Abstract
The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which began in February 2022, led to a complete blockade of Ukrainian seaports, the destruction and damage of infrastructure facilities, and made it impossible for cargo ships to enter Ukrainian ports. However, the number of cargo ship calls to ports has increased in other countries, especially in Europe, although they have yet to reach the levels that existed before the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, terminal operators, government authorities, and shipping companies took measures to deal with port congestion amid the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic, which forced ships to spend more time in slower ports.
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