid control. SDNP Authority is ideally placed to link and champion policies to reduce hazard, whilst avoiding or reducing conflict between public health and ecosystem health.

The Abundance оf Black Grouse in Northern Eurasia

This paper presents the estimate results of the average annual abundance of black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix L., 1758), made on the material of data bank (ISEA SB RAS) for groups of physico-geographical countries within the borders of the USSR 1990. On the East European and West Siberian plains, value of grouse abundance and total number were calculated on average separately for the first and second half of summer and in winter, mainly from 1960 to 2020, for physicogeographical countries – only for the first half of summer. The under-accounting of birds was revealed in the second half of summer on the both plains territory, which was made up with the help of additional calculations. As a result, value of the abundance and total number of birds were obtained for natural zones and subzones within Russia and the USSR, separately on the East European and West Siberian plains. A significant similarity of the grouse stock estimation results by weighted averages, separately by landscape groups, and by a simple average for the entire territory of a physico-geographical country or several of them in the first half of summer is shown. The second method of stock assessment compared with the first one gave results that differ for those plains within confidence intervals at a confidence level of 0.1. On the groups of physico-geographical countries territories in the first half of summer, the highest average annual values of the abundance and number of black grouse are appropriate of the European territory and the Urals as a whole, as well as in Western Siberia. The lowest values are typical for Central Asia and Kazakhstan.

The influence of burning of steppe vegetation on the number of locusts (Insecta: Orthoptera, Acrididae) in the feather grass steppe of Dauria

An important factor influencing the structure of steppe communities in the south of Transbaikalia (Dauria) are spring fires. The frequency of fires is influenced by both the climatic features of the territory and the large amount of dry grass remaining until spring. In this regard, it is of great interest how fires can affect the communities of such an important group of herbivorous insects as locusts (Orthoptera, Acrididae). The results of surveys in the feather grass steppe on the territory of the Daursky Nature Reserve, carried out in the second half of summer, showed differences in the number, age and species structure of locust communities occupying unburned areas and areas subjected to burning in the spring. In the unburnt area, the number of locusts was significantly higher, but the proportion of larvae was lower. These differences can be associated both with the quality of shelters for locusts in the form of dry grass, and with the peculiarities of the temperature regime that arise in the event of burning.

Productivity of crop rotations depending on the degree of saturation of alfalfa and winter wheat with stubble natural phytocenosis in the Western Caspian region

The photosynthetic activity of alfalfa and winter wheat with PEF in crop rotations was studied at Vympel-2002 LLC in the Khasavyurt district of the Republic of Dagestan. The soil of the experimental plot is meadow-chestnut, heavy loamy, in the arable layer contains humus 2.77%, K2O - 32.8 and P2O5-2.21 mg / 100 g, its density is 1.24 g / cm3, the lowest moisture capacity of the soil layer - 0.6 m, in which the humidity was studied to determine the timing and norms of irrigation - 29.2%. The studies were carried out in three grain-grass crop rotations saturated with alfalfa and winter wheat with PEF from 25 to 75%, and their monocultures. The formation of PEF for green manure after harvesting winter wheat in the second half of summer, in terms of its influence on the photosynthetic activity of crops of subsequent winter wheat in the crop rotation, made it possible to achieve the same high indicators as after such a most valuable predecessor for it as alfalfa. Despite the fact that the latter, due to its multi-cutting, alfalfa forms 2.8 times more leaf surface area during the growing season, in terms of photosynthetic potential of crops (PPP) and net photosynthesis productivity (NPP) it is inferior to winter wheat with PEF in 1.6 and 6.2 times, respectively. PEF phytomass used for green fertilizer, smoothing out the negative impact of its long-term re-sowing on the phytosanitary state of the soil and the yield of the leading grain crop, can become the most acceptable way out of the situation when, due to the current structure of sown areas, winter wheat occupies 60- 80% of the crop rotation area and it has to be placed in the same field for 3-5 years without a change.

Evaluation of the NDVI Index as a Source of Information on Aboveground Phytomass in Steppes

The complexity of phytomass measurements on sample plots hinders the extrapolation of plot-related data to areas comparable to land use or landscape units. Vegetation indices calculated from satellite images are usually considered as indicators of green phytomass and are used for its areal estimates. The study solves the problem of establishing the information content of the normalized difference vegetation index NDVI depending on the fractional structure of living and dead aboveground phytomass, seasonal dynamics of the biological cycle, hydrothermal conditions and landscape position. We used the results of monthly measurements of aboveground phytomass fractions at 13 sites covered by Stipa zalesskii and Stipa lessingiana formations in the Burtinskaya steppe (Orenburgsky nature reserve) from May to September in 2015–2020. For each period, NDVI values were calculated from Landsat satellite images at all sites. Hypotheses about geobotanical, hydrothermal, phenological and landscape factors of NDVI informativity were tested by using the Spearman correlation coefficients, analysis of variance and multiple regression. The discrepancy between the seasonal peaks of NDVI and green phytomass is not consistent with the common opinion of a direct indicator value of NDVI. The total live biomass correlates more clearly with the index in June and July but weaker at the end of the season. NDVI turned out to be sensitive not so much to green phytomass as such, but to the mass and proportion of forbs and the ratio of live and dead phytomass. In late spring and early summer, NDVI is most closely associated with forbs while in July – with grasses. The hypothesis about the possibility of screening green mass with standing dead biomass was confirmed, which leads to a decrease in NDVI despite the absence of a decrease in green phytomass. NDVI may underestimate the real green phytomass if there is a sharp increase in the mass of dead biomass, usually in the second half of summer and early autumn. NDVI more adequately reflects the state of the aboveground phytomass of steppe communities that have not been exposed to fires for a long time, compared to burned communities and fallows.

СИСТЕМАТИЧНЕ ПОЛОЖЕННЯ ТА НАСІННЄВА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ADONIS VERNALIS L.

The article analyzes the taxonomy of the species and provides data on the seed productivity of the spring gorse flower and the replenishment of populations with new generations of individuals; determined favorable conditions for seed germination; summarized the results of the introduction of Adonis vernalis on the territory of the botanical nursery of the Uman National University of Horticulture.
 Seed propagation of Adonis vernalis was carried out in accordance with the methodical recommendations of T. O. Rabotnova and I. V. Vainagia. The works were carried out between the villages of Dmytrivka and Novopristan, Voznesensky District, Mykolaiv region, in 2019. 10 plots were selected using random sampling, the area of each of them was 1m². All fruits in this area were collected and the number of complete and defective seeds was counted. Indicators of potential and actual seed productivity were used to characterize seed reproduction. Seed yield per individual and per population was also determined. To establish field germination, Adonis vernalis seeds were sown to a depth of 1–2 cm on research plots at the Uman National University of Horticulture immediately after seed collection in nature.
 A comparison of our observations with factual data shows that the reproductive potential of Adonis vernalis in natural conditions is low, which is connected with the discrepancy between the ecological needs of seedlings and the ecological and coenotic conditions of local growth.
 In Ukraine, Adonis vernalis is noted for its high seed yield. The similarity of seeds in culture is much higher than in nature. Rainy weather in July-August is favorable for seed germination. Therefore, the low reproductive potential of Adonis vernalis is associated with the lack of moisture necessary for seed germination in the second half of summer.
 The successful experience of growing Adonis vernalis at the botanical nursery of the Uman National University of Horticulture shows that, in contrast to the plantation cultivation of the species, the modeling of introduction populations in artificially created steppe ecosystems is a promising direction for ex situ protection of the species. In this regard, it is advisable to sow and transplant the heather on the slopes of streams, river terraces and fallows. In the conditions of degradation of natural habitats and inefficiency of plantation cultivation, this will allow us to increase the resources of a valuable medicinal plant and contribute to its protection.

Agro-ecological tests of annual fodder crops unconventional for the Novgorod region to strengthen the forage base in the Non-Chernozem zone

Relevance . The need to increase the production of dairy products to ensure food security is the basis for the search for new reliable sources of feed. One of the ways to strengthen the forage base is the introduction of new, sparsely distributed forage crops. Methods . The research was carried out with varieties of Japanese millet, millet, Siberian millet, foxtail millet, amaranth. Results . Studies with have shown that in various weather conditions, plants formed stable yields of green mass: in extreme conditions of 2017 — 15–21 t/ha, in more favorable years — up to 53–97 t/ha, thus showing their adaptive properties. The growing season of millet was 79–107 days, the seed harvest was up to 1.2–2.1 t/ha, the average yield of green mass was in the range of 29–37 t/ha, the content of crude protein (CP) in the green mass was 8.9–14.6%, the Sputnik variety was distinguished by its precocity. Among Japanese millet varieties, the growing season was 99–128 days, in some years the seeds were not fully formed. The Krasava and Eurika varieties proved to be relatively precocious. The average yield of green mass of Japanese millet is 44–51 t/ha, the content of CP is 6.8–9.6%. Among the varieties of Siberian millet and foxtail millet, the Stepnoy Mayak variety with a growing season of 91–118 days distinguished itself by its precocity, the average yield of green mass in early varieties was at the level of 30 t/ha, in late varieties (Stamoga, Stachumi, Atlant) — 38 t/ha. Among amaranth varieties, the average yield of green mass is 44–54 t/ha, the CP content is 13.5–17%, the Lipetsky variety is distinguished by its precocity (the growing season is 98–111 days).The period of mowing ripeness of crops falls on the second half of summer and autumn, which makes it possible to eliminate the deficit in green fodder in these terms.

ВОДОПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ КУЛЬТУР ЗЕРНОТРАВЯНЫХ СЕВООБОРОТОВ ПРИ ЭНЕРГОНАКОПИТЕЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ПОЧВЫ В ЗАПАДНОМ ПРИКАСПИИ

The study was carried out on the meadow-chestnut soils of farm “OOO Vympel-2002” located in Khasavyurt district of the Republic of Dagestan. The purpose of the research was to examine the effect of varying saturation levels of cereal-grain crop rotations by alfalfa and winter wheat + crop residue natural phytocenosis on the total consumptive water use and the water-use ratio in the Western Caspian region. The main criterion for sustainable yields of winter wheat at 3–4-year repeated sowing is the crop residue natural phytocenosis formed in the second half of summer after harvesting the crop and plowing its biomass for green manure. The study has found that in the cereal-grass crop rotations, alfalfa consumes the largest amount of water for its yield during four years of use. The crop rotation that employs 75 % alfalfa and 25 % of winter wheat+the crop residue natural phytocenosis demonstrates the maximum total consumptive water use of 5000 m3 per 1 ha of rotation area. A larger share of winter wheat + the crop residue natural phytocenosis is crucial for more economical use of water in the crop rotation. The water-use ratio for alfalfa used in monoculture systems was 2660.7; the ratio was 3.7 times lower for winter wheat + the crop residue natural phytocenosis. Crop rotations that used from 75, 50 and 25 % of alfalfa had lower ratios than the monoculture systems (by 38.3, 55.7 and 65.9 %, respectively). The data indicate that the combination of winter wheat + the crop residue natural phytocenosis used for green manure reduce the water needed to obtain yields. The study results should be applied for designing cereal-grass and other types of crop rotations in the region.

Пищевые отношения между пелагическими личинками рыб и планктонными организмами в прикамчатских водах

The nutritional relations between fish larvae and zooplankton organisms in marine waters off Kamchatka Peninsula based on the ichthyoplankton samples as well as changes in the diet of fish larvae in Kamchatka waters are considered. In spring, the most suitable food organisms for small fish larvae are polychaeta larvae, Cirripedia and Calanoida nauplii, small forms of copepods, mollusks, juveniles of amphipods. In early summer larvae of Polychaeta, nauplii of Cirripedia and Calanoida, small forms of Cladocera and Copepoda are also available. The main forage organisms for larger larvae are furcilia and calyptopis of euphausiids, small larvae of Decapoda. In the second half of summer, larger forms, mainly of the same organisms, are available for late larvae of many fishes. The relationship between the distribution of marine fish larvae and zooplankton organisms is shown. A list of available food organisms for fish larvae during pelagic development has been compiled. Three main trophic groups have been proposed.

Application of remote sensing data for monitoring eutrophication of floodplain water bodies

The aim of this article was to investigate the influence of structural features of the floodplain water network on the spatial and temporal dynamics of chlorophyll-a concentration as an indicator of eutrophication. The research was conducted in the waters of the “Dnipro-Orilskiy” Nature Reserve. The geographic information base with polygonal objects which represented water bodies of the reserve was created on the basis of detailed geographical maps and the high resolution space images. The water bodies were characterized using such parameters as the distance of the water body centroid from the nearest shore of the Dnipro River, the area of the water body, the order of the water body and the connectivity of the water body. Chlorophyll-а concentration was estimated based on the surface algal bloom index. The information was obtained about 148 water bodies, 141 of which are water bodies in the floodplain of the Dnipro River. The area of floodplain water bodies within the reserve was 3.28 million m2. The area of floodplain water bodies ranged from 300–232,500 m2. Trophic State Index allows us to estimate the trophic level of Dnipro River waters as mesotrophic, water bodies of first and second order as eutrophic, and water bodies of third and fourth order as hypereutrophic. The dynamics of chlorophyll-a content in water followed the seasonal course of temperatures. The concentration was lowest in the cold period of the year and reached its maximum in the second half of summer. The autumn decrease occurred at the end of September. The seasonal course of air temperature was superimposed on the peculiarities of the temperature regime of a particular water body, which depended on its depth and flow rate. The time, water body area, distance from the Dnipro River channel, connectivity and order of water bodies were the statistically significant predictors of chlorophyll concentration in water and were able to explain 85% of the variation of this indicator. The increase in chlorophyll-a concentration with increasing order of a water body is due to a decrease in the intensity of water exchange and a decrease in the depth of water bodies of higher order. An increase in the order of a water body is accompanied by a branching network of water bodies, the ability of water bodies to clear sediments decreases. Sediment accumulation leads to a decrease in their depth. Warming of shallow ponds and accumulation of organic matter in them are factors of intensive growth of blue-green algae. The evacuation of surplus organic matter, which results from mass vegetation development with excessive nutrient inputs, is a key driver of the eutrophic regime of water bodies. The increasing importance of regulatory processes develops in agreement with an increase in chlorophyll-a concentration in a water body. The importance of the considered factors reaches the highest level in summer time, when simultaneous maximum warming of water bodies and minimum water level in them take place. Accordingly, the differences between deep and relatively cool water bodies and shallow water bodies that warm up quickly, which significantly stimulates the growth of organic mass, reach the greatest contrast. The spatial patterns of variation in chlorophyll-a concentration have a complex multiscale structure, indicating the multiple nature of the acting factors. The spatial variability was represented as a composition of broad-scale and medium-scale spatial processes. The broad-scale process is most dependent on connectivity, whereas for the medium-scale process the leading one is the effect of water body order.

Study of the dynamics of grass yield within the agricultural landscape based on long-term monitoring

Yield monitoring of a five-component grass stand in a breeding field within a moraine hill was carried out in 2003- 2018 in order to find patterns of its dynamics in the agrolandscape. The grass was used in the conditions of the Tver region without fertilizers in a single-cut mode in a field crossing all microlandscape positions of the hill (transcct) and divided into 30 plots. Annual data on productivity of grass mixture on each plot are presented in the form of: 1) absolute yield (specific hay yield); 2) relative yield (expressed as a percentage to maximum yield on a transect in a definite year). It was revealed that the yield of grasses is maximum in the central parts (≈ 6.5 t/ha) and minimal in the upper parts of the hillsides and at the top (≈ 5.2 t/ha). Time variability of yield depends on the geological structure of the soils ‒ increases with the transition from powerful binomials (≈ 40 %) to low-powerful ones (≈ 65 %). Correlation analysis showed that the transition to relative units (% of the yield) can significantly reduce the impact of climate on data variability. The maximum coincidence of temporal dynamics of different yield indicators is noted at the upper elevations ‒ here climatic conditions do not have a significant impact on the yield, as on slopes. Changes in the sum of the active temperatures have the greatest influence on the yield. Average indicators of correlation coefficients of yield and temperature sums are negative on the plots of soil distribution on powerful and medium-powerful binomials and positive on soils of low-powerful binomials. There has been found an inversely proportional dependence of the absolute yield of grasses on the sums of active temperatures in the pre-cut periods and in September and directly proportional in the second half of summer. Increasing the sum of temperatures contributes to a decrease in relative yields on sandy soils and optimizes the production process on loams and light loams. Dispersion analysis has shown that the main influence of temperatures on absolute yield is exerted by soil hydromorphism. The degree of impact of temperatures on relative yield depends on the nature of water exchange in the agrolandscape, the exposure of slopes (energy) and granulometric composition of soils. The results will make it possible to adapt measures for the placement of grass stands, regulation of water and thermal regimes of soils to farm conditions.

ВЛИЯНИЕ АНОМАЛЬНО ВЫСОКОЙ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ВОДЫ НА ГИДРОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ РЕЖИМ УСТЬЕВОЙ ОБЛАСТИ МАЛОЙ РЕКИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПРИТОКА РЫБИНСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА)

The increase in water temperature in the summer of 2010 affected the change in some hydrochemical characteristics in the water of the mouth area of the river. Ild, a tributary of the Rybinsk Reservoir. The maximum water temperature in the studied area was recorded in May and the second half of summer 2010. A high significant correlation between temperature and organic matter indicators was noted. During the period of maximum warming up in 2010, the total amount of organic matter, its labile fraction, and suspended solids were significantly higher than the period close to the long-term average. A large amount of atmospheric precipitation in June 2010 determined the maximum concentrations of OM, total and dissolved iron. The organic matter is represented mainly by freshly formed compounds, the suspended form of iron prevails over the dissolved one. The organic nature of iron in water is evidenced by a significant correlation between iron and OM in both years studied, r = 0.89–1.0, p <0.05. At the same time, temperature anomalies did not affect the content of dissolved oxygen and an increase in water salinity. The macrocomponent chemical composition of the water in the studied areas is dominated by hydrocarbonate ions, calcium and magnesium ions. In 2009, the relative content of HCO3 and Mg from the section of the free flow of the river to the reservoir is higher than in 2010. At the same time, the relative content of SO4, Cl, and Ca ions, on the contrary, is lower. From spring to autumn, a tendency towards a decrease in the relative content of HCO3 in both studied years was noted in the entire studied water area. The content of hypothetical salts NaHCO3 and MgHCO3 in 2009 exceeded those in 2010 by 3.4 and 5.0 times, respectively. In zones I – IIc, the content of calcium ions is 1.5–2.0 times higher than that of magnesium in 2009, and in 2010, 1.7–2.4 times. In the deep-water section of the reservoir in both years under study, the concentration of calcium ions is, on average, 2 times higher than that of magnesium. In both studied years, the potassium content in the studied water area is noticeably lower than the sodium content. During the spring flood, the K/Na ratio reaches its maximum values (up to 0.58). R. Ild is located in a zone of excessive moisture and is characterized by good soil leaching, especially from readily soluble salts (sulfates and chlorides), groundwater has extremely low concentrations of sulfates (less than 2 mg/dm3) and chlorides (2–4 mg/dm3). In 2009, the concentration of chlorides in the water of the studied water area does not exceed 8.0 mg/dm3 on average, in 2010 – 13.0 mg/dm3. In the place of mixing of river and reservoir waters, a decrease in the content of chlorides in water by dilution is observed. The concentration of sulfates in the water of the studied water area in 2009 averaged 3.6–13.3 mg/dm3, in 2010 – 3.6–22.9 mg/dm3. Due to the active biogenic absorption of sulfates, their minimum concentrations are inherent in the summer low-water period in both studied years. The content of hypothetical salts also shows that the amount of MgSO4 in June–July is less than in other periods.

PECULIARITIES OF DISTRIBUTION OF CARIDEAN SHRIMP LARVAE (DECAPODA, CARIDEA) IN EASTERN PART OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK

Species composition and long-term distribution of shrimp meroplankton in eastern part of Okhotsk Sea are described. Interannual and seasonal variability of qualitative and quantitative composition of shrimp meroplankton is discussed. Average abundance of larvae per station in different areas in spring varied within 1–77.5 ind./m2, in first half of summer – 13.1–133 ind./m2, in September – 1–27 ind./m2. Larvae of genera Pandalus and Eualus were most abundant in April. In summer larvae of family Crangonidae dominated above shallow waters, and Pandalidae dominated above bottom deeper than 100 m. Maximum abundance (1410 ind./m2) was observed in July. Most of larvae develop in upper layer of pelagic zone. In spring larvae were found above bottom depths more than 300 m. In first half of summer main concentrations were above outer and middle shelf, in second half of summer – above inner shelf. Late stages inhabit above bottom depths no more than 40 m.

The Influence of the Degree of Saturation of Crop Rotations with Alfalfa (Medicago SativaL.) and Winter Wheat (Triticum AestivumL.) with Ncp on the Accumulation of Plant Mass and Nutrients in the Energy Storage System of Soil Content in the Western Precaspian

The energy storage system of soil maintenance in the irrigation landscapes of the Western Precaspian is based on the use of the second half of summer for the formation of a natural crop phytocenosis (NCP) and plowing it for green fertilizer. The article deals with the formation of plant mass in grain-grass crop rotations, the concentration and accumulation of nutrients in it. The degree of saturation of alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) with natural crop phytocenosis (NCP) crop rotations ranges from 0 to 100%. The most productive of the studied crop rotations is a four-field with one output field of alfalfa and three fields of winter wheat, after harvesting which in the second half of summer a NCP for green fertilizer is formed. In this crop rotation, 97.4 t of agricultural products were produced on 1 ha of the crop rotation area, including 30.2 t/ha of its non-alienable part from the soil. Accordingly, the removal of N, P2O5 and K2O from the soil increases. The proportion of the returned amount of nutrients from the phytomass inalienable from the soil was (%): N-17.7; P2O5 and 45.3.

МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СТОИМОСТИ ПРОДУКТОВОЙ КОРЗИНЫ ПО ОРЕНБУРГСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The cost of a minimum set of food takes an essential place in the structure of the subsistence minimum, and largely determines the conditions of existence of the poorest segments of the population. In modern conditions of rising prices for vital foodstuffs, it is essential to analyze the cost of these goods in order to timely prevent the negative consequences of such an increase. The article is devoted to the assessment of changes in the actual average and minimum physiologically necessary living standards of citizens of the Russian Federation through a comparison of inflation indices calculated on the basis of consumer baskets and the index of changes in the value of average wages. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis based on one-dimensional time series of the dynamics of the cost of five food baskets, the transition to comparable prices is reasoned. It is noted that food products can be divided into two groups. Prices for some grow monotonously, without the influence of the time of year, which is more typical for industrial goods. The second subset is products with pronounced seasonality, primarily vegetables, whose prices fall in the second half of summer and autumn, and then begin to increase. The presence of this component leads to the fact that the growth of basket values practically stops in summer, and the fastest is in winter. The contributions of individual food products to the cost of consumer baskets have been studied. Attention is paid to the difference between normative (i.e., given a priori) baskets and the baskets obtained as a result of the analysis of real consumption. The article reflects not only theoretical aspects of the analysis of the standard of living of the population and the cost of the grocery basket, but also practical results. The study of changes in the structure of the cost of each of the considered food baskets caused by changes in prices for the corresponding goods is carried out, the influence of various socio-economic indicators is not taken into account.

Climate references of the 2020 seasons in the Southern coast of the Crimea

An agrometeorological review of the 2020 climate seasons on the Southern coast of the Crimea was performed based on observations from the Nikitsky garden agrometeorological station. A distinctive feature of the growing season from previous years was revealed - an abnormally high temperature regime and aridity of the early spring period, a hot dry-arid second half of summer, a long, unusually warm and arid autumn. Significant precipitation was falling only in January 2021 after the end of the growing period. Its distinctive feature was also that extremely dry vegetation conditions were observed for the second year in a row after a severe long summer-autumn drought in 2019. For the period from 1930 to 2020 similar difficult and unfavorable weather conditions on the Southern coast of the Crimean were observed for two consecutive years only in 1993-1994. A very long and severe air-soil drought had a depressing effect on all cultivated and wild plants, causing injury from severe hydrothermal stress even in native drought-resistant species, especially those growing on the slopes of the southern exposure with high steepness. At the beginning of the growing season in spring, the development of plants was ahead of the average long-term period from 1-2 weeks to one month. The predominance of cool weather in April-May and early June slowed down their development, but since the second half of June, the growth has intensified. In the future, under the influence of the hot and dry weather of July-August, the maturation of some plant species and cultivars accelerated by 2-3 weeks. Due to the abnormally warm weather in autumn, the end of the plants growing season in the Southern coast of the Crimea was delayed for 2-4 weeks. Heat availability in 2020 was significantly higher than the long-term average and higher than last year.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРУКТУРЫ И ДИНАМИКИ ЗООПЛАНКТОНА ОЗЕРА НЕРО (ЯРОСЛАВСКАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ) В ПЕРИОД ПОТЕПЛЕНИЯ КЛИМАТА

Data on the abundance, biomass, and composition of the dominant complex of zooplankton in the shallow hypertrophic lake Nero (Yaroslavl region) from 2007 to 2017 are present. The spatiotemporal distribution of zooplankton is analyze. The high zooplankton species richness is characteristic of Lake Nero (>100 species in the general list and up to 22–27 species in the sample). 2007 to 2011, a low amount of zooplankton was noted (<37.9 thous. ind./m3 and 0.15 g/m3), with a relatively high proportion of copepods (up to 83%). Since 2012, the abundance of planktonic animals has increased (313 thous. ind./m3 and 1.20 g/m3). In 2007–2017 the composition of dominants remained close to that in previous years; small crustaceans (Bosmina longirostris, Chydorus sphaericus, Mesocyclops leuckarti), rotifers (genera Asplanchna, Brachionus, Keratella, Trichocerca and Anuraeopsis) dominated the zooplankton community. Rotifer-dominated communities (with a high abundance of thermophilic Brachionus diversicornis) formed during abnormally warm summers. Two species groups are determined: the first dominates in spring, early summer, and autumn, and the second in the second half of summer. The high abundance of zooplankton (>5 mil. ind./m3 and 10 g/m3) is in the thickets of macrophytes, which is 8–9 times higher than in the open littoral and pelagic zones. In the western littoral zone, the low abundance of zooplankton (<1 g/m3) may be associated with local pollution, high concentration of chlorophyll a, high phytoplankton biomass, represented by low food cyanobacteria. The center part and the adjacent open littoral zone differed in composition and abundance of dominant species from the southern bays occupied by macrophytes. The trophic status of the lake ecosystem in terms of zooplankton is hypertrophic since the 1980s. The abundance, composition and structure of the community in the long-term aspect are stable with interannual fluctuations common for a high-trophic shallow lake.

Reproduction Ecology of the Bank Vole Myodes (Clethrionomys) glareolus Schreb. at the Northern Periphery of the Range: Communication 2. Sexual Maturation and Fertility of Adults and Juveniles

Over many years of field studies (1958–2017), we determined that, under the conditions of the northern periphery of the range, the rate of sexual maturation of bank vole juveniles depends on the calendar date of birth more than on the absolute age. It was noted that individuals can reproduce as early as 25–30 days after birth. The earlier the animals are born, the faster they grow and develop and the earlier they mature and begin to reproduce. It was established that males and females born later than June do not generally mature in the year of birth and reproduce only the next spring, after wintering, and although among them there are mature individuals (mainly July broods), their number does not exceed 21%. It was found that the rapidly developing underyearlings of early broods, almost without exception participating in reproduction in the year of birth, provide population growth by the fall of the current year, and those born in the second half of summer serve as a population reserve for the next breeding season. We registered the age-related differences in the quality of the population and a clear “distribution of responsibilities” between individual generations, which are quite labile and serve as one of the most important mechanisms of population regulation. It was also noted that the fertility of adult and breeding new females depends not only on the environmental conditions, but also on their numbers in spring.

ОЦЕНКАУСЛОВИЙПРОИЗРАСТАНИЯНАСАЖДЕНИЙ ОБЛЕПИХИ ПРИ ЛИМАННОМ ОРОШЕНИИ

Sea-buckthorn grows well on slope lands that are high-ly drained and lack stagnant water. The optimum soil mois-ture content for sea-buckthorn corresponds to 70% of the lowest moisture capacity. Under continuous soil moisture deficit, the leaf surface area decreased, the fruits were poorly set as a result of ovary drop during the first half of the growing season, and berry size decreased. In this re-gard, the study of the water regime of the soil under sea-buckthorn plantations the possibility of its regulation re-mained quite topical. The available moisture in the humus horizons of chernozem in May 2004 corresponded to a satisfactory level. At the end of summer, the moisture con-tent of the chernozem decreased to unsatisfactory state. As a result, the plants experienced water deprivation throughout the growing season. Naturally, the need arose for irrigation, especially in June and August with irrigation rates of 490 and 280 t per m3, respectively. In the underly-ing horizons, the soil moisture deficit was weaker. In the humus horizons, the available moisture in the chernozem in the middle of the slope did not differ much from the mois-ture content at its top. At the same time, in the transitional BC layer in the second half of summer, the available mois-ture content was significantly higher. This difference was also found in the parent rock. In the lower part of theslope, the one-meter soil layer contained a greater amount of moisture which contributed to the decrease of its deficit during the entire growing season. This was especially no-ticeable in the illuvial horizon and parent rock. In the sec-ond half of summer,the available moisture content here remained higher than in the upper slope sites. In conclu-sion, it should be noted that only humus-accumulative hori-zons A (arable) + AB needed irrigation with different irriga-tion rates depending on the location of the sea-buckthorn plantations on the slope and their growth features.

ВОДНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ЧЕРНОЗЕМА ВЫЩЕЛОЧЕННОГО ПОД ОБЛЕПИХОЙ НА ЛИМАНАХ ГЛУБОКОГО НАПОЛНЕНИЯ

In the humus horizons, the productive moisture reserves in the chernozem in the middle of the slope did not differ much from the moisture reserves at its top. At the same time, in the transition layer of the SUN in the second half of summer, they were significantly higher. This difference also occurred in the soilforming rock. In the lower part of the slope, the meter-long layer of the soil layer contained a greater amount of moisture, which helped to reduce its deficit during the entire growing season. This was especially noticeable in the illuvial horizon and the soil-forming rock. In the second half of the growing season, the ELVs here remained higher than on the upper elements of the slope. In conclusion, it should be noted that only humus-accumulative horizons of Ap+AB needed irrigation with different irrigation norms, depending on the location of sea buckthorn plantations on the slope and the characteristics of their vegetation.