Seasonal Temperature Values Research Articles

Unlocking Weather Observations at the End of the World: Late-XIX and Early-XX Century Monthly Mean Temperature Climatology for Southern Patagonia

A climate analysis of the monthly mean temperatures of Southern Patagonia during the late-XIXth and early-XXth centuries was carried out as part of the international data rescue Atmospheric Circulation Reconstructions over the Earth (ACRE) program partnership in Argentina, together with other data sources with regional and global records. The data from these diverse sources were combined to carry out a study in the coastal region of Patagonia, including Tierra del Fuego, between 42° S and 55° S for 11 locations. Furthermore, HadSST monthly/seasonal fields during the period 1880–1920 were also used. Both mean monthly and seasonal temperature values and timeseries variability were considered. Their analysis shows consistent behavior within the study region and compared to Southern Hemisphere mean results, which are characterized by a warm late-XIX century and a cooler early-XX century. This is also in agreement with SST variability along the coasts of Patagonia and hemispheric records. A comparison with present-day observations, where available, also yields consistent behavior. Low-frequency variability, i.e., in periods longer than 3 years, during the study period is consistent with present variability. Trend estimates at Trelew and Rio Gallegos for the period 1901–2020 yield significant trends, consistent with hemispheric warming at their latitudes.

Extraction and Analysis of Temperature data from COSMIC of Pacific Occultation

With the increase of human demand for natural climate research, climate monitoring technology has been greatly developed, and the occultation technology proposed in the field of surveying and mapping provides a more accurate and effective data source for meteorology research. With the destruction of the earth’s ecosphere by pollution, the global climate change has a great impact on human life, so the research on meteorology has been paid more and more attention. The data obtained from GPS radio occultation observations have also become one of the key data sources to record the temperature changes of the atmosphere in tropical regions. The extraction and analysis of temperature data in the western Pacific are very essential. At the same time, it plays an crucial role in China’s climate prediction and disaster warning. It is hoped that by reading the occultation data of the western Pacific in 12 months in 2014, and drawing the isoline map of the lunar season and seasonal temperature values, the change law of global and western Pacific temperature with longitude, latitude and altitude can be analysed.

IĞDIR TUZLUCA BÖLGESİNDE YETİŞTİRİLEN BAZI MEYVE AĞAÇLARININ YAPRAKLARINDAN ELDE EDİLEN DOĞAL BOYA POTANSİYELİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

The effort to acquire colors that are naturally found in nature in human history has been continued until today. This effort was sometimes the result of trial and error, sometimes long efforts. The search for natural paint has generally been done by focusing on plants. The process of processing the colorful flowers and leaves of the plants into stone and wood paved the way for the use of colors in clothing and accessories of living spaces by taking them under control over time. Iğdır, known as the second Çukurova of Anatolia; It is one of the places that has an important advantage in the reflection of seasonal temperature values on the plants. Humidity and temperature to plants; Particularly, its reflection on tree leaves ensures that these leaves reach saturation in terms of their color characteristics. With the research carried out, the color effects of the dye values obtained from the leaves of some fruit trees dried in the natural environment and indoor environment in the autumn season in the Iğdır Tuzluca region were focused on.

Interpopulation variability of the reproductive cycle of Arbacia lixula (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Mostaganem shallow-water area (south-western Mediterranean)

The study on the reproductive biology of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula was carried out at two different sites on the west coast of Algeria (Mostaganem) (one located at Salamandre considered polluted and the other at Stidia is relatively healthy). A monthly sampling was carried out from January 2015 to December 2016. The sex ratio at the two sites is slightly in favour of males. Monthly monitoring of the gonad index showed maximum values during the month of May, and minimum values in September. The gonad index for both male and female evolves in the same way. Histological study of the male and the female gonads confirmed the results obtained for the gonad index. The sexual resting stage takes place in winter, followed by maturation in spring. Finally, the spawning phase occurs between spring and summer. The variability of the seasonal temperature values appears to influence the maturation of the gonads and the spawning process in A. lixula. The results obtained in this study show the existence of an annual cycle in A.lixula with the presence of a massive spawning in July, the duration of which depends on the combined effect of stress factors (increase in temperature and presence of pollution).

The influence of ecological and life history factors on ectothermic temperature-size responses: Analysis of three Lycaenidae butterflies (Lepidoptera).

Body size has been shown to decrease with increasing temperature in many species, prompting the suggestion that it is a universal ecological response. However, species with complex life cycles, such as holometabolous insects, may have correspondingly complicated temperature–size responses. Recent research suggests that life history and ecological traits may be important for determining the direction and strength of temperature–size responses. Yet, these factors are rarely included in analyses. Here, we aim to determine whether the size of the bivoltine butterfly, Polyommatus bellargus, and the univoltine butterflies, Plebejus argus and Polyommatus coridon, change in response to temperature and whether these responses differ between the sexes, and for P. bellargus, between generations. Forewing length was measured using digital specimens from the Natural History Museum, London (NHM), from one locality in the UK per species. The data were initially compared to annual and seasonal temperature values, without consideration of life history factors. Sex and generation of the individuals and mean monthly temperatures, which cover the growing period for each species, were then included in analyses. When compared to annual or seasonal temperatures only, size was not related to temperature for P. bellargus and P. argus, but there was a negative relationship between size and temperature for P. coridon. When sex, generation, and monthly temperatures were included, male adult size decreased as temperature increased in the early larval stages, and increased as temperature increased during the late larval stages. Results were similar but less consistent for females, while second generation P. bellargus showed no temperature–size response. In P. coridon, size decreased as temperature increased during the pupal stage. These results highlight the importance of including life history factors, sex, and monthly temperature data when studying temperature–size responses for species with complex life cycles.

The impacts of Arctic oscillation and the North Sea Caspian pattern on the temperature and precipitation regime in Turkey

Arctic oscillation (AO) and the North Sea Caspian pattern (NCP) are atmospheric teleconnections that affect climate parameters such as precipitation, temperature and stream flow. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship of the AO and NCP with Turkey’s mean temperature and precipitation totals. First, Pearson correlation coefficients between the AO and NCP and climate data were calculated and the results were assessed using Student’s t test. Although the results vary from region to region, highly negative correlation coefficients were observed between either the NCP or AO and the temperature, especially in the winter. Furthermore, the NCP and AO have a remarkably strong relationship with winter precipitation. Second, the NCP index (NCPI) and AO index were divided into negative and positive phases; then, the impacts of both phases on the climatic data were determined as annual and seasonal. Accordingly, the annual and seasonal mean temperature values under the effect of NCP (−) and AO (−) are higher than the annual and seasonal temperature values under the effect of NCP (+) and AO (+). In this context, the temperature differences are significant, especially in winter. The precipitation amount, under the effect of positive and negative phases of global indices, was also investigated in this study. Thus, substantial results were obtained, particularly for winter precipitation in Turkey’s western regions. Finally, scatter diagrams were also prepared to examine the relationship between negative and positive phases of the AO or NCP and the temperature or precipitation.

Health impacts quantification of ambient air pollutants using AirQ model approach in Hamadan, Iran

Iranian western cities, including Hamadan, have been experiencing Middle East Dust Storms (MEDS) phenomenon problems in recent years, so the air quality is getting worse every year in these cities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the human health impacts of criteria air pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, CO and O3 on the citizens of Hamadan using AirQ model software 2.2.3. Considering the determined baseline incidence (BI) and relative risk (RR) rate, the attributable proportion (AP) of deaths due to cardiovascular and respiratory mortality attributed to PM2.5, PM10, O3, NO2, and CO pollutants was estimated to be 4.42%, 3.37%, 1.75%, 1.74% and 0.92% (95% CI) of the total mortality and the excess death cases were respectively estimated to be 131.9, 100.4, 52.1, 51.9 and 27.3 persons. In addition, cardiovascular mortality brings more contribution than respiratory mortality in total death number. The results of our study also showed that PM2.5 poses the greatest health effects on the citizens. Analyzing the average seasonal concentrations of studied pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and NO2) and the mean seasonal temperature values revealed a positive linear correlation. Significant negative correlations were observed between the studied pollutants (PM10, PM2.5 and NO2) and relative humidity, and between PM and wind speed. This study, therefore, provides additional data in decision-makings for the development of strategies for reduction of ambient air pollution which will result in improvements of air quality.

Analysis of temperature variability in the mountain regions of the North Caucasus in 1961–2013

Annual and seasonal series of temperature values are analyzed using the data of Akhty, Teberda, and Terskol weather stations (the height above the sea level is >1000 m) for 1961-2013 as well as from 1976 to 2013 in order to reveal changes in the mountain climate in the period of contemporary global warming. Mean values, standard deviations, norms, and anomalies of annual and seasonal values of temperature as well as the rate of their variation in the mentioned periods are obtained. It is found that the temperature rise is observed in all seasons and for the year as a whole at the mountain weather stations except Terskol station. According to the results of studying temperature variability, Akhty and Teberda weather stations were united into the group “mountain weather stations” with the subsequent averaging of climatic variables. Terskol weather station was singled out as an independent high-mountain weather station.

Sensitivity of typical Mediterranean crops to past and future evolution of seasonal temperature and precipitation in Apulia

The region of Apulia, which is located in the south-east tip of the Italian Peninsula, has a typical Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot-dry summers. Agriculture, an important sector of its economy, is potentially threatened by future climate change. This study describes the evolution of seasonal temperature and precipitation from the recent past to the next decades and estimates future potential impacts of climate change on three main agricultural products: wine, wheat and olives. Analysis is based on instrumental data, on an ensemble of climate projections and on a linear regression model linking these three agricultural products to seasonal values of temperature and precipitation. In Apulia, precipitation and temperature time series show trends toward warmer and marginally drier conditions during the whole analyzed (1951–2005) period: 0.18 °C/decade in mean annual minimum temperature and −14.9 mm/decade in the annual total precipitation. Temperature trends have been progressively increasing and rates of change have become noticeably more intense during the last 25 years of the twentieth century. Model simulations are consistent with observed trends for the period 1951–2000 and show a large acceleration of the warming rate in the period 2001–2050 with respect to the period 1951–2000. Further, in the period 2001–2050, simulations show a decrease in precipitation, which was not present in the previous 50 years. Wine production, wheat and olive harvest records show large inter-annual variability with statistically significant links to seasonal temperature and precipitation, whose strength, however, strongly depends on the considered variables. Linear regression analysis shows that seasonal temperature and precipitation variability explains a small, but not negligible, fraction of the inter-annual variability of these crops (40, 18, 9 % for wine, olives and wheat, respectively). Results (which consider no adaptation of crops and no fertilization effect of CO2) suggest that evolution of these seasonal climate variables in the first half of the twenty-first century could decrease all considered variables. The most affected is wine production (−20 ÷ −26 %). The effect is relevant also on harvested olives (−8 ÷ −19 %) and negligible on harvested wheat (−4 ÷ −1 %).

Approaches to unravel seasonality in sea surface temperatures using paired single-specimen foraminiferalδ18O and Mg/Ca analyses

[1] Seasonal changes in surface ocean temperature are increasingly recognized as an important parameter of the climate system. Here we assess the potential of analyzing single-specimen planktonic foraminifera as proxy for the seasonal temperature contrast (seasonality). Oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios were measured on single specimens of Globigerinoides ruber, extracted from surface sediment samples of the Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. Variability in δ18O and Mg/Ca was then compared to established modern seasonal changes in temperature and salinity for both regions. The results show that (1) average δ18O-derived temperatures correlate with modern annual average temperatures for most sites, (2) the range in δ18O- and Mg/Ca-derived temperature estimates from single-specimen analysis resembles the range in seasonal temperature values at the sea surface (0–50 m) in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and (3) there is no strong correlation between Mg/Ca- and δ18O-derived temperatures from the same specimens in the current data set, indicating that other parameters (salinity, carbonate ion concentration, symbiont activity, ontogenesis, and natural variability) potentially affect these proxies.

Atmospheric Brown Clouds in the Himalayas: first two years of continuous observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m)

Abstract. This paper provides a detailed description of the atmospheric conditions characterizing the high Himalayas, thanks to continuous observations begun in March 2006 at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (NCO-P) located at 5079 m a.s.l. on the southern foothills of Mt. Everest, in the framework of ABC-UNEP and SHARE-Ev-K2-CNR projects. The work presents a characterization of meteorological conditions and air-mass circulation at NCO-P during the first two years of activity. The mean values of atmospheric pressure, temperature and wind speed recorded at the site were: 551 hPa, −3.0 °C, 4.7 m s−1, respectively. The highest seasonal values of temperature (1.7 °C) and relative humidity (94%) were registered during the monsoon season, which was also characterized by thick clouds, present in about 80% of the afternoon hours, and by a frequency of cloud-free sky of less than 10%. The lowest temperature and relative humidity seasonal values were registered during winter, −6.3 °C and 22%, respectively, the season being characterised by mainly cloud-free sky conditions and rare thick clouds. The summer monsoon influenced rain precipitation (seasonal mean: 237 mm), while wind was dominated by flows from the bottom of the valley (S–SW) and upper mountain (N–NE). The atmospheric composition at NCO-P has been studied thanks to measurements of black carbon (BC), aerosol scattering coefficient, PM1, coarse particles and ozone. The annual behaviour of the measured parameters shows the highest seasonal values during the pre-monsoon (BC: 316.9 ng m−3, PM1: 3.9 μg m−3, scattering coefficient: 11.9 Mm−1, coarse particles: 0.37 cm−3 and O3: 60.9 ppbv), while the lowest concentrations occurred during the monsoon (BC: 49.6 ng m−3, PM1: 0.6 μg m−3, scattering coefficient: 2.2 Mm−1, and O3: 38.9 ppbv) and, for coarse particles, during the post-monsoon (0.07 cm−3. At NCO-P, the synoptic-scale circulation regimes present three principal contributions: Westerly, South-Westerly and Regional, as shown by the analysis of in-situ meteorological parameters and 5-day LAGRANTO back-trajectories. The influence of the brown cloud (AOD>0.4) extending over Indo–Gangetic Plains up to the Himalayan foothills has been evaluated by analysing the in-situ concentrations of the ABC constituents. This analysis revealed that brown cloud hot spots mainly influence the South Himalayas during the pre-monsoon, in the presence of very high levels of atmospheric compounds (BC: 1974.1 ng m−3, PM1: 23.5 μg m−3, scattering coefficient: 57.7 Mm−1, coarse particles: 0.64 cm−3, O3: 69.2 ppbv, respectively). During this season 20% of the days were characterised by a strong brown cloud influence during the afternoon, leading to a 5-fold increased in the BC and PM1 values, in comparison with seasonal means. Our investigations provide clear evidence that, especially during the pre-monsoon, the southern side of the high Himalayan valleys represent a "direct channel" able to transport brown cloud pollutants up to 5000 m a.s.l., where the pristine atmospheric composition can be strongly influenced.

Evaluating the Effects of Environmental Changes on the Gross Primary Production of Italian Forests

A ten-year data-set descriptive of Italian forest gross primary production (GPP) has been recently constructed by the application of Modified C-Fix, a parametric model driven by remote sensing and ancillary data. That data-set is currently being used to develop multivariate regression models which link the inter-year GPP variations of five forest types (white fir, beech, chestnut, deciduous and evergreen oaks) to seasonal values of temperature and precipitation. The five models obtained, which explain from 52% to 88% of the inter-year GPP variability, are then applied to predict the effects of expected environmental changes (+2 °C and increased CO2 concentration). The results show a variable response of forest GPP to the simulated climate change, depending on the main ecosystem features. In contrast, the effects of increasing CO2 concentration are always positive and similar to those given by a combination of the two environmental factors. These findings are analyzed with reference to previous studies on the subject, particularly concerning Mediterranean environments. The analysis confirms the plausibility of the scenarios obtained, which can cast light on the important issue of forest carbon pool variations under expected global changes.

A summary of the PRUDENCE model projections of changes in European climate by the end of this century

An overview of the PRUDENCE fine resolution climate model experiments for Europe is presented in terms of their climate change signals, in particular 2-meter temperature and precipitation. A comparison is made with regard to the seasonal variation in climate change response of the different models participating in the project. In particular, it will be possible to check how representative a particular PRUDENCE regional experiment is of the overall set in terms of seasonal values of temperature and precipitation. This is of relevance for such further studies and impact models that for practical reasons cannot use all the PRUDENCE regional experiments. This paper also provides some guidelines for how to select subsets of the PRUDENCE regional experiments according to such main sources of uncertainty in regional climate simulations as the choice of the emission scenario and of the driving global climate model.

Weather conditions and transient global amnesia

The aetiology of transient global amnesia (TGA) is still unknown. Various events or activities have been shown to trigger TGA. A common feature of these events is an increased sympathetic activity which in turn may be influenced by meteorological factors. This prompted us to evaluate the influence of climatic parameters, and their variation on the incidence of TGA. A total of 223 cases of TGA admitted to our hospital over a six-year period were studied. The study consisted of a comparison between the climatic parameters of days with TGA and those without TGA. The meteorological database included daily values of parameters recorded at the meteorological station of the town during this period. The onset of TGA was significantly correlated with lower daily,monthly and seasonal temperature values. Most cases of TGA were found when the temperature was less than 6.9 degrees C,whereas the frequency of TGA was minimum when it was more than 24 degrees C (P < 0.0001). Only temperature had a significant independent effect: an increase of 1 sd = 8.4 degrees C decreases the TGA admission odds of 0.78 (95 % CI: 0.62 to 0.97), i.e -22% (95 % CI: -38% to -3 %). This study suggests an association between TGA occurrence and low ambient temperature. Multicentre studies taking into account climatic differences between countries are necessary to confirm our findings.

Space structure of the climatic discharge frontal zone of the Amazon

On the basis of the data array of many-year average seasonal values of temperature and salinity represented for a one-degree scale of averaging, by using a quantitative criterion, we select the climatic discharge frontal zone of the Amazon, determine its physical and hydrological characteristics: length, width, thickness of the frontal layer, temperature, salinity, and density gradients, and specify its geographical coordinates. We also describe the many-year average interseasonal variability of these characteristics.