Seaports Of Ukraine Research Articles

INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF UKRAINE IN THE FIELD OF RAIL TRANSPORT

The purpose of this article is to determine the competitive position of Ukraine in the field of railway transportation in comparison with Poland (a neighbouring country), Switzerland (a benchmark in the field of railway transportation) and Canada (which professes a completely different “American” principle of operating railway networks, where freight transportation is a priority). Methods. In the process of working on the article, the following research methods were used: analysis and synthesis in the selection of indicators and their grouping (production and financial, scientific and technical development, personnel characteristics) depending on the direction they characterise; methods of economic analysis – multidimensional comparative analysis, index analysis, Delphi method in determining the weight of indicators selected for analysis, rating to determine the final positions of each of the countries selected for analysis. Results. Among the main results of the study is the determination of Ukraine’s competitive position, primarily in comparison with Poland as a neighbouring country. The next most important is the group of indicators that put Ukraine behind the Swiss railways’ benchmarks, in particular, the quality of infrastructure and electrification. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is an attempt to assess the competitive positions of railway transport, which seemingly cannot compete with each other, since each of them operates in a separate territory (in most cases within the same country) and their interests hardly overlap. Currently, this is not entirely true, since, after the large-scale invasion, due to the blockade of Ukrainian seaports, a significant part of export and import commodity flows has moved to rail transport, and by analysing the situation in each individual transit country, it is possible to choose the direction that will be most acceptable for the long-distance transportation of goods to “third” countries. The practical significance of the results obtained can be viewed from at least two perspectives. The first is the indicators that have caused the Ukrainian railway to lag behind the benchmark state (Switzerland) and the work to improve the situation in each of the areas. The second side is the possibility of conducting a similar assessment of the situation in rail transport among all of Ukraine’s neighbouring countries and identifying the highest priority areas for sending most of the export and import cargo to “third” countries.

ЕКСПОРТ ЗЕРНА УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The article examines and analyzes the changes that have occurred in the grain market of Ukraine, in particular in the process of its export. An analysis of the dynamics of grain and leguminous export volumes for 2010-2023 was carried out, and a structural analysis of grain exports in 2023 was carried out. A study of the geography of grain export was conducted and trends were revealed regarding the provision of Ukrainian grain to the importing countries that need it most. Since February 2022, the Ukrainian grain market has undergone irreversible changes, the impact of which was not only national, but also international. In the first year of the Black Sea Grain Agreement, grain exports through the humanitarian corridor partially resumed, but many importing countries that previously supplied grain to Ukraine did not receive grain on time and sought alternative supplies. It was found that by July 2023, exports of cereals and pulses had returned to 2014 levels. At the same time, the dominant crop was corn, which accounted for more than 50% of the export structure. Corn had to be sold quickly to make room in the granaries for wheat from the summer harvest. The article also emphasizes that the geography of exports changed significantly during the war. In the conditions of limited supplies through Ukrainian seaports, the neighboring countries of Poland and Romania came to the rescue, allowing the transit of Ukrainian grain. Thus, the share of Ukraine in grain exports to Europe increased from 19.5% in 2020 to 52.2% in 2022. Turkey has also become an important participant in international trade, allowing goods to be transshipped to countries in Africa and the Middle East. In addition, as stated in the article, Turkey, as a grain hub, sent a part of Ukrainian wheat flour in finished form to the African region Since the long-term survival of the concluded Black Sea Grain Initiative was not fully guaranteed, grain-importing countries bought grain during periods of falling export prices and built up stocks to prevent a worsening of the global food crisis.

ПРОЕКТ RAIL BALTICA ЯК СКЛАДОВА РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the solution of the urgent problems of strengthening the economic potential of the national economy and improving the logistical ways of supplying Ukrainian exports. Full integration of Ukraine into the EU should be comprehensive and include adaptation to the European system of communication routes it was determined. It has been established that one of the important stages of integration into the trans-European rail transport system should be the accession of Ukraine to the Trans-Baltic Rail Baltica project. The purpose of the study is to investigate the concept of integration of the system of international rail transportation and passenger transportation of Ukraine and the EU on the example of the implementation of the Trans-Baltic Rail Baltica project. The current state, potential, stages of project implementation and prospects for Ukraine joining this project it was determined. The object of the study is the process of Ukraine's integration into the system of the trans-European network of transport routes. The methods used in the research. Method of scientific knowledge, methods of analysis, synthesis, method of generalization, comparison, methods of induction and deduction. The hypothesis of the study consists in the assumption of the need to develop an organizational mechanism ("road map") for Ukraine's integration into the trans-European transport system. Presenting main material. The article examines the current state of logistics routes that ensure the transportation of Ukrainian exports to Europe and the transit capabilities of European ports for the transcontinental transportation of Ukrainian goods. Some difficulties still exist in exporting goods through the seaports of Ukraine. The transit potential of the borders of the Baltic countries for Ukrainian exports has been determined. Attention is also focused on the fact that road transport cannot be the only alternative for transport connections between Ukraine and the EU. The main problem of delivering Ukrainian exports to the ports of the Baltic Sea, and mostly to the entire European market by rail is the different width of the railway tracks. The work describes the modern Rail Baltica project, which is aimed at integrating the Baltic countries into the trans-European rail transportation system. The importance, specifics of implementation and prospects of joining Ukraine in this project have been determined. The originality and practical significance of the study is justification of the need for Ukraine to join the Rail Baltica project from the point of view of national economic and military-political security, as well as the security of the entire region. Conclusions and prospects for further research. The conducted research made it possible to determine that the development of the process of Ukraine's integration into the EU involves the development of a strategy for the integration of Ukraine into the European system of passenger and cargo transportation. Joining the Rail Baltica project will increase Ukraine's expert potential. The Rail Baltica project with the participation of Ukraine has the opportunity to improve the logistics routes of connections on the entire European continent.

ТРАНСПОРТНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ЗЕРНОВОГО ЕКСПОРТУ

The article provides an overview of the current state of the domestic marine transport infrastructure as such, which provides transport services for cargo flows of export grain products. The provided analysis covers both the pre-war period and the wartime. The main mode of transport, which implements foreign trade deliveries of grain products, is maritime, which currently works with adjacent modes of transport that provide transportation of grain to sea ports – rail and road, their participation in grain transportation is analyzed. The volumes and dynamics of handling of export grain by sea ports of Ukraine are presented. The main "grain" ports of Ukraine were identified, which in pre-war times loaded up to 90 % of the total sea grain export to sea vessels. The most powerful grain terminals are located in Mykolaiv, Chornomorsk, Pivdenny and Odesa ports, which contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of leading positions by these ports in the market of handling of grain export. Changes in the transportation of grain export caused by the war, which were the result of the blockade of Ukrainian seaports, were emphasized. Partial restoration of the work of some ports became possible in June 2022 with the signing of the Black Sea Grain Initiative. Currently, from the very beginning of the fullscale invasion, the ports of Ukraine located on the Danube, remained unblocked – the main cargo flows of export grain fell to the port of Reni, Ust-Dunaisk and Izmail during the period when the ports of Big Odesa were not working, and their cargo turnover tripled. Today, grain is exported through the ports of Big Odesa (outside the Black Sea Grain Initiative); carriages through the Danube ports remains an alternative route – it is interesting and attractive for grain exporters who invest in technical and technological development and improvement of these ports. Publicly available statistics allow you to operate with indicators for the period until 2022; official statistical data were not made public during the war years.

SEA PORT INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR PORT DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PORT-LANDLORD MANAGEMENT MODEL

Topicality. The port industry acts as a link in the global transport services arena and is the basis for the development of the entire economy. The ability of ports to compete in the international transport market depends not least on how the government manages this sector, and therefore the need for a comprehensive study to implement the right (effective) management model and increase the level of economic development of seaports is becoming increasingly important.Aim and tasks. The purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of the operation of maritime economic complexes management models, to understand the current state of Ukrainian ports and develop recommendations for further development of port infrastructure, taking into account the experience of the most developed EU ports.Materials and Methods. To achieve this goal, the article uses general scientific research methods, namely: methods of system analysis, methods of comparison and logical generalisation. The information sources for this study are the scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of implementing the model of management of the maritime economic complex, analytical data and data from open sources.Research results. In today's environment, when trade between countries is gaining significant momentum, it is important to improve the port sector and its components. This is a driver for development and change in the infrastructure, especially as shipping is one of the cheapest ways to transport goods. Ukraine's stable development as an importing and exporting country depends on the state's ability to create the necessary conditions for effective changes in this area. The article emphasises the need to change the model of port infrastructure management and briefly describes each of the port management models defined in accordance with the criteria set by the World Bank. The necessity of bringing port management closer to the port-landlord model was emphasized. It is emphasised that the transition to the port-landlord model is not about the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority (hereinafter - USPA) obtaining land ownership, but about transforming the USPA into a port authority with full powers and tools to increase the competitiveness of the Ukrainian port system.Conclusion. This work proposes a set of measures aimed at qualitatively bringing the Ukrainian model closer to the practice of port management in Northwest Europe.

Logistics of Smart Port in Ukraine: Problems and Prospects in the Conditions of Sustainable Development

Every day, the global logistics industry faces new challenges – both due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and due to economic instability in global markets. The pandemic and the disruption of traditional supply chains are forcing companies to change their production geography. Accelerated digitization of people's and companies' livelihoods is contributing to the transformation of classical logistics, and in the end, those players who create an environment of additional services for delivery support, thereby forming resilience to risks, are winning. In this regard, there is a need to develop theoretical and applied aspects of the transition of port logistics to sustainable development through the introduction of smart port technologies that contribute to the achievement of a number of sustainable development goals, such as: 1: no poverty, 2: zero hunger, 3: good health and well-being, 8: decent work and economic growth, 9: industry innovation and infrastructure, 11: sustainable cities and communities, 12: responsible consumption and production, 13: climate action, 14: life below water, 17: partnerships for sustainable development. The theoretical basis of the research was scientific works of scholars from different countries and periods in the field of logistics, sustainable development, individual provisions of international framework documents, including the UN Conference on Environment and Development's Agenda for the 21st Century, the Declaration on Environmental Protection, and the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development. Official data from the ports of Gdansk, Rotterdam, and Hamburg, the International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH), the World Ports Climate Initiative (WPCI), the World Bank, and the Administration of Seaports of Ukraine (USPA) were used as initial information for analysis and concluding. As a result of summarizing the theoretical and methodological foundations of logistics, the article proposes the Conceptual Model of the Subject Area 'Smart Port', the quintessence of which lies in the symbiosis of the paradigms of scientific and technical development and sustainable development. This made it possible to expand the existing scientific basis of the transport logistics and transport systems sphere. The prerequisites for the emergence of the smart port are analyzed. The leading container ports of different generations are grouped. Special focus is on Ukraine, one of the largest grain exporters in the World. The prospects for the transition of Ukrainian ports to the fourth category (generation) of development are outlined. To successfully implement the strategy for the development of Ukrainian seaports for the period up to 2038, an optimization management model for logistics processes was developed based on the concept of a gaming approach.

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARINE DRY BULK CARGO TRANSPORTATION MARKET IN UKRAINE

The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which began in February 2022, led to a complete blockade of Ukrainian seaports, the destruction and damage of infrastructure facilities, and made it impossible for cargo ships to enter Ukrainian ports. However, the number of cargo ship calls to ports has increased in other countries, especially in Europe, although they have yet to reach the levels that existed before the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, terminal operators, government authorities, and shipping companies took measures to deal with port congestion amid the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced ships to spend more time in slower ports.

EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF «GANZ» PORTAL CRANE MECHANISMS

Portal cranes are widely used in various ports for transhipment operations. However, today in the river and sea ports of Ukraine, more than 88% of cranes have fulfilled the standard service life and continue to be operated. Since portal cranes are the main link in the technological process, therefore, the productivity of Port lines depends on their reliable and trouble-free operation. The analysis of statistical data shows that the processing and long-term operation of portal cranes in the mode of intense cyclic loading leads to the formation of fatigue defects and the subsequent failure of their components and accidents [1-9]. Therefore, ensuring safe and reliable operation is one of the main tasks in the design, modernization and operation of cranes. The analysis of works] showed that the reliability of portal crane mechanisms that have been soldered for more than 35 years in sea and river ports has not been sufficiently studied. For research, 24 identical Ganz cranes with a lifting capacity of 16 tons were selected, which operate in clamshell mode in sea and river ports. The analysis uses information contained in the respective maintenance and repair logs of the respective cranes from 2008 to 2021. Data analysis shows that the greatest number of failures is observed in the mechanisms of movement, lifting, changing the boom departure and metal structures of cranes. It should be noted that up to 75% of all time is spent on restoring the operation of reducers. The reasons for the failure of movement mechanisms are: wear of gears and shafts of gearboxes, destruction and wear of bearings in gearboxes, cracks in gearbox housings. The failures of the mechanisms for changing the reach of the boom are caused by wear of the teeth of the racks and gears, bearings and gear housings of the mechanism.

Some issues of the application of public-law mediation with the participation of states in the settlement of the Cyprus conflict

The article is devoted to the analysis of public law mediation in the settlement of international conflicts. Using the example of the armed confrontation on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus that took place in 1974, the authors analyze the role of international intermediaries (mediators) in resolving the armed conflict and overcoming its consequences. The causes of the Cyprus armed conflict are studied, and the conditions under which public law mediation is expedient are analyzed. At the same time, the conditions for providing mediation services in the settlement of such conflicts are evaluated.
 In the conditions of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the study of the role of mediation in international law plays a positive role, taking into account the aspiration of some UN member states to play a positive peaceful conciliatory role in the cessation of military aggression by the aggressor state.
 Along with the abovementioned, the positive features of public-law mediation are noted and the consequences of using this institute of mediation procedure in armed conflicts are described. The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of public legal mediation are expressed. It also describes the conditions under which the guarantor states assumed international obligations regarding the settlement of the Cyprus crisis.
 The conclusions indicate attempts to settle it, which, unfortunately, did not find the support of the population of this island state. Along with this, it is noted that the subjects of public-legal mediation act as mediators not only in the solution, but also in the possible introduction of peaceful measures that will mitigate the international conflict. As an example, Turkey's participation in unblocking the work of Ukrainian seaports for the purpose of exporting food products by sea transport during the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022 is given.

ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ ОСНОВНИХ СЕГМЕНТІВ РИНКУ МОРСЬКИХ ВАНТАЖНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ В УКРАЇНІ

The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine led to the destruction of critical infrastructure, the termination of port operations in Ukraine, the disruption of regional logistics, the rise in fuel prices, and the increase in ship and cargo insurance costs. It contributed to the restriction of trade in the Black Sea region. The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine hinders trade and changes logistics in and throughout the Black Sea region. As a result, the search for alternative trade routes for Ukrainian goods quickly increased the demands on land and sea transport infrastructure and services. The work aims to identify trends in developing the main segments of the Ukrainian sea freight transportation market in current business conditions. To solve the tasks, the following methods were used: comparative analysis and grouping - in the study of general trends of the Ukrainian sea freight transportation market; systemic structural analysis - when studying the state and determining the prospects of tanker, container, and dry cargo transportation in Ukraine. An analysis of the general trends of the Ukrainian sea freight transport market was carried out. In addition, the state and prospects of tanker, container, and dry cargo transportation in Ukraine have been studied in detail. The tanker transportation sector was the most affected. Tanker transportation in Ukraine was suspended. Shipping companies engaged in the transportation of containers have stopped work in Ukrainian seaports. At the same time, a slight increase in the volume of container transportation was observed in the ports of countries bordering Ukraine. The complete blockade of Ukrainian seaports and the destruction and damage of infrastructure facilities made it impossible for dry cargo ships to reach Ukrainian ports. With Ukrainian seaports blocked and port operations suspended, grain exports from Ukraine were limited to shipments through western borders, rail, and small ports. The issue was partially resolved only within the framework of signing documents regarding the implementation of the Initiative on the safe transportation of agricultural products from three Ukrainian ports. The article outlines the critical factors in developing the maritime cargo transportation market in Ukraine during the post-war period of economic development.

APPLICATION OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS OF MARITIME TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES

The article deals with the management process of maritime transport enterprises of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the activities of the Administration of Sea Ports of Ukraine. It is determined that in modern business conditions, the process of improving the functioning of seaport administrations, which are a component of the transport infrastructure of the state's economy, is gaining relevance. In this regard, seaports are the object of close attention on the part of state authorities, and their effective functioning is the object of scientific research both in Ukraine and in the world. It is noted that in our country there has been a significant decentralization of powers in the maritime transport management system, which has both positive consequences (attraction of private capital in the development of port infrastructure, the beginning of the separation of the functions of port activities from infrastructure management to management of the efficiency of port activities), and negative consequences – the reduction of the number of units of the fleet under the flag of Ukraine and the deterioration of the system for ensuring the safety of navigation. 
 The search for ways to build a rational management system in the field of maritime transport, taking into account increasing its efficiency and ensuring safety, is a general problem, which can be solved using the best world experience. The article examines the experience of maritime administrations in the leading maritime states of the world (Great Britain, USA, Germany and Sweden).
 Taking into account foreign experience, it can be concluded that the main task of the Administration of seaports of Ukraine is to create favorable conditions for the competitiveness of ports, which will lead to the growth of the gross domestic product, the formation of which is significantly influenced by the work of the port sector, where the maximum opportunities for exporting transport services and transit potential of countries are concentrated. However, having a unique competitive advantage in its geopolitical position, Ukraine does not have sufficient competitiveness of port services. The development of regional seaport complexes can have a significant impact on the economic growth of territorial entities, entrepreneurial activity and competition in the market, the influx of investments and qualified personnel, and the development of innovative technologies. The main role in the development of seaports can belong to public management using the mechanism of public-private partnership, as in the advanced countries of Europe. Sea ports must be considered as a system that is heterogeneous in relation to regions, it is formed due to significant differences in the area of geographical location, provision of resources, the structure of the economy, the achieved development of various spheres of the economy, the conditions for entering the market environment, the rates of transformation of forms of ownership, etc. It is the application of leading foreign experience that will help to restore the activities of Ukrainian seaports in the post-war period, a period of rapid economic growth and expansion of investment opportunities.

Three Seas Initiative and Ukrainian Seaports’ Prospects amid Russian Aggression

After the outbreak of the Russian invasion in 2022, Ukraine indicated its desire to participate in the regional European Three Seas Initiative. The initiative’s basic ideas generally correspond to Ukraine’s interests and capabilities as a transit state. The significant potential of the Ukrainian port infrastructure makes Ukraine’s participation in TSI projects promising. At the same time, the prospects for the port industry in Ukraine can develop according to two different scenarios, directly determined by the course of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict and its results. Although already at this stage, providing Ukraine with new integration opportunities within the EU and changes in the EU transport policy can create the foundation for broad participation in TSI projects.

Sea Ports of Ukraine during the Russian Agression

Ukraine put the second place in the world by volume of export of all grain crops in aggregate and first in of export sunflower oil. Military russian ships are blocking shipping to Ukrainian ports. Without supplying Ukrainian agricultural products many countries of the world are faced with famine. This article takes the characteristics of seaports in Ukraine, volume, and structure of cargo handling in 2020-2021. Grain and sunflower oil put 42% of export cargo handling. The article analyzes alternative ways of distributing grain by rail, road and inland waterways. Some recommendation for problem solution is described.

EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF ALBATROSS GANTRY CRANE MECHANISMS

Portal cranes are widely used to perform transshipment operations in sea and river areas. Since they are the main link in the technological process, so the performance of Port lines directly depends on their reliable and continuous operation. However, today in the river and sea ports of Ukraine, more than 88% of cranes have fulfilled the standard service life and continue to be operated. Since overtime and long-term operation of metal structures of overhead cranes in the mode of intensive cyclic loading leads to the formation of fatigue defects and subsequent failure of components and accidents. Therefore, ensuring safe and reliable operation is one of the main tasks in the design, modernization and operation of cranes. The analysis of works on the reliability of complex technical systems indicates that the issue of reliability of gantry crane mechanisms, which have been soldered for more than 35 years in seaports, is not sufficiently studied. The purpose of the work is: analysis of failures of mechanisms that occur during the operation of gantry cranes with overtime service life, based on the obtained data, failure and recovery coefficients are calculated.. Operating time affects the mechanical characteristics of materials ambiguously. The aim of the study is to analyze the failure statistics of gantry crane mechanisms with overtime periods to determine, determine the failure and recovery rates. The 30 identical Albatross cranes with a lifting capacity of 16 tons were selected for research, which operate in Grab mode and operate in seaports. Cranes are divided into 3 groups by year of production. The average annual capacity of cranes was 520 thousand tons, according to the warehouse-ship option. From the obtained data, the largest number of failures is observed in the lifting and turning mechanisms, the smallest – in the load lifting mechanism. Thus, the analysis of the results obtained showed that the largest number of failures is observed in the mechanisms of lifting and turning, the smallest – in the mechanisms of lifting the load and moving the crane.

EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF ALBATROSS GANTRY CRANE MECHANISMS

Portal cranes are widely used to perform transshipment operations in sea and river areas. Since they are the main link in the technological process, so the performance of Port lines directly depends on their reliable and continuous operation. However, today in the river and sea ports of Ukraine, more than 88% of cranes have fulfilled the standard service life and continue to be operated. Since overtime and long-term operation of metal structures of overhead cranes in the mode of intensive cyclic loading leads to the formation of fatigue defects and subsequent failure of components and accidents. Therefore, ensuring safe and reliable operation is one of the main tasks in the design, modernization and operation of cranes. The analysis of works on the reliability of complex technical systems indicates that the issue of reliability of gantry crane mechanisms, which have been soldered for more than 35 years in seaports, is not sufficiently studied. The purpose of the work is: analysis of failures of mechanisms that occur during the operation of gantry cranes with overtime service life, based on the obtained data, failure and recovery coefficients are calculated.. Operating time affects the mechanical characteristics of materials ambiguously. The aim of the study is to analyze the failure statistics of gantry crane mechanisms with overtime periods to determine, determine the failure and recovery rates. The 30 identical Albatross cranes with a lifting capacity of 16 tons were selected for research, which operate in Grab mode and operate in seaports. Cranes are divided into 3 groups by year of production.. The average annual capacity of cranes was 520 thousand tons, according to the warehouse-ship option. From the obtained data, the largest number of failures is observed in the lifting and turning mechanisms, the smallest – in the load lifting mechanism. Thus, the analysis of the results obtained showed that the largest number of failures is observed in the mechanisms of lifting and turning, the smallest – in the mechanisms of lifting the load and moving the crane.

СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКИЙ ЕКСПОРТ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ І ШЛЯХИ ЙОГО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ

Оцінено втрати і визначено ризики для українського сільськогосподарського експорту, що виникли внаслідок блокування українських морських портів збройними силами РФ, обґрунтовано шляхи часткового відновлення сільськогосподарського експорту в умовах воєнних дій і повоєнного відродження експортних ринків. Визначено наслідки війни для зернового ринку. Встановлено, що Україна втратила можливість експортувати майже чверть обсягів зерна, призначених на експорт у 2021/22 маркетинговому році. Така ситуація тисне на світові ціни на продовольство в бік їх підвищення і несе загрозу для продовольчої безпеки країн з низькими доходами населення, залежних від імпорту продовольства. Протягом перших двох місяців воєнного вторгнення РФ уже розпочалися процеси релокації торговельних потоків на світових сільськогосподарських ринках, що в разі довготривалих воєнних дій можуть призвести до часткової втрати Україною експортних ринків. Найбільш очевидним частковим рішенням цієї проблеми є організація за допомогою країн ЄС спеціальних «зелених коридорів», які дозволять Україні експортувати продовольство через порти Балтійського моря. З метою відновлення вітчизняного експорту доцільно: 1) провести переговори щодо подальшої лібералізації торгівлі з торговельними партнерами, насамперед з ЄС та Великою Британією, з метою закріплення тимчасових торговельних преференцій, які були або, ймовірно, будуть надані українському експорту; 2) спростити процедури торгівлі з країнами ЄС і Молдовою для збільшення експорту сільгосппродукції залізничним й автомобільним транспортом; 3) підтримати діяльність Експортно-кредитного агентства в напрямі кредитування і страхування експорту переробленої сільськогосподарської продукції. Разом з тим ситуація з блокуванням сільськогосподарського експорту наочно продемонструвала вразливість сировинної експортоорієнтованої моделі сільського господарства України і зумовила необхідність її заміни на модель, спроможну забезпечити сталий розвиток сільського господарства і сільський розвиток.

FORECASTING GRAIN CARGO HANDLING AT PORT ELEVATORS SOUTH-EASTERN REGION OF UKRAINE

The results of a study of the state and possibilities of increasing the capacity of grain transshipment in the ports of Ukraine and substantiation based on the developed trend models of forecast volumes of grain cargo transshipment in Berdyansk and Mariupol seaports of the South-Eastern region of Ukraine until 2025 are presented. The studies established the characteristics of grain cargo flows in the seaports of Ukraine, the SWOT analysis revealed the strengths and weaknesses, advantages and threats of the Mariupol Sea Trade Port, developed trend forecast models for grain transshipment volumes in the ports of the South-Eastern region of Ukraine and substantiated the forecast volumes of transshipment grain cargo until 2025. A rather uneven loading of the Mariupol port during the year is shown. August and all summer months are especially critical, when both industrial and agricultural goods need to be exported from the nearby region at the same time. The urgent need to increase the capacity of elevators for the ports of Chornomorsk, Reni and Olvia, as well as the ports of the Sea of Azov, in particular, the construction of a new elevator in the port of Mariupol, which is a timely strategic decision, has been substantiated. It was noted that at present most of the country's seaports are expected to increase the transshipment of food cargo of all kinds. To predict the volumes of transshipment of grain cargo at the Berdyansk and Mariupol seaports, based on the analysis of data from the state enterprise "Administration of the Sea Ports of Ukraine", forecast models (trends) are proposed that contribute to the growth of production capacity and competitiveness of agricultural products of the adjacent agro-industrial region. It is shown that the forecast for the next 2-4 years is optimistic – subject to a good grain harvest, the transshipment of grain cargo by 2025 in the Berdyansk and Mariupol ports can reach 2,000 and 1,300 thousand tons, respectively, that is, increase compared to 2021, respectively, 5 and 1.3 times. The conducted SWOT-analysis made it possible to identify and evaluate the factors influencing decision-making on the possibility of developing the Mariupol seaport. On the basis of analytical data, a long-term forecast was made for the further development of the transport and logistics component of the seaports of the South-East region of Ukraine, which will expand and improve port services aimed at increasing its throughput. Among the most important measures is the construction of an elevator in the Mariupol seaport, which will help increase the quality and safe transportation of agricultural products in the chain from the producer to the end consumer. The main measures aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the Mariupol port were identified, including: construction of complexes for transshipment of grain, containers, vegetable oil; dredging, construction of hydrotechnical bank protection structures; reconstruction of berths 2-4 and 14-15 of the port; reconstruction of the nearby railway station Mariupol-Port.

Legal regulation of maritime agency in Ukraine

The article analyzes the regulations governing maritime agency in Ukraine namely: Merchant Shipping Code of Ukraine, Сommercial Code of Ukraine, The Civil Code of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine «On seaports of Ukraine», «On transit of goods», «On foreign economic activity», as well as the Order of the Ministry Infrastructure of Ukraine «On approval of the Rules for the provision of services in seaports of Ukraine». It is investigated that in almost every one of these regulations, regulation of maritime agents is enshrined only a few provisions mentioning a non-marine agent sufficient to settle such a complex maritime institution farms. Attention is drawn to the fact that in addition to laws and bylaws, agency relations between the parties are governed by their own regulations maritime agency agreements.
 It is investigated, that in most countries the legislation contains norms that relating to maritime agency, but they are all fragmentary, disparate in nature and regulate only some aspects of agency activities. In practice, there is usually a relationship between the shipowner and the shipping agent subject to the general provisions of civil or commercial law, devoted to the institution of representation, and fall under the concept of contract authorization.
 According to the content of the above highlighted, the main features of the maritime agency: it is a business activity; the subject of this activity is provision of services; services are provided exclusively to business entities; services are provided through mediation; services are provided exclusively in economic activity; mediation is carried out on behalf of, in the interests of under the control and at the expense of the entity represented.
 The study allows us to conclude, that the maritime agency as a separate type of activity, requires legal consolidation on levels of a special legislative act. Such a special legislative act may be the Law of Ukraine «On Agency Activities», in which, it is necessary to consolidate the regulatory framework for regulation maritime agency, organizational and legal status of the maritime agent and legal status of maritime agency companies; solution problems related to determining the limits of liability of maritime agents; recognition of the maritime agency agreement as a separate type of civil business agreements; establishing a standard form of maritime contract agency in accordance with national specifics.

THE PORT BUSINESS PROCESS ANALYSIS AS THE MANAGEMENT MODEL

Abstract.The research presented in this article is aimed at developing a methodology for decomposing business processes that take place in the port, into components and finding optimal approaches to their management within the port enterprises. The aims are to carry out a schematic grouping of operations and management decisions of port operators by management areas and to analyze the role of business processes in achieving enterprises commercial goals. Different approaches to structuring business processes are consi-dered, and the methodology used in this article, based on UML (Unified Modeling Language), is chosen, as it is a powerful analytical method for creating charts from different data and information sources. Based on the analysis of port operators of Ukrainian sea trade ports, a general profile of the port operator has been deve-loped, which reflects the evolution of business processes of maritime transport enterprises from one of the simplest forms to another, which is a typical modern transport enterprise.The article is devoted to the main trends in the work of Ukrainian seaports. The importance is emphasizedensuring the manageability of such a complex system as the maritime transport enterprise, and emphasizes the importance of identifying specific business processes specific to port enterprises, and highlighting the specifics of the analysis of general business processes. Based on the analysis of opportunities for growth of exports, imports and transit, it was determined that the greatest potential for further development of port operators is to expand the cargo base and attract transit cargo, so the emphasis is on building relevant business processes. The main reasons for restructuring or transformation of the business model of the enterprise are identified. The main sectors of restructuring of the port operator's business model have been identified.Keywords: port, port operator, business process, cargo turnover, transit.

CONCESSION IN THE SEAPORTS OF UKRAINE: EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS

Seaports concession is a successful global practice for optimizing processes in ports to increase their profitability. Almost all the largest seaports in the world remain in concession. It contributes to the development of their infrastructure and increases cargo handling. However, in Ukraine, seaports concession has long remained only a prospect and has not been applied in practice. With the arrival of the new presidential administration, one of its first tasks was to optimize the country’s transport infrastructure, which meant, in particular, seaports concession. In this article, we consider the main aspects of seaport concession in Ukraine. We used general scientific method, formal-legal method, and analysis and synthesis for our research. We paid attention to the concept of concession and its main features. We gave examples of interpretation of the concession from different points of view. Among them are legal, economic, and logistical interpretations. We considered the correlation of the concession with the concept of public-private partnership. We provided the relevant legal framework in this aspect. For example, we analyzed the Laws of Ukraine “On Public-Private Partnership” and “On Concession”. In conclusion, we argued that there is a necessary level of legal regulation for the implementation of concession mechanisms in seaports of Ukraine. In addition, the study takes into account real examples of concession agreements for seaports in Ukraine. For example, we analyzed the situation with the conclusion of concession agreements for seaports in Mykolayiv and Kherson. We established that the development of concessions is a promising area of public policy. With their help, it is possible to attract funding for the infrastructure of seaports, create jobs, fill the state budget, help local governments. However, to realize the full potential of concessions, it is necessary to take measures to create a favorable investment climate, attractive conditions for private investors-concessionaires, in particular, by improving the judiciary, taxation, public administration, and protect property rights.