Influence Of Season Research Articles

MAIZE AND SOYA BEAN RESPONSE TO THE RESIDUAL INFLUENCE OF EARLY-SEASON CROPPING SYSTEM AND FERTILISER APPLICATIONS

Continuous land cultivation has led to the application of fertilisers to maintain high crop yields. Favourable effects of different fertiliser sources for improved crop performance have been reported. However, there is scarce information on crop response to the residual effect of organomineral fertilisers (OMFs) applied to early sole and maize-soya bean intercropping. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of N levels of organomineral and inorganic fertilisers applied to maize and soya bean in sole cropping and intercropping. The study was conducted in the years 2017 and 2018 in the Southern Guinea Savannah, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. Responses to the residual influence of early season cropping systems and applications of OMF and NPK 20-10-10 were evaluated in repeated field trials. The residual effects of a previously assessed 2 9 factorial arrangement, cropping system (sole and intercrop) and fertiliser applications (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg Nha of OMF and 50, 100, 150, 200 kg N ha of NPK fertiliser) were evaluated in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Maize (ACR-95DT) and soya bean (TGX 1488-2E) were planted at densities of 40,000 and 74,000 plants ha, respectively. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p 0.05. Maize and soya bean plant heights and N uptake significantly increased under the residual influence of sole cropping compared to intercropping in both years. Furthermore, maize-soya bean intercropping produced significantly lower grain yields than their sole crops in both years. The land equivalent ratio of the system was greater than one in both years. The residual effect of early season intercropping reduced subsequent yields of maize and soya bean, while OMF residual effects favoured sole maize, sole bean, and maize-bean intercrop performances at 100 kg Nha.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЦИФРОВЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ НА ПОВЕДЕНИЕ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЕЙ: РОЛЬ ОНЛАЙН-ПЛАТФОРМ В ЭЛЕКТРОННОЙ КОММЕРЦИИ

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of online shopping behavior, identifies their expectations, preferences and problems, and analyzes seasonal and holiday influences on online shopping. The main advantages of online shopping are a wide range of products, the ability to study reviews and high speed of purchase. However, significant disadvantages have also been identified, including inconsistency of products with the description and fraud risks. Feedback from other shoppers and the ease of use of platforms were important factors contributing to positive experiences. Local platforms such as Wildberries and Ozon dominate the market despite the competitive influence of international players. Spontaneous purchases are common, but the extent of their frequency varies among users. The relevance of the study is underscored by the need to further explore the impact of artificial intelligence on online shopping and purchasing behavior, which could significantly change the market in the future.

Seasonal and management influences on yield of Melientha suavis Pierre in different alley agroforestry systems

Seasonal and management influences on yield of Melientha suavis Pierre in different alley agroforestry systems

Effect of season on histoarchitecture of pineal gland in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

The photoperiod and other seasonal variations are the key factors that affect reproduction and production of the animals. The pineal gland secretes melatonin hormone that affects several physiological functions of the body during different seasons. The present study was conducted to study the histoarchitectural and micrometrical changes in the pineal gland of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) during different seasons of the year. Pineal glands of 30 adult female Jaffarabadi buffaloes were collected from the slaughterhouse during the winter, summer, and rainy seasons. Samples were processed by standard histological procedures and stained with various stains for histological and micrometrical observations. The pinealocytes constituted a major cellular portion of pineal parenchyma. The pinealocyte nuclei were lightly stained and more euchromatic during the winter season whereas darkly stained and slightly heterochromatic during summer. The calcium deposits occupied a larger area of pineal parenchyma during the summer as compared to the winter season. The pinealocyte density, the nuclear diameter of pinealocytes, and the number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) were highest during the winter season as compared to the summer and rainy seasons. The present study shows the influence of season on the histoarchitecture and histometry of the pineal gland of buffalo and indicated higher pineal activity during the winter season in this species.

Elasmobranch diversity around the southern Caribbean island of Tobago: opportunities for conservation in a regional trade hub

Abstract Sharks are scarce in much of the Caribbean due to widespread depletion. Trinidad and Tobago, in the southern Caribbean, is a shark meat consumer and international exporter of dried shark fins. Despite limited fisheries management there is a small Marine Protected Area (MPA; 7 km2) in urbanised southwest Tobago, but its effect on sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) is unknown. The rural northeast is a recently designated UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserve with a significant marine component and plans for a large MPA, but no baseline data for elasmobranchs exist. Given the local importance of elasmobranchs and a newly drafted Sustainable Shark and Ray Management Plan, we used baited remote underwater video stations within a 40 m depth contour at 270 randomly generated points around Tobago to: (i) establish a baseline of species richness and relative abundance, (ii) investigate the influence of season, habitat relief, depth and water temperature on relative abundance, and (iii) investigate spatial variation in relative abundance. Caribbean reef sharks, nurse sharks, and southern stingrays were observed at all sites, the latter two more frequently in the urbanised southwest. Shark diversity was unexpectedly high in the northeast, driven by rarer species (sharpnose, smoothhound, tiger, scalloped hammerhead, great hammerhead) only observed there. Habitat relief, depth and season likely influence relative abundance of elasmobranchs around Tobago, but research is needed to elucidate species-level effects. Shark species richness in northeast Tobago is high for the Caribbean, warranting research attention, while the larger MPA presents an opportunity to strengthen elasmobranch management.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТІВ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ, ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ЯКИХ ПОВ’ЯЗАНА З ДЕВЕЛОПМЕНТОМ

The article is devoted to the construction of a multifactorial economic-mathematical model of the dependence of the results of the functioning of enterprises of activities related to real estate development on the main macroeconomic factors. The relevance of studying the influence of factors influencing the results of the functioning of enterprises operating on the real estate market is substantiated. The relevance of the practical application of economic-mathematical modeling tools, in particular in areas related to the functioning of the real estate market, is highlighted. It is proposed to use the tools of economic and mathematical modeling to formalize the influence of individual factors on the results of the functioning of enterprises actively working in the real estate market (construction enterprises and enterprises carrying out transactions with real estate). The dynamics of changes in the net profit (loss) of enterprises by types of economic activity "Construction" and "Operations with real estate" were analyzed. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, the factors included in the dependence model were determined. The expediency of building a dependence model on the basis of a smoothed series of initial data, constructed using a three-point moving average, has been proven, which allows to eliminate the influence of seasonality on the studied phenomena. A model of the dependence of the results of the functioning of enterprises of types of activities related to real estate development on changes in the number of certified contracts for the purchase and sale of housing, the index of construction products and the index of housing prices was built. The model was checked for adequacy and reliability using generally accepted criteria. The application of the built model will allow further forecasting at the macro level the general financial results of enterprises working in the field of construction and real estate operations. Such forecasting can provide guidelines for the further development of the real estate market, aimed at improving the efficiency of the functioning of builders and developers.

Influência do intervalo de coleta, volume de produção e sazonalidade na qualidade do leite na região de Lavras - MG

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the influence of production volume, collection interval and time of year on the composition and quality of refrigerated raw milk in the region of Lavras, MG. This study collected information from milk quality monitoring performed by dairies as required by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF). For this study, the farms were classified by milk production per farm (G): 0-200 L/day, 201-500 L/day, 501-1000 L/day, 1001-2000 L/day, and greater than 2000 L/day. The collection intervals were 24 and 48 hours (C), and seasonality (S) was treated as a function of the months of the year (November 2020 to October 2021). The following milk characteristics parameters were analyzed: fat, protein, lactose, total solids (TS), defatted dry extract (DDE), somatic cell count (SCC), urea nitrogen content (UNC), standard plate count (SPC), fat/protein ratio (F/P) and cryoscopic index. There was a seasonality influence for all the parameters studied except for UNC. The production volume per group influenced UNC, TS and SPC. Differences in UNC, protein, lactose, TS, DDE and SPC were associated with the collection interval. There was an interaction effect between seasonality and production volume (SxG) for the parameters SCC, fat and F/P. The findings of this study revealed that the supplier production volume, collection interval, and time of year contribute to variations in chemical composition and milk quality parameters.

Evaluation of the Amazon River Seasonal Influences on Glycerophospholipids in Wild Fish

Glycerophospholipids (GP) are important lipids of direct relevance to health and disease, and in marine fish, they are often enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) due to marine microorganisms consumption. It has been speculated that the different diets and habitats to which Amazonian fish are exposed can be ascribed to different lipid compositions, differently than those that occur in marine fish. Here, the GP in Amazonian fish is investigated to achieve nutritional value. Using mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis, we investigated the GP composition of muscles and livers from nine species of wild Amazonian fish. GP profiles mainly comprised a diversity of phosphatidylcholines and varied according to eating habits, the season of capture, and tissue metabolism. In this sense, our results may help in the future aquaculture as a potential source of lipid-based nutrient supplementation to supply food to eradicate global hunger.

Risk Factors and Prevalence of Spina Bifida in Children Reported at Children Hospital (Lahore): A Mix Method Analysis

Pakistan is the country with more than 100 million children and spina bifida is a neural tube defect that commonly affects children. Folic acid deficiency during the initial three weeks of pregnancy has been identified as a significant causative factor. However, other factors and their effects vary based on geographic location, maternal pregnancy history, child sex, and race. This cross sectional study aimed to investigate the factors contributing to the incidence rate of spina bifida in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 200 cases of neural tube defects, including spina bifida, were studied and reported from October 2012 to August 2013 at Children's Hospital Lahore. Various factors were examined, such as the age of mothers, with 50% of babies with neural tube defects born to mothers aged between 26 and 36 years. The incidence of spina bifida was found to be higher in boys (59%) compared to girls (41%). Hydrocephalus, a common complication of spina bifida, was more prevalent in boys (51%) than in girls (14%). Spina bifida cystica, another form of the condition, occurred more frequently in girls (38%) than in boys (33%). In this study group, 161 out of 200 women did not use or properly use folic acid during pregnancy, indicating a lack of awareness regarding its importance. The study also revealed that 119 cases of spina bifida occurred during winter, suggesting a seasonal influence on the condition. In addition to other identified risk factors, this study underscores the critical need for raising awareness about the use of folic acid before conception and during the initial three weeks of pregnancy.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Restrictions on Vitamin D Status in a Large Cohort of Italian Children and Adolescents.

Background and Objectives: Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin upon sunlight exposure, showing variations with season and latitude. We aimed to investigate the influence of age, sex, and season on vitamin D status in a large pediatric cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic period and the corresponding pre-pandemic period. Materials and Methods: Retrospective data concerning subjects aged < 18 years were extracted anonymously from the large database of a reference laboratory hospital (Sassari, Northern Sardinia, Italy). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels measured during the pre-pandemic period (1 March 2018 to 30 September 2019) were compared with those detected during the pandemic period (1 March 2020 to 30 September 2021). Results: A total of 2317 samples from subjects aged < 18 years were included in the analysis, 1303 (47.9% females) of which were collected in the pre-pandemic period and 1014 (51.3% females) in the pandemic period. No significant differences in 25(OH)D levels were found between the two periods, whereas, in children aged < 2 years, levels were higher than those in children aged 11-16 years (p < 0.05). Monthly levels of 25(OH)D between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods did not differ, although significant differences were detected across months (p < 0.0001). Similarly, 25(OH)D values did not differ significantly between males and females in both periods. Marked seasonal variations were observed in males and females across all age groups. Conclusions: Serum vitamin D levels and their season-related variations were not significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions in a large cohort of Italian children and adolescents.

Socioecological factors influencing intraspecific variation in ranging dynamics of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Ndoki Forest.

Ranging dynamics are physical and behavioral representations of how different socioecological factors affect an organism's spatial decisions and space use strategies. Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are a model species to investigate the drivers of spatial dynamics based on both the natural variation in socioecological factors within the species and compared with their mountain gorilla counterparts. In this study, we evaluate the influences of resource seasonality and social dynamics on variation in home range size, utilization, and intergroup overlap among multiple gorilla groups over an 8-year study period in the northern Republic of Congo. This study shows that western lowland gorillas can have small home ranges comparable to mountain gorillas, rather than universally larger home ranges as previously supposed, and that home ranges are stable through time. The largest source of variation in space use was the degree of intergroup home range overlap. The study groups did not demonstrate intraspecific variation in range size nor changes in intergroup overlap with respect to seasonality of fruit resources, but all groups demonstrated expansion of monthly range and core area with group size, matching predictions of intragroup feeding competition. These findings highlight the potential impact of intergroup relationships on space use and prompt further research on the role of social dynamics in ranging strategies. In this study, we reveal a greater degree of variability and flexibility in gorilla ranging behavior than previously realized which is relevant to improving comparative studies and informing conservation strategies on behalf of these endangered primates.

Temporal variation in diet and helminth abundance in the spiny-tailed lizard, Strobilurus torquatus Wiegmann, 1834 (Squamata: Tropiduridae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Spatial and temporal variations can influence the abundance and biology of parasite species and even the transmission process, as well as the diet, reproduction and distribution of hosts. We studied the influence of seasonality on the diet and endoparasites of the lizard Strobilurus torquatus. The lizards were collected during a period of one year, in the Engenho Gargaú Private Reserve of Natural Heritage, located in the municipality of Santa Rita, in the state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Thirty-three lizards were analysed, of which 30 were parasitised (overall prevalence of 90%) with the helminths Physaloptera lutzi (prevalence of 69.6%), Spauligodon loboi (51.5%), Strongyluris oscari (15.1%) and Haplometroides odhneri (3.0%). Our analysis showed that endoparasite abundance was influenced by host body size (R2m: 0.95; R2c: 0.95; Z-value: 11.521; P &lt; 0.0001). Host sex also influenced endoparasite abundance, where males were parasitised more than females (Z-value: 6.260; P &lt; 0.001). When comparing the two seasons (dry and rainy), we observed that the greatest endoparasites abundance occurred during the rainy season (Z- value: -2.422; P &lt; 0.05). Regarding the lizards’ diet, we observed a high niche overlap (overlap index of 0.999), which indicates that males and females of S. torquatus consumed practically the same prey during the analysed period. The life cycle of the endoparasites found in S. torquatus was linked to seasonal variation, and the behavioural and physiological differences between sexes may have influenced the variations in endoparasite abundance.

Substorms and Solar Eclipses: A Mutual Information Based Study

AbstractSolar eclipses present a rare glimpse into the impact of ionospheric electrodynamics on the magnetosphere independent of other well studied seasonal influences. Despite decades of study, we still do not have a complete description of the conditions for geomagnetic substorm onset. We present herein a mutual information based study of previously published substorm onsets and the past two decades of eclipses which indicates the likelihood of co‐occurrence is greater than random chance. A plausible interpretation for this relation suggests that the abrupt fluctuations in ionospheric conductivity during an eclipse may influence the magnetospheric preconditions of substorm initiation. While the mechanism remains unclear, this study presents strong evidence of a link between substorm onset and solar eclipses.

Probabilistic analysis of seasonal influence on the prediction of pile bearing capacity by CPT: A case study

In this study, we used a probabilistic approach to evaluate the probability of failure of small diameter bored piles in unsaturated sandy soils. The prediction of the bearing capacity was based on the Cone Penetration Test (CPT). We assessed the seasonal influence by analyzing CPT data from dry and wet seasons. The LCPC and Aoki-Velloso semiempirical methods were deterministically applied, and the Aoki-Velloso method was examined using reliability theory. The first-order reliability method (FORM) was used to evaluate the probability of failure and calculate the reliability index based on random variables obtained from CPT data considering the effect of season when predicting bearing capacity. A total of 8.0 m long bored piles with diameters of 0.25, 0.30, and 0.35 m were used for both deterministic and probabilistic analyses. We also evaluated the influence of load ratio variation on the reliability index and determined the pile length required to reach a target reliability index value. Reliability analyses considering CPT campaigns conducted in different seasons showed the effect of season on the prediction of bearing capacity. For example, an 8.0 m long pile with a 0.30 m diameter and 100 kN vertical load had a probability of failure of 38.7 % in the wet season and 0.01 % in the dry season. The reliability analyses provided insights into the influence of seasonal variability on in situ tests for pile bearing capacity, affecting the design of foundation elements.

The influence of season, hunting mode, and habitat specialization on riparian spiders as key predators in the aquatic-terrestrial linkage

Freshwater ecosystems subsidize riparian zones with high-quality nutrients via the emergence of aquatic insects. Spiders are dominant consumers of these insect subsidies. However, little is known about the variation of aquatic insect consumption across spiders of different hunting modes, habitat specializations, seasons, and systems. To explore this, we assembled a large stable isotope dataset (n > 1000) of aquatic versus terrestrial sources and six spider species over four points in time adjacent to a lotic and a lentic system. The spiders represent three hunting modes each consisting of a wetland specialist and a habitat generalist. We expected that specialists would feed more on aquatic prey than their generalist counterparts. Mixing models showed that spiders’ diet consisted of 17–99% of aquatic sources, with no clear effect of habitat specialization. Averaged over the whole study period, web builders (WB) showed the highest proportions (78%) followed by ground hunters (GH, 42%) and vegetation hunters (VH, 31%). Consumption of aquatic prey was highest in June and August, which is most pronounced in GH and WBs, with the latter feeding almost entirely on aquatic sources during this period. Additionally, the elevated importance of high-quality lipids from aquatic origin during fall is indicated by elemental analyses pointing to an accumulation of lipids in October, which represent critical energy reserves during winter. Consequently, this study underlines the importance of aquatic prey irrespective of the habitat specialization of spiders. Furthermore, it suggests that energy flows vary substantially between spider hunting modes and seasons.

Comprehensive assessment of occupational exposure to microbial contamination in waste sorting facilities from Norway.

It is of upmost importance to contribute to fill the knowledge gap concerning the characterization of the occupational exposure to microbial agents in the waste sorting setting (automated and manual sorting). This study intends to apply a comprehensive field sampling and laboratory protocol (culture based-methods and molecular tools), assess fungal azole resistance, as well as to elucidate on potential exposure related health effects (cytotoxicity analyses). Skin-biota samples (eSwabs) were performed on workers and controls to identify other exposure routes. In personal filter samples the guidelines in one automated industry surpassed the guidelines for fungi. Seasonal influence on viable microbial contamination including fungi with reduced susceptibility to the tested azoles was observed, besides the observed reduced susceptibility of pathogens of critical priority (Mucorales and Fusarium sp.). Aspergillus sections with potential toxigenic effect and with clinical relevance were also detected in all the sampling methods. The results regarding skin-biota in both controls´ and workers´ hands claim attention for the possible exposure due to hand to face/mouth contact. This study allowed concluding that working in automated and manual waste sorting plants imply high exposure to microbial agents.

The role of tropical rainfall in driving range dynamics for a long-distance migratory bird.

Predicting how the range dynamics of migratory species will respond to climate change requires a mechanistic understanding of the factors that operate across the annual cycle to control the distribution and abundance of a species. Here, we use multiple lines of evidence to reveal that environmental conditions during the nonbreeding season influence range dynamics across the life cycle of a migratory songbird, the American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). Using long-term data from the nonbreeding grounds and breeding origins estimated from stable hydrogen isotopes in tail feathers, we found that the relationship between annual survival and migration distance is mediated by precipitation, but only during dry years. A long-term drying trend throughout the Caribbean is associated with higher mortality for individuals from the northern portion of the species' breeding range, resulting in an approximate 500 km southward shift in breeding origins of this Jamaican population over the past 30 y. This shift in connectivity is mirrored by changes in the redstart's breeding distribution and abundance. These results demonstrate that the climatic effects on demographic processes originating during the tropical nonbreeding season are actively shaping range dynamics in a migratory bird.

Seasonal differences in mobility and activity space in later life: a case study of older adults in the Northern Netherlands

Mobility is crucial for maintaining well-being in later life. Previous research has shown that older adults’ mobility fluctuates throughout the day, with a particular focus on afternoon outdoor movement. This paper takes a broader approach and explores the seasonal differences and similarities in mobility and activity space in later life, using older adults in the Northern Netherlands as a case study. Seventeen older adults participated in the study, for which we used a mixed-methods approach combining GPS-, activity diaries, and in-depth interview data analysed through grounded visualisation. We have collected data from each participant for a week, once during fall/winter and once during summer. The findings of this paper defy common expectations around older adult mobility; for instance, the participants walked less in summer and had a larger activity space in winter. Equally, we demonstrate that it is crucial to distinguish between daily and incidental activity spaces, particularly when factoring in seasonal variations. Yet our mixed-methods approach revealed discrepancies between perceived and measured mobility and activity space. We argue that the intricate interplay of seasonal influences, weather conditions, and personal factors significantly shapes mobility practices in later life, underscoring the need for holistic planning of age-inclusive environments.

Techno-economic assessment and grid impact of Thermally-Integrated Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (TI-PTES) systems coupled with photovoltaic plants for small-scale applications

The growing share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is rising the amount of curtailed energy to preserve grid security. With the aim of evaluating a complementary storage solution to electric batteries for both new and revamping RES power plants, this study investigates the performance of a Thermally Integrated Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (TI-PTES) system integrated with a Photovoltaic (PV) power plant aimed to enhance the energy self-sufficiency of small-scale users. The assessment is carried out for a case study characterized by a demand of electricity, heating and cooling that vary throughout the year. The studied PTES system is based on the integration of a High Temperature Heat Pump (HTHP), two Thermal Energy Storage (TES) sections and an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plant. Results show the influence of the main design parameters, such as PV size, HTHP size and TES capacities on the overall system performance, evaluated by means of the energy self-sufficiency, energy self-consumption, round-trip efficiency, Levelized Cost of Storage and the Grid Impact indicator, which quantifies the energy exchanges with the grid (feed-ins and withdrawals) to the overall user demand. The influence of seasonality on the energy performance indicators was studied as well. For the case study considered, the best combination of design parameters for the PV-PTES system is identified with reference to a PV plant whose yearly energy production equals the energy demand and for a 55 kWe High Temperature Heat Pump, a 10 kW ORC and a storage volume of 48 m3 for each of the two TES units. The PTES system is characterized by a LCOS of 0.72 $/kWh, a round-trip efficiency of 28.2 % and its integration offers several advantages over the use of a PV plant without any storage section. In particular, the PTES unit leads to a substantial increase in the self-sufficiency, within the range 1–14 %, and a considerable decrease of the grid impact indicator, within the range 2–28 %.

The Effect of Daily Heart Rate Workloads on Preseason, Midseason, and Postseason Oxygen Consumption in Division I Basketball.

Howard, M, Sanders, GJ, Kollock, RO, Peacock, CA, and Freire, R. The effect of daily heart rate workloads on preseason, midseason, and postseason oxygen consumption in Division I basketball. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 704-708, 2024-Basketball is a dynamic sport, requiring athletes to elicit a high-level of physical, tactical, technical, and psychological attributes and athletes must possess a robustly trained aerobic energy system. There is no research to assess how objectively measured training loads throughout a season influence aerobic capacity. The following study was a retrospective analysis of an NCAA Division I women's basketball team throughout a 5-month (23-week) competitive season. Data were sorted into season half totals and maximal oxygen consumption was recorded before, at the midway point and within 1-week postseason. Twelve athletes were monitored during each practice, pregame shoot around, scrimmage, and game for a total of 1,378 recorded sessions with a valid heart rate-based wearable microsensor (Polar Team Pro) during the season. There was a main effect of time for V̇O 2max throughout the season ( p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed there was a significant increase in V̇O 2max from preseason to postseason ( p < 0.001). Interestingly, there were significant ( p ≤ 0.001 for all) decreases from the first half to the second half of the season for training load, and time allocated to HR Zone1-4 , but no difference in time for the most intense zone, HR zone5 . Conclusion: Oxygen consumption significantly increased 7.5% from preseason to postseason despite a reduction in overall work. The only training intensity that was not different from the first half to second half of the season was time in the highest heart rate intensity zone ≥85% of HR max .