Searle's Theory Research Articles

Directive Speech Act used by the Main Characters in Barbie and the Three Musketeers Movie

This study explored the use of directive speech acts by the main characters in the film Barbie and the Three Musketeers. The primary objective was to identify and analyze the types of directive speech acts employed, drawing on Searle's theory. A descriptive qualitative approach was utilized to dissect the dialogue in the film, which revealed nine distinct types of directive speech acts: requesting (12 instances), ordering (11 instances), commanding (8 instances), advising (7 instances), challenging (5 instances), permitting (4 instances), inviting (4 instances), begging (4 instances), and prohibiting (2 instances). The analysis highlighted how these speech acts were integral to the characters' interactions and their quest to become female musketeers, a role traditionally seen as male-dominated. The directive speech acts reflected the characters' emotions and propelled the narrative forward, illustrating their determination, resourcefulness, and collaboration. Challenging societal stereotypes, the characters used directive speech acts to assert their agency and challenged the notion that musketeering was exclusively for men. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how language functioned in animated films to shape character development and advance thematic elements.

Conversation Implicature in Spongebob Squarepants: Your Shoe’s Untied Animation

A research entitled Conversation Implicature in Spongebob Squarepants: Your Shoe’s Untied Animation aim to find the type, function of implicature, and context that found in this animation and explain or describe the type, function of implicature and context. The source taken from the transcript of SpongeBob Squarepants: Your Shoe’s Untied. The writer uses Yule and Searle theory which Yule is to identify types of implicature found in the animation and Searle to find the function of implicature found in the animation. This analysis uses qualitative descriptive method. Results found in this analysis are that there are 2 data using general implicature, 2 data using particularized implicature, and 1 data using scale implicature. Keywords: Pragmatics, Implicature, Meaning, Spongebob Squarepants

Exploring Speech Acts In "Heidi": An Analysis of Direct and Indirect Communication in Cinematic Dialogue

This research analyzes the use of speech acts in the movie Heidi, selected for its rich content and depiction of effective communication and moral values, particularly the importance of adaptation in a new environment. The character Heidi, a talkative young girl, provides valuable examples of how communication is established and maintained through her interactions. The study aims to identify the forms and meanings of speech acts used by the characters and to understand the interpretation of dialogues between speakers and hearers. The descriptive qualitative analysis method is employed to examine all utterances in Heidi that contain speech acts and speech strategies. The data are classified based on the forms of speech acts according to Wijana's theories and the meanings of speech acts using Searle's theory. The findings reveal the presence of various types of speech acts, including direct literal, direct nonliteral, indirect literal, and indirect nonliteral speech acts. Specifically, 133 utterances were analyzed and categorized into Representative (27), Directive (50), Expressive (31), Commissive (25), and Declarative (1). The study also shows that characters in the movie predominantly use directive speech acts. This research enhances the understanding of speech act theory and its application in film dialogues, emphasizing the importance of context and intention in interpreting communication.

Exploring Directive Acts and Their Connection to FTA in Surat Yusuf: A Pragmatic Study

This research employs Searle's (1969) Speech Acts Theory and Brown and Levinson's (1987) Politeness Theory as core frameworks to meticulously analyse the intricate interplay between directive acts and face-threatening-acts within Surat Yusuf from the Glorious Quran. The study describes the use of these techniques in communication between Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him) and his father, brothers, Al Aziz, Al Aziz's wife, and the prisoners. Taking into account variables like social distance and relative power dynamics, the research sheds light on the complex language strategies employed. The questions of the research can be summarized as, is there a strong relation between directive acts and face-threatening acts? Do the context and social distance of the interlocutors effect this relation? The objectives of the study sheds lights on the different ways of expressing directives acts such as requests, questions, orders…etc. with relation to face-threatening acts. The data analysis provides thorough insights into the communication dynamics within religious narratives. The research at hand has inferences for a variety of contexts and disciplines, advancing both academic and applied understandings. Finally, the study is regarded as a qualitative one with no stylistic analysis. The main conclusions of this study show that directive acts have different forms depending on different factors. Directive acts may have a specific form but a different function.

DIRECTIVE UTTERANCES OF VERTICAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE ANIME 'KAZE TACHINU'

This study aimed at describing the directive utterances as well as the grammatical markers of the utterances in the conversations with vertical relations in the anime entitled Kaze Tachinu. This study used Searle's (1979) theory of directive speech acts and employed a descriptive-qualitative method. It also utilized sociopragmatic approach as an additional perspective in the analysis. The result shows that various forms of directive utterances are spoken by characters who have higher social status towards the others from the lower ones. In total, there are 48 directive utterances found for both direct and indirect categories. Meirei (command) dominates with 40 utterances and is followed by irai (request) kinshi (prohibition), kanyuu (invitation) and adobaisu(advice), each of which has two utterances.

The Analysis of President Biden's Twitter Account's Representative Illocutionary Act

Representative illocutionary acts are speech acts that convey truth values based on the actual meaning of the spoken or written utterances. This research aims to identify the types and purposes of representative illocutionary acts contained in President Biden's Twitter account. The present research is grounded in John R. Searle's theory, which posits that a representative illocutionary act refers to a statement made by a speaker that is believed to be either true or untrue, depending on a prior event witnessed by the speaker. This study employs a qualitative research methodology. The subject of investigation in this research consists of President Biden's tweets, which are utilized as the primary data source. The statements are classified and examined based on the categories of representative illocutionary acts and their roles. The research findings identify various types of representative illocutionary acts that serve distinct roles based on their respective types. The act of recommending, as a typical illocutionary act, holds a significant impact due to Joe Biden's position as the president of a mighty nation. As the leader of a country with substantial capital, advanced industry, and a formidable military, Biden wields considerable global influence. Hence, the tweets of President Biden are not only monitored by American citizens but also by global citizens. Furthermore, President Biden's statements are currently a prominent global concern. President Biden frequently offers recommendations to the citizenry, who are an audience impacted by various issues or challenges, to resolve them.Keywords: Illocutionary Act; President Biden; Representative Act; Twitter Account.

Tindak tutur ekspresif dalam novel episode hujan karya: Lucia Priandarini

The discussion in this research is about expressive speech acts with a pragmatic review. The aim of this research was to find out how many forms and functions of expressive speech acts. The data source used is the Novel Rain Episode by Lucia Priandarini. This research uses qualitative descriptive research. The data collection stage of the research used researchers using data collection techniques contained in quotations from sentences in the novel Episode Rain to obtain a number of data. The theory used is John Searle's speech act theory. The form of speech acts uses Wijana's theory. The function of speech acts using John Searle's theory is classified into expressive speech act functions including The function of apologizing, complaining, getting angry, criticizing, thanking, and congratulating. The benefit of this research is to provide additional knowledge and understanding of expressive speech acts which are studied using pragmatics. The results of this research show several forms of expressive speech, including apologizing speech (7), complaining expressive speech (2), angry expressive speech (5), criticizing expressive speech (1), congratulating expressive speech (1), expressive speech of thanks (1). Meanwhile, the function of expressive speech in the novel consists of several functions including: The function of apologizing (7), complaining (2), getting angry (5), criticizing (1), congratulating (1), and thanking (1). Keywords: Pragmatics, Expressive Speech Acts, Function, Form

A PRAGMATIC STUDY: ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN "YOWES BEN 2" MOVIE

This study explores speech acts as pragmatic studies in the film "Yowes Ben 2". The researcher will investigate the many forms of speech acts and classify them focusing on the illocutionary categories employed in the film. This study follows John Rogers Searle's (1975) illocutionary action theory, which is assertive (the speaker's confidence in something), directive (something the listener should do), commissive (commitment to do something), expressive (expression of an attitude or feeling), and declarative (making changes such as pointing, stating, etc.)The research design implemented in this study is qualitative. Researchers gathered information by screening the film "Yowes Ben 2" and analyzing the different forms of speaking acts. Researchers employed content analysis to analyze their data. The steps in data analysis are as follows: the researcher will identify, analyze, interpret, and draw conclusions. In accordance to the data, expressive speech acts account for the greatest number of illocutionary acts (56%). Directive speech accounted for 38%, commissive speech 3%, representational speech 0%, and declarative speech 3%.

Expressive Speech In “To All The Boys: Always And Forever”

This study explores how expressive speech acts are used in the teen romantic comedy movie "To All the Boys: Always and Forever," directed by Michael Fimognari. Using Searle's theory of expressive speech acts and Yule's framework for direct and indirect speech acts, the study analyzes the female main character's speech acts through a descriptive qualitative approach. The study identifies few instances of expressive speech acts, with doubting speech being the most frequent. It also discovers that direct speech acts are more widely used than indirect ones. These findings contribute to the understanding of expressive speech acts in film, specifically how emotions and attitudes are conveyed through conversation.

Analysis on Expressive Illocutionary Act in The Maleficent 2 Movie

Film is a form of mass media that has audio and visual attributes, so that it can attract wider public interest. In this study, what the researcher wants to study and analyze is focused on illocutionary acts, especially in the film The Maleficent 2. The reason researchers want to study illocutionary acts is because they relate to problems that exist in society in everyday life, namely lack of communication or miss communication. This research applies a descriptive qualitative approach since it studied the kinds of expressive Illocutionary act used by the character of movie and know the function of expressive Illocutionary act in Maleficent 2 Movie using John R. Searle's theory. Based on the results of the study, the authors concluded that the data obtained in the Maleficent 2 film by Linda Woolverton, there are five types of illocutionary speech acts. The types of illocutionary speech acts uttered by the characters in the Maleficent 2 film are 18 assertive speech acts, 17 directive speech acts, 3 commissive speech acts, 14 expressive speech acts, and 9 declarative speech acts. The functions of expressive illocutionary acts used by the characters in Maleficent 2 film are 1 function of thanking, 3 functions of blaming, 1 function of accusing, 4 functions of praising, 3 functions of apologizing and 2 functions of congratulating.

Illocutionary Speech Acts in The Short Movie “The Translator”: Pragmatic Study

Speech acts are a rich category with several pragmatic phenomena that can be studied. The aims of this research are (i) to investigate the types of illocutionary acts and (ii) its functions of illocutionary acts in the short movie “The Translator”. This study used Searle's theory to classified the types of illocutionary act and Leech’s theory to classified the functions of illocutinary. The research method that researchers used was a qualitative descriptive method, because this research seeks to describe data objectively based on the data or facts found. The findings of this study indicated that (i) found 5 types of illocutionary speech acts in inter-player conversations in The Translator short movie, There are 4 assertive illocutionary data, 9 directive data, 13 expressive data, and 1 declarative data, so that the total number of data in the illocutionary type short film “The Translator” is 27 data, (ii) found 4 illocutionary functions in inter-player conversations in The Translator short movie, there are competitive functions is 5 data, convivial is 4 data, collaborative is 1 data and conflictive is 2 data.

Speech Act in a Courtroom: An Analysis of Chris Watts’ Trial

The utterances produced by participants in a trial relates to their role and the trial stage. Therefore, everyone involved in the trial will produce a variety of speech acts. This research aims to describe the types of speech act in Chris Watts’ trial and to describe the functions of the speech act used in the trial. The analysis is based on Searle's theory of speech act (1979). The researchers used descriptive qualitative method to describe the types of speech act and the functions of the speech acts by analyzing each utterance produced by all of the participants in courtroom. The finding shows that there are 176 utterances of speech acts which consist of 79 representatives, 23 directives, 14 commissives, 51 expressive, and 9 declarations. The researchers also found 26 functions of speech act. The dominant speech act in Chris Watts’ trial is representative, because all the participants give statements of fact about the case during the trial. Moreover, the most frequently used function of speech act in Chris Watts’ trial is stating, because, most of the participants' utterance is used to state their belief and thought regarding Chris Watts’ case. In this research, the specific position of the speaker in the courtroom creates specific function of speech act used. The witnesses’ utterance is used to condemn the defendant, the judge’s utterance is used to sentence the defendant, while the prosecutor’s utterance is used to restate the witness’s statement.

An Analysis Of Illocutionary Acts On Anies Baswedan’s Last Speech From Governorship Of DKI Jakarta

The goal of this research is to provide an overview of the types and goals of illocutionary acts that Anies Baswedan delivered in his farewell speech from governorship of DKI Jakarta on Sunday, October 16, 2022. The research being conducted offers descriptive methods with a qualitative approach. Speech serves as the study's primary source of data. by containing illocutionary speech acts on Anies Baswedan's farewell speech from DKI Jakarta governorship. Researchers use Leech's theory and Searle's theory for clarification of the various types of illocutionary acts. The research data is the video of Anies Baswedan which is downloaded via YouTube. The data was collected by listening to Anis Baswedan speak and transcribing the speech into writing. Utilizing trilingual, the veracity of the data is determined. Data analysis consisted of (1) converting the recorded data into written language, (2) categorizing the data based on the type of further investigation illocutionary speech, and (3) analyzing the results. (3) analyzing the data that have been classified, (4) make the conclusion of the research results based on data from this study. After this study, researchers aimed to be able to enhance the knowledge of illocutionary act among lecturers, students, and readers

İbn Haldun ve John Searle: Sosyal Dünyanın Düşünce ve Dil ile İnşası

This article undertakes a comparative examination of the social ontologies, or theories of civilization, proposed by John Searle and Ibn Khaldun. It suggests that a careful juxtaposition of Searle and Ibn Khaldun's social ontologies yields complementary perspectives on the emergence and nature of social reality. They both delineate a distinction between two categories of entities: human-independent and human-dependent. The former makes up the natural world, while the latter constitutes the social world. Both scholars attempt to understand the second category of entities, which Searle refers to as human civilization and Ibn Khaldun calls ʿumrān. Although Searle and Ibn Khaldun share a common understanding regarding the importance of human activity in shaping social reality, their perspectives diverge when it comes to elucidating the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Does the social world arise primarily from cognitive processes, or is it predominantly a consequence of linguistic expressions and speech acts? Searle asserts that language forms the basis of social reality, whereas Ibn Khaldun puts forth a social ontology based on reason. While Ibn Khaldun's social ontology explains the construction of tangible social entities such as buildings, Searle's theory can explain how is it that a mere physical structure transforms into an epistemologically objective fact—a university. Ultimately, this paper suggests that viewing the social world through the lenses of these two theories provides an intriguing and holistic perspective. This article suggests that the juxtaposition of these two ontological frameworks enriches our comprehension of the processes that give rise to the ontological-physical and epistemological-institutional dimensions of social entities.

Directive Speech Acts in the Dialogue of the Film Heaven That Is Not Missed 3 Director Pritagita Arianegara

Speech acts in general are not only used in the process of interaction between individuals, but can also be used in literary works, one of which is film. Film is a literary work that has a dominant use of speech acts. This is proven by the variety of speech acts shown through communication between characters in the film. One form of speech act is a directive speech act. This research discusses directive speech acts and speaking strategies used in the film Surga Yang Tak Missed 3 directed by Pritagita Arianegara. This research aims to describe the forms of directive speech acts and the speaking strategies used in each form of directive speech. The theory used is Searle's theory (2005). This research uses a content analysis method with a qualitative approach. The data source for this research is the dialogue from the film Heaven Yang Not Missed 3 directed by Pritagita Arianegara. This research data is oral data that contains directive speech acts and fulfills speaking strategies. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that commanding speech and direct and literal speaking strategies are the most frequently occurring forms of directive speech acts. This is because commanding speech dominates some forms of directive speech acts and is generally conveyed explicitly in the dialogue of this film. Meanwhile, pleading speech and indirect and non-literal speaking strategies were the fewest data found. This is because there are not many pleading words uttered by the characters and there are not many implied statements in this film

Analysis of Illocutionary Act in A Quite Place Movie

This research aims to describe the use of illocutionary acts in the film A Quite Place. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. This research uses Searle's theory to find the verbal and nonverbal utterances of all the characters included in the illocutionary act theory. Data collection is carried out by downloading, reading, watching, and classifying. The data analysis technique is to present, describe, interpret, and conclude the results of the analysis. Based on the theories provided, the data is analyzed one by one to determine the context and type of illocutionary act used. The results of the research show that there are four types of illocutionary acts used by all the characters in the film A Quiet Place 2018. The instructions present the dominant frequencies of the five types of illocutionary acts. There are six that contain directive actions. The assertive one has four data. Expressive has four data, the lowest frequency of illocutionary acts is commissive, there are two data. This type of declaration was not found in this study. The data most often found in this film is directive with six data and the least is commissive with two data. Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that the problems that occurred in this research have been answered so that the research objective has been found and explained clearly, namely how illocutionary acts are used in the film A Quite Place using Searle's theory.

A STUDY ON THE PROBLEM OF MEANING IN THE ART OF SCULPTURE

This study explores the complex relationship between the meaning of sculpture and its making process in the context of the philosophy of language. Sculpture is a unique art form that involves the creation of three-dimensional objects that occupy physical space. However, the meaning of a sculpture is not limited to its spatial characteristics alone. This study identifies two distinct levels of meaning in sculpture: its relation to space and its making process. While the former has received considerable attention in the literature, the latter has been largely overlooked. Therefore, this study focuses on the semantic relationship between Richard Serra's sculptures and his sculpture-making processes, particularly in his early works.
 
 Richard Serra is widely regarded as one of the most important artists of the Process Art movement, which emerged in the 1960s and emphasizes the importance of the making process in art. The study questions the reduction of the meaning of sculpture to a mere action and seeks to establish a deeper relationship between the philosophy of language and the process of sculpture. To achieve this, the study draws on the works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, and John R. Searle, who are some of the most important philosophers of language of the 20th century.
 
 Wittgenstein's concept of language games and his emphasis on the social context of language use is particularly relevant to this study. The study explores how Serra's sculpture-making processes can be seen as a form of language game, with its own rules and conventions. Similarly, Austin's concept of performative language provides a framework for understanding how the making process of a sculpture can be seen as a form of performative action. The study also draws on Searle's theory of speech acts, which suggests that language use is not just a matter of describing the world, but also of performing actions and creating new realities.
 
 Overall, this study represents an important contribution to the field of art and philosophy. By exploring the relationship between the meaning of sculpture and its making process, the study challenges traditional notions of art and raises important questions about the nature of meaning and representation in art. The study also demonstrates the relevance of the philosophy of language to the study of art and provides a framework for future research in this area.

SPEECH ACTS USED BY JO MARCH IN MOVIE “LITTLE WOMEN 2019”

This research studies the speech acts of Jo March the main character in the movie Little Women 2019 and aims to find out the type and form of speech acts in Jo's utterances and which one is the most dominant. The speech act is a theory that examines the meaning of language based on the relationship between utterances and actions performed by speakers and hearers to communicate something. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method to obtain data. The writer collected data by watching the movie of Little Women 2019. In investigating Jo's speech acts, this study applied Searle's (1979) theory of speech acts in analyzing the utterances produced by Jo in the movie Little Women. There are five types of speech acts used by Jo, including assertive with 5 utterances, directive with 10 utterances, commissive with 6 expressive utterances with 9 utterances, and declarative with 2 utterances. So, the amount of data is 32 data and the most dominant speech act used by Jo is the directive speech act.

ASSERTIVE SPEECH ACT OF POLICE INVESTIGATOR’S IN INTERVIEWING THE WITNESS-VICTIM OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE

The issue of proving cases of Sexual Violence Crime (SVC), also known as Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (TPKS), remains a challenging endeavor. Police investigators must employ a range of tactics in order to uncover the truth around a case of sexual violence. The objective of this study is to examine speech act tactics, specifically aggressive speech acts employed by police investigators during the process of interviewing a witness who has experienced sexual violence. The same interview was investigated in separate studies undertaken by Read et al. (2009), Westera et al. (2011), and Westera and Kebbel (2014). Nevertheless, prior scholarly investigations have mostly concentrated on the dynamics between law enforcement agents and those accused of sexual violence crimes. The present study constitutes an investigation in the field of forensic linguistics, with a specific emphasis on the examination of language usage within the context of legal procedures. The chosen methodology for this study is qualitative research. This study endeavors to analyze, investigate, and examine forceful statements made by law enforcement officers. The research data was collected through the observation of the interview procedure conducted by the Kepolisian Resor Kota (Polresta) Cilacap investigators with a witness who had experienced sexual violence. The acquired data was subsequently subjected to analysis utilizing Searle's (1979) theory of speech acts, with a particular focus on aggressive speech acts. The findings indicate that the police investigators employed aggressive speech patterns as a means to reinforce the information provided by the victim-witness. The reaffirmation is frequently conveyed by the use of a rhetorical tag, commonly referred to as "ya," appended to the end of the speech. Nevertheless, the assertive statement articulated by investigator H also exhibits elements of surprise, guides cognitive processes, and offers advice or suggestions.

Illocutionary speech acts in the Instagram account @Fadiljaidi

An utterance does not only convey the true meaning, but there are other intentions or goals that the speaker wants to achieve when saying something. Therefore, there are utterances in the Instagram account @fadiljaidi which contain illocutionary speech acts. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. This study uses John's theory. R.Searle. This study uses as many as 50 data. This research was conducted from February to March. Data collection techniques using note-taking techniques. This study uses Searle's theory regarding the types and functions of illocutionary speech. In this study, the types of illocutionary speech acts were: (1) 35 assertive data, (2) 7 directive data, (3) 7 commissive data, (4) 1 expressive data, (5) no declarative data. The function of illocutionary speech acts produces: (1) 26 function data stating, 1 function data showing, 8 function mentioning, (2) 3 data function ordering and 4 data function suggesting, (3) 6 function data praising and 1 function data thanking, (4) 1 data function promising, and (5) declarative function not found.