Archival Search Research Articles

The Polish January Uprising of 1863–1864 in the Lithuanian-Belarusian Lands: The Self-consciousness of the Rebel Leaders in Light of New Archival Searches

The large amount of existing scholarship on many problems related to the Polish January uprising of 1863–1864 is combined in modern historiography with the presence of controversial aspects of the topic related to self-identification of the insurgent elite in the Lithuanian-Belarusian lands. Of particular interest in this regard are the peculiarities of the personality and worldview of Konstantin Kalinovsky (1838–1864), declared by the Soviet historiographical tradition to be a “Belarusian revolutionary democrat”. The monograph by the Russian historian A. R. Dyukov, based on 16 documents previously unknown documents from the archives of Russia, Poland and Lithuania, presents an updated evidence base that allows for a more accurate assessment of the identity of the rebel leader and his connection with the Polish history, culture and religion. The author also analyzes an important problem that Soviet historians avoided for ideological reasons – the connection of the left wing of the rebels with the Polish aristocracy, including the Princes Czartoryski and the influential Oginsky family. Assistance to Kalinovsky and the rebels associated with him from the magnate Oginsky family, who possessed information about the personal life of Alexander II, was carefully concealed in St. Petersburg, including by the emperor himself.

Intimate partner violence in the LGBTQ+ community: Implications for family court professionals

AbstractLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) individuals likely experience more intimate partner violence (IPV) than their cisgender, heterosexual counterparts. Though the research on IPV among LGBTQ+ individuals is lacking in quantity, available evidence suggests LGBTQ+ individuals have unique risk factors for IPV victimization and perpetration, express identity‐specific reasons for underreporting IPV, and experience types of IPV specific to their sexual orientation and/or gender identities. Bisexual and transgender individuals appear to be at significantly higher risk of IPV victimization compared to their peers. A search of the Family Court Review archives suggests that IPV affecting bisexual parents has never been directly addressed in the publication, nor has IPV affecting transgender or gender‐nonconforming parents, and the last article on the topic of IPV in gay and lesbian relationships (Bunker Rohrbaugh, 2006) was published more than 15 years ago when marriage and adoption rights were unavailable to most LGBTQ+ individuals. The current article provides an updated and comprehensive discussion of IPV within the broader LGBTQ+ community, reviews the limitations of the extant literature and the need for more research, and demonstrates that LGBTQ+ IPV is a complex issue with which all family court practitioners should be familiar.

Internal Quality Assurance System to Improve Lecturer Performance and Its Relevance to Education Quality at ITB Swadharma

To improve teacher performance and education quality at ITB Swadharma, this research explains the Internal Quality Assurance System (IQAS). The qualitative case study research focuses on ITB Swadharma's Quality Assurance Institute (QAI). Data collection methods include direct observation, document and archival searches, and interviews. The research shows that IQAS at ITB Swadharma improves education through research and innovation. ITB Swadharma can improve inclusivity, relevance, and comprehensiveness by focusing on program evaluation, student empowerment, technology implementation, industry collaboration, internal quality monitoring, stakeholder engagement, and best practices adoption. The institution can better adapt to education sector and student needs with IQAS. ITB Swadharma can improve educational quality by incorporating students, alumni, staff, the local community, and industry partners. According to ITB Swadharma's QAI's academic and quality documents, the IQAS Cycle implements IQAS policies and ideas. Leadership commitment, auditor shortages, and IQAS routineness are issues. Quality assurance expertise, auditor training, and a culture of quality assurance address these issues. The results of annual IQAS examination are used to promote quality. Quality management criteria from the National Accreditation Board for Higher Education (BAN PT) and the Independent Accreditation Agency (LAM) influence IQAS implementation.

Насильственное перемещение этнических калмыков г. Таганрога на принудительные работы в Третий рейх: опыт микроисторической эвристики

Introduction. The article deals with one interesting pattern of research heuristics tackled to create a unified empirical database on forced labor relocations of Rostov Oblast-based Soviet citizens to Nazi Germany. Goals. The source study primarily attempts a consistent reconstruction of individual elements to the ethnic stratification among the O starbeiter (‘Eastern workers’) from the selected region, the former to be facilitated by the current identification of ethnic Kalmyks among such displaced individuals. This specific epistemological perspective has never been addressed by the preceding historiographic tradition, which makes the research practice relevant enough. Materials and methods. The integrated use of traditional archival search methods at the Taganrog Office of Rostov Oblast Archive (Russia) and the City Archive of Lüdenscheid (Germany) made it possible to identify an approximate circle of Kalmyk Soviet citizens forcibly displaced from Taganrog. Results. The paper contributes to a consistent understanding of how Nazi Germany’s forced labor civilian deportations from occupied territories took place, and outlines the phenomenon’s dynamics. The undertaken reconstruction of the ethnic stratification among forcibly displaced Soviet citizens clearly illustrates the rigid universalism of the occupation authorities that were seeking to gain ‘living space’ for ‘true Aryans’. The integrated object for Nazi repressive actions was civilian populations of occupied regions viewed as inferior communities, with no special privileges for any certain ethnic group. A particularly valuable result is that the study has yielded preliminary verifications for a number of ethnic Kalmyks that experienced such forced labor relocations to Nazi Germany.

Cometary Activity Discovered on Vacationing Centaur 2019 OE31

We have detected cometary activity on minor planet 2019 OE31 through both the Active Asteroids Citizen Science program and an independent archival search. Before 2013, 2019 OE31 was on a Centaur orbit, between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune. Centaurs are objects in transition from the outer solar system to the inner solar system. They play a vital role in the understanding of the Kuiper Belt and comets. In 2013 October, following a close encounter with Jupiter, 2019 OE31 moved to an orbit entirely interior to that of Jupiter. This reduced orbital distance and, hence, increased temperature is likely the cause of the observed activity. Through a suite of orbital dynamics simulations, we find that 2019 OE31 will experience many more similar encounters and is statistically likely to return to a Centaur orbit, potentially within the next 80 yr, from its current “vacation.”

Liposarcoma Involving Serous Fluid Cavities-A Case Series Illustrating Clinical Implications and the Diagnostic Role of Exfoliative Cytology.

Introduction: Cytological diagnosis of sarcomas requires detailed cytomorphological assessment and integration of immunocytochemistry and/or molecular testing. The role of exfoliative cytology, as compared to aspiration cytology, is less understood. This case series describes well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas in effusions, with cytomorphological features, ancillary test results and clinical outcomes detailed. Methods: A computerized search of the department pathology archives was performed for sarcomatous effusions with histological diagnosis or clinical history of well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Clinical progress, cytology slides, immunocytochemistry and molecular test results were reviewed. Results: Six patients were identified. In 5 patients with clinical follow up, 4 (80%) were deceased within 5 months of malignant effusion. One patient was alive with 12 years disease-free survival after radical resection with adjuvant radiotherapy. Three patients showed dedifferentiation on histology, and high-grade (dedifferentiated) tumor cells were present in effusion cytology of 2 patients. Two showed well-differentiated components only on biopsy, but high-grade (dedifferentiated) tumor cells were identified in cytology. The high-grade tumor cells displayed marked nuclear irregularity, enlargement, size variation, with macronucleoli and multinucleation. Well-differentiated lipomatous components were demonstrated in 4 patients (66.7%), comprising of multivacuolated lipoblasts and atypical lipocytes. CDK4 and MDM2 immunoreactivity in all 3 cases with cell blocks, and CDK4 and MDM2 amplification in one were successfully demonstrated. Conclusion: Lipomatous and dedifferentiated components can be sampled and cytomorphologically identified on effusion fluids of liposarcomas, with sufficient cellularity for immunocytochemistry and molecular testing. Although generally associated with poor prognosis, long disease-free survival with sarcomatous effusion is possible with radical surgery and adjuvant treatment.

A New Weighting Method in Meta-Analysis: The Weighting with Reliability Coefficient

This study aimed to investigate the impact of various weighting methods for effect sizes on the outcomes of meta-analyses that examined the effects of the 5E teaching method on academic achievement in science education. Two effect size weighting methods were explored: one based on the inverse of the sampling error variance and the other utilizing the reliability of measures in primary studies. The study also assessed the influence of including gray literature on the meta-analysis results, considering factors such as high heterogeneity and publication bias. The research followed a basic research design and drew data from 112 studies, encompassing a total of 149 effect sizes. An exhaustive search of databases and archives, including Google Scholar, Dergipark, HEI Thesis Center, Proquest, Science Direct, ERIC, Taylor & Francis, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and five journals was conducted to gather these studies. Analyses were performed by utilizing the CMA v2 software and employing the random effects model. The findings demonstrated divergent outcomes between the two weighting methods—weighting by reliability coefficient yielded higher overall effect sizes and standard errors compared to weighting by inverse variance. Ultimately, the inclusion of gray literature was found to not significantly impact any of the weighting methods employed.

Indirect Treatment Comparison of First-Line CDK4/6-Inhibitors in Post-Menopausal Patients with HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Background: CDK4/6-inhibitors have demonstrated similar efficacy and are considered an effective first-line endocrine treatment of patients with hormone-receptor positive (HR+)/human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2 negative (HER2-) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in the endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS). Amongst these, palbociclib was first to achieve regulatory approval, followed subsequently by ribociclib and abemaciclib. However, recent updates of overall survival (OS) showed inconsistencies in the OS benefit for palbociclib compared with the other two CDK4/6-inhibitors. With the lack of head-to-head comparison studies, our study sought to compare indirect survival outcomes between CDK4/6-inhibitors in this setting using a novel reconstructive algorithm. Methods: Phase III randomized trials comparing first-line aromatase inhibitor with/without a CDK4/6-inhibitor in post-menopausal patients with HR+/HER2- MBC were identified through systemic review and literature search of online archives of published manuscripts and conference proceedings. A graphical reconstructive algorithm was utilized to retrieve time-to-event data from reported Kaplan-Meier OS and PFS plots to allow for comparison of survival outcomes. Survival analyses were conducted with Cox proportional-hazards model with a shared-frailty term. Results: Three randomized phase III trials-PALOMA-2, MONALEESA-2 and MONARCH-3-comprising 1827 patients were included. Indirect pairwise comparisons of all CDK4/6-inhibitors showed no significant PFS differences (all p > 0.05). Likewise, indirect treatment comparison between ribociclib vs. palbociclib (one-stage: HR = 0.903, 95%-CI: 0.746-1.094, p = 0.297), abemaciclib vs. palbociclib (one-stage: HR = 0.843, 95%-CI: 0.690-1.030, p = 0.094) and abemaciclib vs. ribociclib (one-stage: HR = 0.933, 95%-CI: 0.753-1.157, p = 0.528) failed to demonstrate a significant OS difference. Conclusions: Findings from this indirect treatment comparison suggest no significant PFS or OS differences between CDK4/6-inhibitors in post-menopausal patients with HR+/HER2- MBC.

Зарплатные ведомости как источник для реконструкции судовых биографий на примере Сарапульской эксплуатационной конторы 1954–1962 годов

Introduction. Payrolls are one of the valuable historical sources, which, unfortunately, has limited access due to the law on the protection of personal data. Since they are the most popular source for confirming the length of service and income of citizens, often the funds of organizations can consist of only one payroll. In this regard, the development of processing procedures to identify the implicit information contained in them is relevant. Methods and materials. The work is devoted to a methodical generalization of the authors’ experience in working with payrolls for the period 1954–1962 of the Udmurt administration of small rivers for the reconstruction of the biographies of the ships available there. Analysis and results. The greatest efficiency was demonstrated by the joint analysis of payrolls with orders for personnel. At the first stage, it is advisable to present the payroll data in tabular form. After that, the table is decomposed and a search is made for possible duplicates and combinations of ships. As a result of the work, it is shown that payrolls are a valuable source, not only as a basis for subsequent statistical processing but also as a narrative source of information. On the example of payrolls at the Sarapul operational office in 1954–1962, the operational information of the fleet available there was reconstructed. It is concluded that they are a more timely and objective source than, for example, statistical reports; therefore, in cases of disagreement, preference should be given to payroll statements. Author’s contribution. N.W. Mitiukov made an analytical summary of the submitted documents. N.V. Toshchevikova carried out an archival search, selection of documents, and editing of the manuscript.

Outstanding legal historian Lev Okinshevych: sources for scientific biography

Introduction. 2023 marks the 125th anniversary of the birth of the famous Ukrainian legal historian L. O. Okinshevich (Okynshevich). Dozens of biographical publications are devoted to the scientist, which are mainly based on his memoirs. Due to the lack of objective primary sources, there are quite a lot of substantive gaps and factual in accuracies in these publications. The aim of the article. Introduction into scientific circulation of archival and other primary sources about the life and work of L. O. Okinshevych and on this basis some clarification of the Ukrainian period of the biography of the scientist, in which until now there were still a lot of lacunae, Results. In the context of the modern anthropological approach, new facts and assessments are offered regarding the life path of the secretary of the Commission for Studying the History of Western Ruthenian and Ukrainian Law of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, and later one of the most prominent representatives of the science of the Ukrainian diaspora L. O. Okinshevych. Newly discovered or little-known archival and other historical sources are analyzed that will help clarify the biography of the scientist. Conclusion. With the help of newly discovered primary sources, it was possible to clarify a number of facts аbout the scientist’s biography and information about his family environment. The directions of further archival searches are determined; versions of possible persons of the scientist’s grandfather and some other relatives are formulated. Key words: Ukraine, jurisprudence, history of legal science, history of Ukrainianlaw, All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Okinshevych (Okynshevych) L. O., scientifi cbiography, legal biography, historical sources.

Is this news article still relevant? Ranking by contemporary relevance in archival search

Our civilization creates enormous volumes of digital data, a substantial fraction of which is preserved and made publicly available for present and future usage. Additionally, historical born-analog records are progressively being digitized and incorporated into digital document repositories. While professionals often have a clear idea of what they are looking for in document archives, average users are likely to have no precise search needs when accessing available archives (e.g., through their online interfaces). Thus, if the results are to be relevant and appealing to average people, they should include engaging and recognizable material. However, state-of-the-art document archival retrieval systems essentially use the same approaches as search engines for synchronic document collections. In this article, we develop unique ranking criteria for assessing the usefulness of archived contents based on their estimated relationship with current times, which we call contemporary relevance. Contemporary relevance may be utilized to enhance access to archival document collections, increasing the likelihood that users will discover interesting or valuable material. We next present an effective strategy for estimating contemporary relevance degrees of news articles by utilizing learning to rank approach based on a variety of diverse features, and we then successfully test it on the New York Times news collection. The incorporation of the contemporary relevance computation into archival retrieval systems should enable a new search style in which search results are meant to relate to the context of searchers’ times, and by this have the potential to engage the archive users. As a proof of concept, we develop and demonstrate a working prototype of a simplified ranking model that operates on the top of the Portuguese Web Archive portal (arquivo.pt).

A long-period radio transient active for three decades.

Several long-period radio transients have recently been discovered, with strongly polarized coherent radio pulses appearing on timescales between tens to thousands of seconds1,2. In some cases, the radio pulses have been interpreted as coming from rotating neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields, known as magnetars; the origin of other, occasionally periodic and less-well-sampled radio transients is still debated3. Coherent periodic radio emission is usually explained by rotating dipolar magnetic fields and pair-production mechanisms, but such models do not easily predict radio emission from such slowly rotating neutron stars and maintain it for extended times. On the other hand, highly magnetic isolated white dwarfs would be expected to have long spin periodicities, but periodic coherent radio emission has not yet been directly detected from these sources. Here we report observations of a long-period (21 min) radio transient, which we have labelled GPM J1839-10. The pulses vary in brightness by two orders of magnitude, last between 30 and 300 s and have quasiperiodic substructure. The observations prompted a search of radio archives and we found that the source has been repeating since at least 1988. The archival data enabled constraint of the period derivative to <3.6 × 10-13 s s-1, which is at the very limit of any classical theoretical model that predicts dipolar radio emission from an isolated neutron star.

Reshaping water-related urban places with collaborative participation: a critical examination of the Kabataş waterfront

PurposeThis study aims to draw a general framework for recreating water-related urban places. It discusses design criteria and processes that will strengthen people's and the city's relationship with the waterfront. It also explores the functional requirements of a participatory process to incorporate social and functional relations into place making.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on a comprehensive case study of the Kabataş project process. Data collection methods include archive searches, questionnaires, interviews and analysis. The study analyses the architectural decisions, the role and perspectives of the key actors and the current dynamics that shape the process. It points out shortcomings and needs of communication and collaboration with different stakeholders, especially with the users.FindingsThe results show that political and power dynamics play an important role in shaping the process. Non-transparent processes increase the gap between the aspects of community and decision makers in current practices. Establishing holistic, waterfront-specific and collaborative approaches is a necessity. The results also show that the success of participation depends on procedural dynamics such as scope, method, timing, representativeness of the community, institutionalisation level, transparency and deliberation.Originality/valueDespite the intense interest in waterfront regeneration, few studies have focused on the potential of the participatory process. The study examines the intersections of waterfront design decisions and collaborative participation at various scales and emphasises the importance of local actors in the social production of space.

Towards semantics and social networks. Anatol Rapoport’s general system theory and its implications for contemporary political systems research

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the basic assumptions of Anatol Rapoport’s (1911–2007) general systems theory. An in-depth study of his works and the unique materials collected in the archives of the University of Toronto served to achieve the goal. Additionally, the archival search made it possible to supplement his biography with previously unexplored information. The analysis proved that A. Rapoport highlighted two important themes that find application potential in contemporary political systems research. These are semantics and the network structure of the system.

Route “Roads of Memory”: Resource of the Commemorative Practice on the Places of Hostilities on the Territory of Russia and Belarus (1941–1945)

This article is devoted to the description of the implementation of the route “Roads of Memory” as a format of historical “immersion” in the research material that contributes to the reconstruction of social memory about the events of the Great Patriotic War, the phenomenon of human losses during the War, the formation of the meaning of this phenomenon and the veneration of humanistic value. This commemorative practice turned out to be extremely understandable and successful in the format of research objectives of the archival search team. In July 2019, a group of students with a professor, in connection with the 75th anniversary of the liberation of the Byelorussian SSR territory from the invaders, went to the Republic of Belarus in order to visit the brotherly burials where the remains of Siberians rest. The commemoration was called “Roads of Memory” and covered the route from Novosibirsk through Moscow to Smolensk – Roslavl – Minsk – Vitebsk. The participants visited the burial sites of Red Army soldiers who died in battles during the Great Patriotic War or in concentration camps. The study used a set of complementary methods that contribute both to the effectiveness of the search and to the professional promotion of the participants of the archival search team. The narration of the events described by the route “Roads of Memory” is a combination of a diary essay and storytelling, in the tradition of the narrative approach.

Tormund’s return: Hints of quasi-periodic eruption features from a recent optical tidal disruption event

Context. Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are repeating thermal X-ray bursts associated with accreting massive black holes, the precise underlying physical mechanisms of which are still unclear. Aims. We present a new candidate QPE source, AT 2019vcb (nicknamed Tormund by the Zwicky Transient Facility Collaboration), which was found during an archival search for QPEs in the XMM-Newton archive. It was first discovered in 2019 as an optical tidal disruption event (TDE) at z = 0.088, and its X-ray follow-up exhibited QPE-like properties. Our goals are to verify its robustness as QPE candidate and to investigate its properties to improve our understanding of QPEs. Methods. We performed a detailed study of the X-ray spectral behaviour of this source over the course of the XMM-Newton archival observation. We also report on recent Swift and NICER follow-up observations to constrain the source’s current activity and overall lifetime, as well as an optical spectral follow-up. Results. The first two Swift detections and the first half of the 30 ks XMM-Newton exposure of Tormund displayed a decaying thermal emission typical of an X-ray TDE. However, the second half of the exposure showed a dramatic rise in temperature (from 53.5−7.7+9.2 eV to 113.8−2.7+2.9 eV) and 0.2–2 keV luminosity (from 3.2−1.0+1.6 × 1042 erg s−1 to 1.19−0.05+0.05 × 1044 erg s−1) over ∼15 ks. The late-time NICER follow-up indicates that the source is still X-ray bright more than three years after the initial optical TDE. Conclusions. Although only a rise phase was observed, Tormund’s strong similarities with a known QPE source (eRO-QPE1) and the impossibility to simultaneously account for all observational features with alternative interpretations allow us to classify Tormund as a candidate QPE. If confirmed as a QPE, it would further strengthen the observational link between TDEs and QPEs. It is also the first QPE candidate for which an associated optical TDE was directly observed, constraining the formation time of QPEs.

PENGGUNAAN WEBSITE APPSHEET SEBAGAI TEMU BALIK ARSIP INAKTIF FOTO DI DINAS PERPUSTAKAAN DAN KEARSIPAN KABUPATEN PONOROGO

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Information is an important part of communication between individuals and groups. Information is closely related to archive search. Archive searching is an important part of archive editing because searching allows researchers to find important information in archives. Based on the results of an archive search survey at one of the archival institutions, namely the Ponorogo Regency Library and Archives Service, archive searches are still limited through Microsoft Excel and there are no other innovations. Seeing current technological developments, researchers offer solutions for searching archives through the AppSheet website at the Ponorogo Regency Library and Archives Service. The purpose of this study, among others, is to find out how to use the AppSheet website, use the AppSheet website in related agencies, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the AppSheet website. The research method in this study is a qualitative method through interviews and observation. The informants in this study were 4 archivists in related agencies. The results of the study show that how to use the AppSheet website consists of 22 steps. How to use the AppSheet website in related agencies include: 1) The features provided are quite easy to use. 2) Retrieval components that are fulfilled include: users, queries, documents, and matching. 3) The description is complete. 4) The retrieval step is quite easy. 5) Available metadata include: processing unit, file number, file number, description of archive information, time period, and amount. 6) Obstacles in the operation of the AppSheet website as a retrieval of inactive photo archives so far not all users can access and cannot be operated offline. 7) The solution for operating the AppSheet website as a retrieval of inactive photo archives is that later users who really need access to these inactive photo archives will be allowed to view them to get information to support their final thesis or assignment. In addition, active photos need to be placed on a flash disk to back up data. 8) There is no comparison with other applications. 9) Criticism and suggestions follow technology and regulatory developments in politics and law and features are added. Disadvantages of the AppSheet website include: users must understand technology and need to share links so that other users can access them. The advantages: increasing efficiency, effectiveness, presentation of information, when it is static it can be accessed by the public.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;: Inactive Photo Archive Retrieval, AppSheet Website, Ponorogo District Library and Archives Service.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Income inequality of peasants of a suburban district according to tax assessments: Semiluzhnaya volost of Tomsk county at the beginning of the XX century.

The article is intended to provide historians with new data to discuss the problem of income inequality in pre-revolutionary Russia. Authors aim at obtaining figures that can be used to compare with the already available digital estimates of inequality in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as to include pre-revolutionary Russia on a par with other countries and eras. Since income data for the period studied is particularly scarce for rural areas, the authors focused on peasants. The task was to obtain data that would allow us to get a picture of inequality at the micro level – within individual villages. As a data source, layout sentences are used – resolutions of rural gatherings on the distribution of taxes between members of the community. The choice of Semiluzhnaya volost is due to the opportunity to obtain the greatest chronological diversity of data for the Tomsk collection of folding sentences. The work is based on the results of the archival search. Based on personal data extracted from the lists of peasant tax payers, a number of Gini indices were calculated for individual villages over individual years, with further assessment of their reliability. A number of Gini indices have been obtained, which make it possible to talk about a significant or even high level of inequality in the studied villages against the background of well-known world values and estimates for pre-revolutionary Russia. It is shown that the proximity of a large city (Tomsk) contributed to an increase in income inequality by creating the possibility of earning as a waste worker and by creating demand for non-agricultural goods created by peasants. It is shown that the primary values of the index should be considered underestimated due to their high dependence on the per capita distribution of taxes, and the values cleared from the per capita component should be considered overestimated due to the underestimation of personal non-agricultural earnings of peasants. The difference between the values of the purified indices for different villages is explained by the special economic appearance of the village of Semiluzhny as an important point on the Siberian route.

IMMIGRATION AND ELECTION IN LEADER RHETORIC: TURKEY-EUROPEAN UNION RELATIONS (2014-2016)

In this study, Turkey-EU relations were examined through the discourses of German government president Angela Merkel and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in 2014 and 2015. With the Visa Exemption and Readmission Agreement signed during the period when the civil war in Syria increased migration movements, a new process began at the beginning of 2014 in Turkey-EU relations, which had been stagnant for a long time. In the same years, local elections, presidential elections, 7 June and 1 November general elections took place in Turkey. In the process led by Merkel, Erdogan's visits to Germany and Merkel's visit to Turkey have gained importance. In this research, discourses were identified by daily archival search from the news sites determined and in this direction, what kind of change occurred in the discourses of the leaders in the axis of relations and what effect these discourses had on the future of Turkey-EU relations were evaluated by the method of critical discourse analysis. In this direction, following the introductory section, the discourses of Erdoğan and Merkel in 2014 and 2015 are examined in quarterly periods. Then, the emphasis in the discourses was analyzed through the tables and the conclusion section ended with the evaluation of the findings.

Adenomyomas of the Gallbladder: An Analysis of Frequency, Clinicopathologic Associations, and Relationship to Carcinoma of a Malformative Lesion.

The nature and associations of gallbladder (GB) "adenomyoma" (AM) remain controversial. Some studies have attributed up to 26% of GB carcinoma to AMs. To examine the true frequency, clinicopathologic characteristics, and neoplastic changes in GB AM. Cholecystectomy cohorts analyzed were 1953 consecutive cases, prospectively with specific attention to AM; 2347 consecutive archival cases; 203 totally embedded GBs; 207 GBs with carcinoma; and archival search of institutions for all cases diagnosed as AM. Frequency of AM was 9.3% (19 of 203) in totally submitted cases but 3.3% (77 of 2347) in routinely sampled archival tissue. A total of 283 AMs were identified, with a female to male ratio = 1.9 (177:94) and mean size = 1.3 cm (range, 0.3-5.9). Most (96%, 203 of 210) were fundic, with formed nodular trabeculated submucosal thickening, and were difficult to appreciate from the mucosal surface. Four of 257 were multifocal (1.6%), and 3 of 257 (1.2%) were extensive ("adenomyomatosis"). Dilated glands (up to 14 mm), often radially converging to a point in the mucosa, were typical. Muscle was often minimal, confined to the upper segment. Nine of 225 (4%) revealed features of a duplication. No specific associations with inflammation, cholesterolosis, intestinal metaplasia, or thickening of the uninvolved GB wall were identified. Neoplastic change arising in AM was seen in 9.9% (28 of 283). Sixteen of 283 (5.6%) had mural intracholecystic neoplasm; 7 of 283 (2.5%) had flat-type high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma in situ. Thirteen of 283 cases had both AM and invasive carcinoma (4.6%), but in only 5 of 283 (1.8%), carcinoma arose from AM (invasion was confined to AM, and dysplasia was predominantly in AM). AMs have all the features of a malformative developmental lesion, and may not show a significant muscle component (ie, the name "adeno-myoma" is partly a misnomer). While most are innocuous, some pathologies may arise in AMs, including intracholecystic neoplasms, flat-type high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma (1.8%, 5 of 283). It is recommended that gross examination of GBs include serial slicing of the fundus for AM detection and total submission if one is found.