Search Tactics Research Articles

Running an ostler? Exploring the use of stop and search tactics at Scottish football matches

ABSTRACT There has been a plethora of literature detailing the detrimental impact of police stop and search tactics (S&S) on police-community relationships and police legitimacy, as well as recent controversy surrounding football policing in Scotland. Yet, the recent controversies, and subsequent reform of S&S in Scotland has yet to trigger any meaningful discussion about the use of search tactics at football matches. The aim of this research was to explore the relationship between S&S at football matches and police-supporter relationships. This research utilized qualitative methodologies in the form of semi-structured interviews with police officers and football supporters. This study found, that S&S, in the context of football, did not affect police-supporter relationships in the same way as traditional S&S. This paper offers two reasons: the difference in S&S implementation, and a broader acceptance of ‘criminalizing’ practice among fans wherein specific practices are perceived as the cost of participation in football fandom.

Epidemiological Differences of COVID-19 Over the World.

BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), originally, from Wuhan, China, has now spread to most countries across the globe and devastated global healthcare systems. The impact of this disease has, however, shown baffling variations in prevalence in different regions of the world. The aim of this short review is to identify differential national COVID-19 prevalence of COVID-19, as well as to suggest these epidemiological differences. MethodsA review of studies was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. Search tactics were centered on COVID-19 (“COVID-19” AND “coronavirus”) and BCG vaccination (“BCG vaccination” OR “Bacillus Calmette-Guérin” OR “vaccine”)ResultsIt is found that national prevalence differences may be linked with BCG childhood immunization history. A statistically insignificant difference was observed in COVID-19 prevalence when comparing countries with a BGC policy and countries without it (P> 0.05). This inconclusivity suggests the influence of confounders in this study.ConclusionsNational differences in COVID-19 cases can be attributable to immunologic regulations, such as BCG vaccination protocols. Caution should be taken in establishing a correlation between COVID-19 prevalence and BCG vaccination, partly due to the weak quality of statistical data on COVID-19 related to poor testing rates in countries with BCG vaccination policy. Nonetheless, the analysis of the epidemiological aspects of COVID-19 will shed light on future efforts towards effective control and prevention.

Known-item searches and search tactics in library search systems: Results from four transaction log analysis studies

A better understanding of users' search interactions in library search systems is key to improving the result ranking. By focusing on known-item searches (searches for an item already known) and search tactics, vast improvement can be made. To better understand user behaviour, we conducted four transaction-log studies, comprising more than 4.2 million search sessions from two German library search systems. Results show that most sessions are rather short; users tend to issue short queries and usually do not go beyond the first search engine result page (SERP). The most frequently used search tactic was the extension of a query (‘Exhaust’). Looking at the known-item searches, it becomes clear that this query type is of great importance. Between 38%–57% of all queries are known-item queries. Titles or title parts were the most frequent elements of these queries, either alone or in combination with the author's name. Unsuccessful known-item searches were often caused by items not available in the system. Results can be applied by libraries and library system vendors to improve their systems, as well as when designing new systems. Future research, in addition to log data, should also include background information on the usage, for example, through user surveys.

Cardioesophageal carcinoid: multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis

Cardioesophageal carcinoid is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm. Diagnosis and treatment are especially difficult in case of proximal localization of the gastric lesion (in the region of cardia) which requires a complex multidisciplinary approach. The clinical presentation of gastric carcinoid is in most cases nonspecific, and the tumor is accidentally detected in endoscopic exa-mination for the pain syndrome, dyspepsia, anemia, etc. Thus, all said above makes tumors of cardioesophageal zone a rather actual problem. In this article, on an example of patient K., of 61 years of age, possibilities of a complex approach to diagnosis and treatment of a complicated case of cardioesophageal carcinoid are shown.
 Conclusion. Diagnosis of carcinoid tumors is difficult and requires a multidisciplinary approach. The algorithm of diagnostic search and treatment tactics should suggest an individual approach in each clinical case which permits to make a correct diagnosis and to successfully reali-ze a required complex of medical measures.

ТРУДОУСТРОЙСТВО ВЫПУСКНИКОВ СПО В ОБЛАСТИ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: КАРЬЕРНЫЕ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЯ И ПРАКТИКИ ПОИСКА РАБОТЫ

The article presents the study results of job search tactics and career preferences of graduates in the field of information technology and information security (hereinafter referred to as IT specialties) who graduated from educational institutions of secondary vocational education (hereinafter referred to as SVE) in 2016–2019. The main method to collect data was a formalized quantitative survey of 1,500 graduates, including those living in regional centers (cities with a population of over one million) in 17 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, by means of a structured online questionnaire. The respondents took part in the study by filling out the questionnaire online, by telephone and in person filling out a printed copy of the questionnaire. To improve the quality of the data and to form a holistic view of the peculiarities of recruiting graduates of secondary vocational education in IT specialties, the questionnaire survey was supplemented by 15 profound interviews on a structured guide with representatives of professional educational organizations who deal with the employment of graduates. The study results may help determine the main employment practices and career guidelines for young IT specialists (channels and duration of job search, demand for professional competencies, salary expectations, etc.), identify the main reasons why young specialists refuse to work by profession, develop conceptual schemes, and key directions for their employment.

Effects of human-made resource hotspots on seasonal spatial strategies by a desert pitviper

Habitat heterogeneity and local resource distribution play key roles in animal search patterns. Optimal strategies are often considered for foraging organisms, but many of the same predictions are applicable to mate searching. We quantified movement and space use by a pitviper to test whether Native Habitats (NH) and human-made Resource Hotspots (RH) facilitate alternative seasonal spatial strategies as a result of critical resources, including potential mating partners, being widely dispersed in NH and clustered in RH. Independent of habitat category, seasonal patterns resembled an intermediate mating system with elements of prolonged male mate-searching and female-defense. However, individuals using primarily NH or RH exhibited alternative strategies. NH rattlesnakes displayed greater movement and larger home ranges than RH rattlesnakes across behavioral seasons. NH males increased movement distances and home ranges during the mating season, while RH males displayed minimal or no seasonal shifts. NH females also elevated movement distances during the mating season, while RH females showed no significant seasonal differences. Despite contrasting spatial patterns, mating success and female-defense effort were not significantly affected by habitat category. This unique study system highlights the potential for interactions among sexual selection, habitat heterogeneity, and behavioral plasticity to facilitate divergent search tactics within populations.

Collaborative query reformulation in tourism information search

Purpose Collaborative information search (CIS) is a growing and significant research area. Query formulation and reformulation is an important search strategy in information search. However, limited research has investigated query behavior during CIS. The purpose of this paper is to characterize collaborative query reformulation (CQR) by exploring the sources of collaborative query (CQ) terms and the types and patterns of CQR in the context of tourism information search. Design/methodology/approach An empirical study was designed to investigate search query reformulation as tourists performed CIS on a devised interface. A total of 36 participants (in 18 pairs) took part in the study; data were documented in pre- and post-search questionnaires, search logs and chat logs. Findings The findings show that participants intermixed individual search and collaborative search during CIS. Participants constructed CQ terms mainly by selecting terms from individual search queries and discussion chat logs. Eight types of CQR were identified, with specialization (82 percent) accounting for the most used search tactics. At most times, participants were found to add terms to the previous query. Findings demonstrated 27 specific CQR patterns; in excess of two-third participants (69 percent) took only one move to reformulate CQ by adding terms, or replacing/using new words. Practical implications The results of this research can be used to inform the design of search systems supporting collaborative querying in CIS. Originality/value This study is highlighting an important research direction of CQ reformulation in collaborative search while previous studies of the topic are limited, comparing to the vast body of work on query reformulation in individual information search using regular search systems.

On The Current State of Scholarly Retrieval Systems

The enormous growth in the size of scholarly literature makes its retrieval challenging. To address this challenge, researchers and practitioners developed several solutions. These include indexing solutions e.g. ResearchGate, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Digital Bibliography & Library Project (DBLP) etc., research paper repositories e.g. arXiv.org, Zenodo, etc., digital libraries, scholarly retrieval systems, e.g., Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic Search, Semantic Scholar etc., digital libraries, and publisher websites. Among these, the scholarly retrieval systems, the main focus of this article, employ efficient information retrieval techniques and other search tactics. However, they are still limited in meeting the user information needs to the fullest. This brief review paper is an attempt to identify the main reasons behind this failure by reporting the current state of scholarly retrieval systems. The findings of this study suggest that the existing scholarly retrieval systems should differentiate scholarly users from ordinary users and identify their needs. Citation network analysis should be made an essential part of the retrieval system to improve the search precision and accuracy. The paper also identifies several research challenges and opportunities that may lead to better scholarly retrieval systems.

Search tactics used in solving everyday how-to technical tasks: Repertoire, selection and tenacity

With greater access to computational resources, people use search to address many everyday challenges in their lives, including solving technology problems. Although there are now many useful ‘how-to’ resources online (especially videos on YouTube), it can still be difficult to identify, understand, and resolve certain kinds of technical problem. While research tasks have been studied for many years and we know the tactics people use, we know far less about searchers’ tactics for how-to technical tasks that involve actually being able to apply found information to resolve a problem. Crucial to our study was developing and studying a highly realistic, how-to technical task, for which there was no single guidance resource: making a phone safe for a child. After providing 39 participants with an actual phone to fix, and a search engine to perform the task, we analysed their search tactics using retrospective cued think aloud interviews. Our primary contribution is a set of 77 tactics used, in three categories, along with detail of how common they were. We conclude that people had a lot of tactics in their repertoire. Although it was not hard for participants to find relevant information, what was hard was for participants to find information they could use; indeed only 23% of participants successfully completed the entire task. Domain knowledge affected the choice of tactics used (although not necessarily towards better task success). We discuss these influences and make design recommendations for how future search systems can support those in resolving how-to technical tasks.

Dual-Guidance-Based Optimal Resonant Frequency Band Selection and Multiple Ridge Path Identification for Bearing Fault Diagnosis Under Time-Varying Speeds

To perform bearing fault diagnosis under variable speeds, the optimal resonant frequency (ORF) band selection and diagnosis strategy are pivotal. Indexes, such as kurtosis, crest factor (CF) and smoothness index (SI), are extensively used for guiding ORF selection. Due to that each index has unique advantages, the hybrid of such indexes has been developed. However, applications of the current index hybrid method are impeded by problems of: 1) ineffectiveness for signal corrupted by impulsive noises and 2) equal segmentation of frequency band with human intervention. This paper, therefore, firstly proposes a dual-guidance based scheme with an embedded tunable Q-factor wavelet transform (TQWT) to address the problems. The so-called dual-guidance scheme contains two guidance procedures: 1) the SI guided pre-process for obtaining weight vectors and 2) the index hybrid output guided scheme for ORF selection. The embedded TQWT is used for frequency band segmentation and sub-band signal acquisition without subjective interventions. With the proposed scheme, the ORF band can be determined for bearing fault feature extraction. Then, an algorithm for multiple instantaneous frequency (IF) ridge identification is exploited based on the peak search algorithm for diagnosis. To tackle the difficulty that, at each time instance, the amplitudes of IF ridges of interest do not always dominate the time frequency representation (TFR), a starting point search tactic with a synchronization step is explored. A diagnosis vector can subsequently be obtained by calculating the average ratios of the identified ridges and bearing fault diagnosis can then be done by matching the elements of the diagnosis vector with fault characteristic coefficient (FCC). Comparisons are performed to illustrate the superiority of the proposed method. The experimental analyses are also conducted to validate the proposed method for bearing fault diagnosis under variable speeds.

"Now you're competing": how historically-Black colleges and universities compete (and don't) on the Internet

No extant research has examined the web presence, web popularity, and paid adword tactics of historically-Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) compared to similar institutions. This study explores these measures and evaluates how HBCU web presence, web popularity, and paid search tactics compare to similar institutions to learn whether HBCUs are competing in one of the most competitive global higher education markets: the Internet. Findings suggest HBCU websites are smaller and less popular, and HBCUs spend less on web advertising than non-HBCU peers. Additionally, non-HBCUs are 3.8 times more likely to purchase desktop adwords and 4.3 times more likely to purchase mobile adwords than HBCUs. HBCUs need to harness the power of this global market to compete in a globalized, twenty-first century higher education market. If not, the financial situations between HBCUs could exacerbate, potentially threatening the livelihood of some of the most successful and time-honored institutions in the United States.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE VERTEBRAL-SPINAL TRAUMA AT THORACIC AND LUMBAR LEVELS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Objective is to analysis of literature data, which analyzed the treatment data for patients with single and multiple spinal trauma at the thoracic and lumbar levels. Materials and methods. The article analyzes 98 sources of domestic and foreign sewers published from 1971 to 2015, which reflect the issues of epidemiology, classification, clinical course, tactics of surgical treatment of patients with single and multiple vertebral-spinal trauma at thoracic and lumbar levels. In the sources, the results of treatment of long-term observations were performed. Results. In the structure of spine and spinal cord trauma, its weighting is noted: an increase in the proportion of combined and complicated injury. Also in recent years there has been an increase in the number of multiple (5–20 %) and multilevel (3–50 %) spinal injuries. Despite the widespread use of modern diagnostic methods, such as computer and magnetic resonance imaging, the widespread distribution of X-ray diagnostics, multiple spinal injuries are not diagnosed in all cases or not in full. A huge number of both russian and foreign works is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of vertebral-spinal trauma in general. The works highlight some aspects of diagnosis, tactics of management, scope and timing of surgical treatment for trauma to the spinal cord and spinal cord with lesions at various levels. However, there is a small number of publications, both in foreign and russian literature, devoted specifically to the diagnostic search features and tactics of surgical treatment of patients with multiple vertebral-spinal trauma. None of the work fully covers the tactics, sequence and features of treatment with multiple spine and spinal trauma. Conclusion. Improvement of the diagnostic algorithm and development of optimal tactics for surgical treatment, prevention of complications and reduction of mortality in the group of these patients require more detailed specification and study, which will be of great practical interest.

Essence and content of the notion «operational-investigative tactics»

This article carried out a detailed scientific analysis of the nature and content of operational search tactics. Analysis of the vocabulary literature suggests that, despite minor differences in the interpretation of the concept of tactics, in general, this term means "an integral part of the art of war that combines the theory and practice of preparing and conducting combat." According to the results of the study, it was established that the theoretical basis for the formation of operational-search tactics was the groundwork of forensic scientists. The author's wording of the concept of “operational-search tactics” is provided as a direction of operational-search activity, formed on the basis of its theoretical principles and practical experience of entities carrying out this activity legally with the goal of fulfilling the tasks stipulated by the Law of Ukraine “On operational-search activity” Based on the analysis of the scientific heritage of scientists, it has been established that operational-search tactics in the theory of operational-search activity can be divided into general and special ones.The questions about the delimitation (ratio) of the tactics of secret investigative (search) actions and tactics of operational search activities are considered. Despite some common signs of tactics for conducting secret investigative (search) actions and operational search activities, it should be remembered that investigation tactics are traditionally considered in the framework of criminalistics, but operational search activities are the subject of the study of the theory of operational search activities. At the same time, it was noted that the tactics of secret investigative (investigative) actions, although individual in their sense, should predominantly be based on the provisions of operational investigative activity, and not criminalistics, at least taking into account the fact that the theoretical and practical operational search tactics worked over the years.It is concluded that both forensic and operational search tactics will require a high-quality update. In particular, the results of a survey of investigators and operational workers indicate the need and desirability of borrowing foreign experience in terms of education and training of investigators and operational units on tactics of identifying, preventing and investigating crimes in the field of high technologies (as noted by 81% of respondents).

Reader characteristics, behavior, and success in fiction book search

We examined the search behaviors of diverse fiction readers in different search scenarios. The aim was to understand how fiction readers with varied reading preferences are selecting interesting novels in library catalogs. We conducted a controlled user study with 80 participants. Two reader groups were elicited according to similar reading preference patterns. The readers enjoyed the entertainment, escape, and comfort that reading as a pleasurable activity offered. The aesthetic readers valued the artistic and aesthetic pleasures, widening vocabulary, and ability to express oneself through fiction books. We compared the search queries and search actions between the 2 reader groups. Our results demonstrated that preference patterns were associated with readers' search behavior, that is, the number of viewed search result pages, opened book pages, dwell time on book pages, and the type of search queries. Based on the findings, we present 3 search tactics for fiction books in library catalogs: i) focused querying, ii) topical browsing, and iii) similarity‐based tactic. The most popular search tactic in each search scenario was “focused querying” with known author in both reader groups.

User involvement and system support in applying search tactics

Both user involvement and system support play important roles in applying search tactics. To apply search tactics in the information retrieval (IR) processes, users make decisions and take actions in the search process, while IR systems assist them by providing different system features. After analyzing 61 participants’ information searching diaries and questionnaires we identified various types of user involvement and system support in applying different types of search tactics. Based on quantitative analysis, search tactics were classified into 3 groups: user‐dominated, system‐dominated, and balanced tactics. We further explored types of user involvement and types of system support in applying search tactics from the 3 groups. The findings show that users and systems play major roles in applying user‐dominated and system‐dominated tactics, respectively. When applying balanced tactics, users and systems must collaborate closely with each other. In this article, we propose a model that illustrates user involvement and system support as they occur in user‐dominated tactics, system‐dominated tactics, and balanced tactics. Most important, IR system design implications are discussed to facilitate effective and efficient applications of the 3 groups of search tactics.

Increased Exploration Capacity Promotes Group Fission in Gregarious Foraging Herbivores.

Many gregarious species display rapid fission-fusion dynamics with individuals frequently leaving their groups to reunite or to form new ones soon after. The adaptive value of such ephemeral associations might reflect a frequent tilt in the balance between the costs and benefits of maintaining group cohesion. The lack of information on the short-term advantages of group fission, however, hampers our understanding of group dynamics. We investigated the effect of group fission on area-restricted search, a search tactic that is commonly used when food distribution is spatially autocorrelated. Specifically, we determine if roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) improve key aspects of their extensive search mode immediately after fission. We found that groups indeed moved faster and farther over time immediately after than before fission. This gain was highest for the smallest group that resulted from fission, which was more likely to include the fission’s initiator. Sex of group members further mediated the immediate gain in search capacity, as post-fission groups moved away at farthest rate when they were only comprised of males. Our study suggests that social conflicts during the extensive search mode can promote group fission and, as such, can be a key determinant of group fission-fusion dynamics that are commonly observed in gregarious herbivores.

Modeling the expected detection probability for mine countermeasure operations based on cross-section and multiple looks

We present a methodology to determine the expected probability of detection of a target based on multiple looks or angles: tactics and cross-sections. While previous studies confirm that the general probability of detection improves significantly with the number of looks, our findings demonstrate that this value can vary substantially depending on search and detection tactics, as well as the target’s cross-section. We argue that the angular dependence of the detection process is often overlooked for search and detection missions, but that this can be elegantly accounted for when assuming symmetrical targets. Consequently, we investigate three tactics where each look is independent: first, a globally optimal tactic where all look angles are equally spaced; second, a tactic which distributes the look angles randomly; and third, a tactic which imposes the same angle for all look angles. We are also able to use the first tactic to extract the guaranteed best angle of the broad side of a target, and additionally for each tactic we propose an example of a corresponding search pattern. We hope that our findings in this paper increase awareness within the search and detection community of the phenomenologies of multiple looks, and that our presented methodology can be incorporated into the mine search and detection tactics.

Beyond actions: Exploring the discovery of tactics from user logs

Search log analysis has become a common practice to gain insights into user search behaviour: it helps gain an understanding of user needs and preferences, as well as an insight into how well a system supports such needs. Currently, log analysis is typically focused on low-level user actions, i.e. logged events such as issued queries and clicked results, and often only a selection of such events are logged and analysed. However, types of logged events may differ widely from interface to interface, making comparison between systems difficult. Further, the interpretation of the meaning of and subsequent analysis of a selection of events may lead to conclusions out of context— e.g. the statistics of observed query reformulations may be influenced by the existence of a relevance feedback component. Alternatively, in lab studies user activities can be analysed at a higher level, such as search tactics and strategies, abstracted away from detailed interface implementation. Unfortunately, until now the required manual codings that map logged events to higher-level interpretations have prevented large-scale use of this type of analysis. In this paper, we propose a new method for analysing search logs by (semi-)automatically identifying user search tactics from logged events, allowing large-scale analysis that is comparable across search systems. In addition, as the resulting analysis is at a tactical level we reduce potential issues surrounding the need for interpretation of low-level user actions for log analysis. We validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed tactic identification method using logs of two reference search systems of different natures: a product search system and a video search system. With the identified tactics, we perform a series of novel log analyses in terms of entropy rate of user search tactic sequences, demonstrating how this type of analysis allows comparisons of user search behaviours across systems of different nature and design. This analysis provides insights not achievable with traditional log analysis.

Finding fiction: Search moves and success in two online catalogs

Search moves for finding novels in five search tasks and two catalogs were analyzed. Search tasks reflected the following search tactics: known-author search, topical search, open-ended browsing, search by analogy, and searching without a query. The most used search moves in both catalogs across all tasks were querying, search results inspection, and book page examination. In a traditional catalog, more effort was needed in the form of queries, search moves, and opened book pages to gain equivalent average book scores when compared with an enriched catalog. In a traditional catalog, a typical search strategy for interesting titles seemed to involve issuing queries and considering suitable entry terms carefully, and devoting more attention to search results instead of book pages. In an enriched catalog, a common approach involved time devoted to exploring the catalog's enriched front page and multiple entry points together with attention to the enriched results list.

Специфика течения беременности у женщин с акромегалией

This article provides information on acromegaly, highlighting the diagnostic algorithm of search and therapeutic tactics in detecting the disease in women of reproductive age. Based on the above clinical case described medical tactics in the management of pregnant women with acromegaly.