Seaweed Cultivation Research Articles

An Integrated Business Model Based on Linear Programming for Carrageenan Production Chain in Coastal Village

The blue economy concept is a development program that harmonizes economic growth, social equity, and a sustainable environment. In coastal villages, economic growth could be promoted by selecting a high-value and competitive local-based product, selecting a clean production process with renewable energy, proper waste management, and involving people who live in the coastal area. The research is carried out in Padike village, Talango district, Poteran island, Sumenep, East of Java supported by the vocational high school in Padike and the University of Wiraraja, Sumenep as a partnership institution, and involving people living in Poteran island. An integrated business model based on linear programming was designed to perform a carrageenan production chain that consists of modern seaweed cultivation farming, a high-quality seaweed drying dome, a clean carrageenan processing shop with zero waste management, and clean renewable energy. The model developed based on linear programming was run into 2 different scenarios. The first scenario focuses on the optimization in each production station and the second scenario focuses on the carrageenan production itself. From the different scenarios, we obtained that the second scenario resulted in an appealing opportunity. As a result, an integrated business model for managing the carrageenan production chain has been initiated, and as a practical example of the blue economy model which ensures the proper balance between economic growth, social equity, and a sustainable environment.

A Comparative Study on Macronutrients Content and Antioxidant Activity of Four Wild and Cultivated Seaweeds from the Moroccan Atlantic Coast

ABSTRACT: Extensive harvest of seaweeds in Morocco has caused overexploitation of these resources. Four Moroccan common seaweed species, wild and cultivated, were studied to assess the cultivated species' potential in comparison to their wild counterparts. The macronutrient composition, total phenolic compounds (TPC), as well as potential antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), were established. Seaweeds contained a wide range of proteins (5–16% of DW), lipids (1–3% of DW), carbohydrates (20–59% of DW), and total polyphenols (3-6 mg EAG/g of DW). Red seaweeds contained high levels of polysaccharides (47–59% of DW), mainly the cultivated Gigartina pistillata, and important amounts of proteins, especially Gelidium sesquipedale (14–15% of DW), whereas the cultivated type was richer in proteins. Gracilaria gracilis and wild Gelidium sesquipedale are characterized by notable antioxidant activity, particularly the cultivated Gracilaria gracilis (TPC: 6.807 mg GAE/g of DW; low values of IC50 of DPPH: 53.863μg/mL and FRAP: 67.033μg/mL). Besides, the green seaweed Ulva lactuca is poor in carbohydrates but contains essential amounts of proteins and phenolics. This work highlights the significant potential of cultivating Moroccan seaweeds through algaculture to achieve more sustainable production with enhanced nutrient and bioactive molecule content.

Analysis of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Based on Environmental Mitigation

Blue economy is a development concept that develops by relying on marine or aquatic resources. An increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is fueling climate change. This study aims to analyze the rate of carbon uptake in the waters, using seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii which utilizes carbon to be converted into biomass before returning to the air. The results showed that highest carbon absorption rate was found in location A with the highest total carbon absorption of 94.87±0.77 tons C/planting cycle, then treatment B with 83.96±0.54 tons C/planting cycle, and the lowest in treatment C with 76.88±0.18 tons C/planting cycle. Water quality parameters are still mostly in decent condition for the cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. Salinity conditions of waters are relatively high (35-39 ppt) even though the optimum seaweed grows in the range of 30-34 ppt. The conclusion of the study is that the highest total carbon is found at Location A, which is 94.87±0.77 tons C/planting cycle. The suggestion of this study is that it is necessary to analyze the suitability of seaweed cultivation land with various water quality parameters, so that mapping of potential types of seaweed that can be cultivated according to the characteristics and quality of the waters.

Potential for Development of Seaweed Cultivation Business Post Covid-19 Post in the Marine Area, Serangan City, Denpasar - Bali

The aim of this research was to outline the possibilities for seaweed farming in Serangan Denpasar, Bali's maritime waters. study based on Aqua Modis satellite photography findings. The results of satellite photography for water depth are used, together with SST (Sea Surface Temperature) distribution photos taken between January and June 2019 and January and June 2023. Based on observations, the attack sea's waters contain an area of 70.61 Ha that could be used for seaweed production in 2019. 71.82 Ha could be used for seaweed farming in 2023

Selection and cultivation of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii using a long line system (outdoor)

In outdoor cultivation at Amal Beach, three seeding mass selections were reared for 30 days for each cycle. Each variety had a different DGR %/day (Daily Growth Rate %/day) value at the end of the growing season on G1-G2-G3 ranging from 3.62-5.90 %/day, which were still categorized as good, and G3 var.Lampung had the highest DGR value. Carrageenan yield values in this study, G1 to G3, ranged from 23.16% to 45.87%, where the G3 G2 G1 treatment. The best thallus samples (20% were selected for each generation) resulted in carrageenan yield sample population in each variety, where var.Lampung var.Tarakan var.Kupang. The biplot analysis shows that the DGR variable vector coincides with the IAA, Phosphate, Gibberellin, and Ammonia vectors. Ammonia stepwise regression analysis (sigα) affects DGR with an Ammonia coefficient value of 4.89; meaning that for each increase in the Ammonia value by one unit, the estimated mean value of DGR will increase by 4.89. Thus, the application of the mass based on the results of this study was able to increase the DGR value Kappaphycus alvarezii, which in turn produce the highest yield of carrageenan with K. alvarezii var.Lampung G3 was the best seed candidate to be developed at the seaweed cultivation site in Tarakan City.Keywords:AlgaePhytohormonesCarrageenanNitrogenViscosity

Characterization of seaweed extract produced on the Southern Coast of the Rio de Janeiro State

Brazil has a considerable developmental potential in the mariculture by the seaweed cultivation. The extract derived from Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) L.M. Liao has shown promising results in agricultural applications. Nonetheless, studies have indicated disparities in the physicochemical composition of extracts produced in different locations. This study aimed to characterize the K. alvarezii extract produced from commercially cultivated seaweed in Angra dos Reis (RJ/ Brazil). The average yield of the produced extract was 0.64 ± 0.05 L kg-1, with the resulting solid fraction measuring 319 ± 35 g kg-1. Potassium (K2O) emerged as the most relevant macroelement in the sample, with a concentration of 19.5 g L-1, followed by Nitrogen at 0.24 g L-1 and Phosphorus at 0.1 g L–1. Among the secondary macroelements, Magnesium was the most prominent at 0.41 g L-1, followed by Calcium at 0.29 g L-1, and Sulfur at 0.16 g L-1. In addition, the microelements Iron (5.25 mg L-1) and Zinc (2.5 mg L-1), and the element Sodium (2.85 g L-1) also presented significant contributions. The extract of K. alvarezii produced in this study exhibited intrinsic characteristics, showed disparities in elemental composition regarding others extracts reported in the literature.

Socio-Cultural Transformation of Seaweed Farmers in Ghone Balano Village, Muna Regency

This study aims to determine the socio-cultural aspects of seaweed farmers in Ghone Balano Village, Muna Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. Seaweed farmers on the coast of Ghone Balano Village, Muna Regency, especially people who work as fishermen, are changing from traditional to more modern lifestyles with a focus on sea utilization or seaweed cultivation. This change can be seen in the production process of seaweed cultivation which is more characterized by household business activities dealing with marketing processes that have capitalistic value. However, this change was hampered by funding from government and private financial institutions. Although technology has begun to be applied in seaweed cultivation, it has not been optimal in increasing production because it is very dependent on the contributions of family members. As a result, slow capital formation and suboptimal use of technology hamper the progress of seaweed cultivation among these farmers.

KONTRIBUSI FAKTOR FISIKA KELAUTAN TERHADAP PEMBUDIDAYAAN RUMPUT LAUT (EUCHEUMA COTTONII) DI DESA RIA BAO KECAMATAN NAGAWUTUNG KABUPATEN LEMBATA

Research Objectives To determine the contribution of marine physics factors to the cultivation of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) in Ria Bao Village, Nagawutung District, Lembata Regency.This type of research uses quantitative research. The population in this study is the coastal area of ​​Ria Bao Village, Nagawutung District, Lembata Regency. The sample in the study was taken from the entire population, namely there are three points for determining the location of seaweed cultivation in the coastal area of Ria Bao Village, Nagawutung District, Lembata Regency. The three points were chosen intentionally (purposive sampling). It is planned to measure marine physical factors with a distance of 0.5 to 1 km from the shoreline to the sea, or a depth limit that is still possible for the development of seaweed cultivation.Data sources consist of primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques are observation, and documentation. The analysis technique is using matrix of land suitability for seaweed cultivation. Research Results (1) The Contribution of Marine Physics Factors to Seaweed Cultivation is the Current Speed Factor (point 1=0.18m/s, point 2=0.30m/s, point 3=0.21m/s), Sea Depth (point 1=3.81 m, point 2=1.93 m, point 3=3.57 m), Brightness (point 1=2.80 m, point 2=1.20 m, point 3=1.60 m) , Temperature (point 1=290C, point 2=300C, point 3=300C), and tides (0.30 m) .

COVID-19 pandemic and the momentum of seaweed industry development in Indonesia towards sustainable food system: An overview

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the seaweed industry due to changes in supply and demand, cost increases, market volatility, and the implementation of lockdown measures. This study aimed to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the seaweed industry to support a sustainable food system. This study used both primary data from the seaweed industry, especially the upstream sector, and secondary data to determine the progress of the national and international seaweed industries. The data was analyzed descriptively to obtain information regarding the role of the seaweed industry in accelerating post-pandemic coastal economic recovery. The results indicated that seaweed cultivation can support coastal economic recovery in the post-COVID-19 pandemic. After demand recovers, production can be enlarged in a short time without excessive investment and has the potential to generate income within 30–45 days. It was found that total seaweed exports have dropped by 30.54% and 19.90% by volume and value, respectively, in only the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the effect of the pandemic has encouraged accelerative industrialization by increasing the capacity of domestic seaweed factories from 50% to 72%. The pandemic has also triggered the domestic industry to produce seaweed derivative products independently, such as carrageenan, alginate, and agar, to reduce dependence on imports. It is imperative to recommend to the Indonesian government that the export tariff on dried seaweed be increased to boost the competitiveness of the domestic seaweed processing industry and invest in the diversification of processed seaweed derivative products.

Study of underwater sound effects relation to current velocity and Siganus sp. population in seaweed cultivation area

Underwater sound is one of the interesting phenomena in the ocean. Underwater sounds can impact marine organisms, especially fish and mammals. One of the organisms that can be influenced by underwater sound is the Siganus fish. This study aims to determine sound propagation with a certain level of fish pest repellents about the surface currents velocity and Siganus canaliculatus. population in seaweed cultivation areas. This research was conducted in a seaweed cultivation area in Baubau City, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, in May-July 2022. The tool used is a seaweed pest repellent Ver.04 (Usirikan Ver 03). Underwater sound, at a strength level of 76.19-83.09 dB, can propagate quickly at 60 m in diameter of the sea area. The farthest distance multiplied at a strength of 62.41-69.30 dB can reach 150 m in diameter of the sea area. The fish population (S. canaliculatus) was not found in the seaweed cultivation area, with a sound level of 62.41 dB. The population of Siganus fish is around 2-4 ind/m2 at a sound level of 48.62 dB. Underwater sound with a sound level above 50 dB can impact the population of S. canaliculatus. Seaweed fish repellent can significantly affect behavior. of S. canaliculatus

Hydroelastic Responses of a Submersible Ring Structure for Offshore Seaweed Cultivation under Wave Action

This paper investigates the hydroelastic response of a submersible circular ring structure, designed for offshore seaweed cultivation, under wave action and during the submergence process. The ring structure comprises two circular HDPE pipes connected to each other by equally spaced brackets. The structure carries seaweed grow-out lines, and is kept in position by a mooring-line system used for fish pens. The HDPE collar is equipped with multiple inlet and outlet valves, allowing it to be submerged to avoid strong waves and to be raised to the water surface when the strong waves die down. The software AquaSim was used for the hydroelastic analysis of the moored structure. It is found that we can significantly reduce the von Mises stresses in the ring structure as well as the mooring-line forces by submerging. However, the structure can experience significant increase in stress during the submergence process due to bending from combined wave action and non-uniform distribution of filled water in the ring structure. This stress increase may cause structural damage or even failure. Therefore, it is important to submerge the ring structure in calm waves ahead of predicted storms and to control the distribution of seawater into the ring structure. For the latter, it is best to use at least two inlet valves and two outlet valves to minimize the likelihood of damage of the ring structure during the submergence process.

Long-term unialgal seaweed cultivation in artificial seawater without water change. I. Laboratory investigations of Ulva

Abstract Unialgal stock cultures for seeding the tank water can be used for the mass cultivation of seaweeds in artificial seawater, as in microalgal mass cultivation. High costs for artificial sea salt mixtures and distilled water would be required, however, to use artificial seawater in big tanks for commercial purposes, but frequent medium changes may not be required, since the major ions contained in artificial seawater, such as sodium, will barely be utilised by the cultured algae during long periods of time, even over years. Similar growth rates were obtained at the start and end of an experiment conducted with Ulva pseudocurvata cultivated unialgally for two years without water change, at a low algal density and with weekly addition of Provasoli Enrichment. Growth in this experiment was increasingly impeded due to gamete swarming events causing dark greenish water every few weeks. The experimental water had then to be boiled in order to kill the gametes. In a second experiment, this time performed at a high algal density, maximum yield values were 20–30 g fresh weight m−2 d−1, both for 2-year-old and newly prepared artificial seawater. These results verified the hypothesis that long-term Ulva cultivation in artificial seawater is possible without frequent medium changes.

Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Budidaya Rumput Laun (Eucheuma Cottonii) di Kampung Ambai Distrik Kepulauan Yapen Kota Serui

The aim of this research is to assess the feasibility of cultivating seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) in Ambai Village, Yapen Islands District, Serui City. The method used in this research is descriptive with a qualitative and quantitative approach. Determining the research location was carried out purposively with a population of two seaweed farmers who were still actively cultivating in Ambai Village. The analysis method used is financial operational analysis (R/C and BEP). The results of the research show that seaweed cultivation is feasible to develop, this can be seen from the total income earned by each Eucheuma cottonii seaweed farmer of IDR 2,640,000 per cycle and the R/C Ratio from seaweed farming in Ambai village of 1.54 meaning that it is financially profitable and feasible to develop as a fishery business activity.

Effect of bacterial community succession on environmental factors during litter decomposition of the seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis

In large-scale seaweed farming, an understanding of the decomposition process plays a pivotal role in optimizing cultivation practices by considering the influence of the bacterial community. Therefore, we assessed the bacterial community structure and its influence on environmental factors during Gracilaria lemaneiformis decomposition, utilizing both microcosms and in-situ simulations. The decomposition rates in the microcosms and in situ simulations reached 79 % within 180 days and 81 % within 50 days, respectively In the microcosms, the dissolved oxygen content decreased from 5.3 to 0.4 mg/L, while the concentrations of total organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the water increased by 165 %, 1636 %, and 2360 %, respectively. The common dominant bacteria included Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetae. Planctomycetes and Firmicutes were positively correlated with the total organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus concentrations. Planctomycetes species played significant roles during the decomposition process. The overall findings of this study could inform more sustainable seaweed cultivation practices.

Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) Cultivation Business Development Strategy in Tihi-Tihi Village, Bontang Lestari Village, Bontang Selatan District, Bontang City

The purpose of this research is to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and formulate appropriate strategies in developing seaweed cultivation businesses in Tihi-Tihi Village. Strategy formulation using development strategy analysis consisting of SWOT and QSPM analysis. According to the result, the priority strategy recommended for the development of seaweed cultivation is to increase production yields and expand cooperative relationships with buyers who will take the seaweed produced.

Strategy For Developing A Sustainable Seaweed Cultivation Industry In The Kotania Bay Area, Maluku

Seaweed cultivation business provides good prospects for national and international trade. Sustainable area management in terms of economics, human resources and social culture. The aim of this research is to analyze the potential and strategy for developing a sustainable seaweed cultivation industry in the Kotania Bay area, West Seram, Maluku. The research was carried out from March to June 2023. The methods used in this research were survey methods, interviews, discussions, and focus group discussions, as well as field studies in the Katonia Bay seaweed cultivation area. Determining the sample using purposive sampling. Data analysis was carried out using quantitative and qualitative descriptive methods using Excel software and the SWOT method (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats). Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, the priority seaweed cultivation development strategy that must be carried out is to formulate a seaweed cultivation business development strategy by applying intensive cultivation technology. Utilization of new land to increase production and meet market needs

Cost and Income Analysis of Seaweed Cultivation Using the Off-Base Method in Seriwe Village Jerowaru Subdistrict East Lombok District

As part of the world's Coral Triangle, Indonesia has economically valuable seaweed (Eucheuma cottoni), and thousands of species worldwide can grow well in Indonesian waters. The research aims to determine the costs and income of offshore seaweed cultivation in Seriwe Village, Jerowaru District. The study uses descriptive methods with data collection techniques through direct interviews. The research conclusion is that the cost of cultivating seaweed is IDR4,762,122 per area of ​​developed land or IDR103,524,391 per hectare, and the income is IDR7,978,878 or IDR173,116,913 per hectare. From a regulatory perspective, all parties should monitor every policy issued by the regional government and provide intensive assistance to cultivators using a group approach by introducing cultivation techniques, innovation, and post-harvest management that have added value.

Risiko Produksi Dan Harga Pada Usahatani Rumput Laut Di Kabupaten Takalar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

Seaweed is an export product of aquaculture commodities that have high economic value. One of the areas with high seaweed production in Indonesia is Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The challenges faced in seaweed farming in South Sulawesi are productivity and price fluctuations. This indicates that there is a risk in cultivated seaweed farming. This study aimed to analyze production risk factors, price risk levels, and risk management for seaweed farming in Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This study uses primary data derived from 100 respondents who were selected randomly. Analysis of production risk factors using the Just and Pope models with the Cobb-Douglas production function and the level of price risk is carried out by measuring the coefficient of variation and the price floor. Meanwhile, risk management consists of preventive, mitigation, and risk-coping strategies. The results showed that the production risk factors that had a significant effect was labor and harvesting age and had the characteristic of inducing risk factors. The price risk farmers face in Takalar Regency is indicated by the coefficient variation value of 0,279, so the risk level faced is 27,9 percent per kg. Risk management is a preventive strategy by maximizing farming activities, and the quality of the inputs used before risks occur in production and prices.

Diversity, composition and ecological networks of bacterial communities in response to a full cultivation cycle of the seaweed, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis

Cultivation of the seaweed, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, supports environmental bioremediation and the aquaculture economy in coastal ecosystems, and microorganisms play important roles during the cultivation process. In this study, we aimed to understand the response of bacterial communities through a full cultivation cycle of G. lemaneiformis. We analyzed the bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and defined the environmental factors of 144 water samples from the Nan'ao Island, South China Sea. Community diversity, keystone species and ecological networks of bacterial communities shifted markedly in the cultivation zone largely due to changes in the environmental factors, seaweed biomass and cultivation stages. The bacterial communities at the seaweed zone have lower species richness, more seaweed-associated taxa and simpler but more stable co-occurrence networks compared to the control zone. Persistent microbial groups such as Aquimarina, Formosa, Glaciecola and Marinobacter exhibited a strong association with seaweed during the growth and maturity stages. We describe a conceptual model to summarize the changes in the bacterial community composition, its diversity and the ecological networks in seaweed cultivation zone. Overall, this study provides new perspectives on the dynamic interaction of seaweed cultivation, bacterial communities and environment factors and their potential ecosystem services as observed in the example of the G. lemaneiformis cultivation ecosystem.

Tropical Red Macroalgae Cultivation with a Focus on Compositional Analysis.

To create carbon efficient sources of bioenergy feedstocks and feedstuff for aquaculture and terrestrial livestock, it is critical to develop and commercialize the most efficient seaweed cultivation approach with a sustainable nutrient input supply. Here, we present data for a novel, onshore tropical macroalgae cultivation system, based on influent deep seawater as the nutrient and carbon sources. Two red algal species were selected, Agardhiella subulata and Halymenia hawaiiana, as the basis for growth optimization. Highest productivity in small-scale cultivation was demonstrated with A. subulata in the 10% deep seawater (64.7 µg N L-1) treatment, growing at up to 26% specific growth rate day-1 with highest yields observed at 247.5 g m-2 day-1 fresh weight. The highest yields for H. hawaiiana were measured with the addition of 10% deep seawater up to 8.8% specific growth rate day-1 and yields at 63.3 g fresh weight m-2 day-1 equivalent. Biomass should be culled weekly or biweekly to avoid density limitations, which likely contributed to a decrease in SGR over time. With a measured 30-40% carbon content of the ash-free dry weight (20-30% of the dry weight) biomass, this translates to an almost 1:1 CO2 capture to biomass ratio. The compositional fingerprint of the high carbohydrate content of both Agardhiella and Halymenia makes for an attractive feedstock for downstream biorefinery applications. By focusing on scaling and optimizing seaweed farming technologies for large-scale onshore farms, the opportunities for yield potential, adaptability to cultivation conditions, and meeting global sustainability goals through novel, carbon-negative biomass sources such as seaweed can be realized.