Seagrass Research Articles

Latest Cretaceous storm-generated sea grass accumulations in the Maastrichtian type area, the Netherlands – preliminary observations

Ever since the first description of fossil material during the mid-nineteenth century, sea grass has been shown to be quite commonly preserved in ‘pockets’ or ‘clumps’ at certain levels within the Gulpen, Maastricht and Kunrade formations in southern Limburg (the Netherlands) and contiguous areas in northeast Belgium. In those places where silicification occurred during early diagenesis, even completely silicified and three-dimensionally preserved stems and roots can be found, mostly of Thalassocharis bosquetii, in association with fully marine molluscs such as dentaliid scaphopods and a range of larger foraminifera, bivalves, gastropods and ammonites. Such occurrences are best known from the Valkenburg, Gronsveld and Emael members of the Maastricht Formation in the Eben Emael (Liège, Belgium) and Sint-Pietersberg (Maastricht, the Netherlands) areas. However, accumulations of sea grasses, littering the sea floor over a considerable areal extent, were never as well observed as in a gully-fill that was discovered and partly excavated in the uppermost Gronsveld Member at the ENCI-HeidelbergCement Group quarry in October 2015. Our preliminary results concern the palaeoenvironment and taphonomy of this deposit and identify some of the more notable members of the associated biota, such as an astropectinid asteroid.

Marine biodiversity patterns off Alexandria area, southeastern Mediterranean Sea, Egypt.

The biological marine system in the Mediterranean Sea off Alexandria, Egypt, was investigated to recognise its biodiversity and the relations among "ichthyofauna, invertebrates, and benthic" cover including biota and flora, as well as seabed bathymetry during 2017 using a multi-seasonal surveys by the commercial bottom trawler. Moreover, zooplanktonic community from the water column was also collected to support the picture of the biodiversity in the investigated area. The identified species were 94 fishes, 64 invertebrates, 6 benthic flora, and 304 zooplanktonic species. The ichthyofauna included 5 Chondrichthyes species (5.3% of the fish species), while Osteichthyes fishes were 89 species (94.7%) belonging to 48 families and 72 genera. The most abundant family was Sparidae (13 species). The highest abundance of fishes occurred in the summer (68 fish species 72.34%), while the lowest abundance occurred in the spring (49 species, 52.13%). Regarding the demersal and benthic biota, the most abundant phylum was Mollusca (31 species) and represented by three classes (Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, and Gastropoda). Gastropoda was the most abundant class (18 species), while the lowest Phyla was Chordata (1 species of Ascidians) and Annelida (1 species). The number of lessepsian fish species were 17 (18.1%) of the total number of species caught by the bottom trawl net. In addition, this work provided new records Aulopareia unicolor (F): Gobiidae) for the area for first time and considered the second time in Egypt. The benthic flora was represented by 6 species belonging to three phyla (Tracheophyta, Chlorophyta, and Rhodophyta). Sea grasses were represented by three species (Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, and Halophila stipulacea). The highest abundance of benthic species occurred in the summer (53 species with 75.7%), while the lowest one was in autumn (27 species, 38.6%). Geologically, the fishing ground constituted of hard rocks to very fine silt. The eastern part of the study area includes terrigenous Nile sediment origin, while the western side has biocalcareous sediment with shell fragments richness, coastal limestone ridges origin. The continental shelf, which runs along the study area, is portrayed by a 200-m contour line. In the water column, zooplanktonic community was represented by 304 taxa, belonging to 12 phyla, 6 phyla (Arthropoda, Tintinnida, Chordata "fish eggs and larvae", Cnidaria, Foraminifera, and Radiozoa) were dominant. Copepods were the dominant group (71.59%); its annual average abundance was 1271 ind./m3. Its most diversified season was the winter (175 No/m3.) and its average abundance was 1892.9 ind./m3. However, in spring, 118 species were recorded presenting the highest average abundance (2419.4 ind./m3). The lowest diversified season was summer (85 organisms) with density of 1150 ind./m3. The present work offers updated data regarding the marine biodiversity in Egypt, enriches the gaps in the bibliography in the Eastern Mediterranean, and gives preliminary list of species and biodiversity of bottom trawl combined with the interaction with other biosystems and features of fishing ground. These data could be used to monitorevaluate the impact of bottom trawl on the fisheries habitats and changing in ecosystems. Also, it could be used as constructive step to manage or protect such area in combination with other. It is recommended to fulfil the need for more and detailed studies in all areas by different gears to cover the gaps in marine biodiversity data.

Biohydrogen production from seagrass via novel energetically efficient ozone coupled rotor stator homogenization

Biohydrogen production from seagrass (SG) has gained much attention due to their chemical composition (carbohydrate rich biomass). In this study, an attempt was made to enhance the biohydrogen production from sea grass through novel ozone coupled rotor-stator homogenization (ORSH). The efficiency of the homogenization pretreatment was evaluated in terms of seagrass lysis and biohydrogen generation. Initially, sea grass was subjected to rotor-stator homogenization (RSH) to optimize its power input (5.4–19.1 W) and energy spent (0–1285 kJ/kg TS). RSH consumes specific energy of 510 kJ/kg TS to achieve seagrass lysis of 10.45%, whereas ORSH achieved 23.7% of seagrass lysis at less energy (212.4 kJ/kg TS) input. The outcome of the present study reveals ORSH reduced 58.3% of energy input and increased 55.9% of SG lysis when compared with RSH. Hence, a considerable amount of energy could be saved through this combinative pretreatment. Biohydrogenesis was done to evaluate and compare the biohydrogen production potential of ORSH sample. Higher ultimate biohydrogen production was achieved by ORSH (90.7 mL/g COD) than RSH (39.6 mL/g COD). A higher energy ratio of 1.17 could be achieved through ORSH.

Phytochemical profile of sea grass extract (Enhalus acoroides): A new marine source from Ekas Bay, East Lombok

The coast of Southeast Indian and the tropical part of the Western Pacific is a habitat for the tropical sea grass Enhalus acoroides. In Ekas Bay, East Lombok, E. acoroides grows well in seashores, which is important to tropical marine ecosystem. Previous research reported the pharmacological activity of E. acoroides such as antioxidant and antibacterial. E. acoroides was tested to identify their secondary metabolites using phytochemical screening. The secondary metabolites were further characterized using thin layer chromatography with specific spray reagent. The phytochemical screening identified primary metabolites such as carbohydrates and proteins. On the other hand, the phytochemical screening also detected secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, phenolic, tannin, saponins, flavonoid, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The TLC profile with specific spray reagent confirmed the bioactive components such as phenolic, flavonoid, and terpenes in methanol extract of E. acoroides. These results had a significant impact on profiling the marine plant as a new drug candidate. The information of secondary metabolites from E. acoroides will contribute to further research in determination of antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of E. acoroides, as a promising marine drug candidate from Indonesia.

Developing High Resolution Baseline Coast Resource Maps Using World View 2 Imagery for a Coastal Village in Fiji

In Fiji, like most Pacific Island countries, there have been numerous reports of degradation of coastal resources, including adverse changes in abundance and stock distribution of numerous aquatic species associated with the coastal habitat. To develop effective management plans, assessment of existing coastal resources is pertinent. High spatial resolution satellite imagery, combined with geographic information systems allow for efficient and synoptic mapping of coastal resources to provide a baseline for developing effective and improved management plans. The purpose of this study was to develop a baseline habitat map of the intertidal benthic cover in Komave Village, Coral Coast, Sigatoka, Fiji. Resource mapping was based on high resolution (2m) WorldView-2 imagery. Ground-truthing was attained by means of on-site data logging of the intertidal resources, image capturing and GPS recording. Based on these records, the benthic cover was classified into seven classes: 'coral', 'algae', 'brown algae', 'volcanic rocks', 'sand and gravel', 'sea grass' and 'bare'. Ground referencing points were randomly assigned for either supervised classification training or accuracy assessment. A community participatory research approach was used to conduct interviews to assimilate information on fishing sites and coastal land use activities. This exercise explored the social-ecological approach in natural resource management and how it can become an important tool in coastal conservation practices. The coastal resource map generated through this study serves as a baseline for monitoring the status and spatial distribution of the coastal resources in Komave. Annual mapping of the resources and enrichment of maps along with iterative village consultation will enable managers to develop and gauge the effectiveness of coastal management plans. This high resolution map is particularly relevant to Fiji as it is the first of its kind for the country. This work also serves to reduce the global information gap of coastal resource status for Fiji.

Sea grass surveys in the Eastern part of Lampi Island, in Myanmar

Sea grass surveys in the Eastern part of Lampi Island, in Myanmar

The Fossil Cypraeidae of the Pinecrest Member (Unit 7) and Kissimmee River Valley Equivalent, Tamiami Formation of Southern Florida: (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cypraeidae)

Following the disappearance of the seven Buckingham Member (Unit 10) Cypraeidae from the Myakka Lagoon System (Myakka), there was a hiatus represented by two strata at Sarasota (Pinecrest Members 9 & 8) in the early Piacenzian Pliocene, 3.6 million years ago (“mya”), from which no Cypraeidae have been recorded. This was followed by the warmest and most tropical conditions of the entire Pliocene. The sea grass beds and mud flats, which were the preferred habitats of the Pinecrest Cypraeidae, returned in force. The depositional strata which resulted, Pinecrest (Unit 7) and its Kissimmee River Valley Equivalent, were very thick and probably represent a long period of uninterrupted deposition. Eight new species in six genera emerged in Myakka. In the Kissimmee River Valley (Kissimmee), six new species in three genera (one new) emerged as the first and earliest known Cypraeidae species from that area. This represented geographically separate, but parallel, evolutionary tracks. Pinecrest Members 6 & 5 represented a repeat of the conditions experienced during Pinecrest Members 9 & 8, resulting in the disappearance of all Pinecrest (Unit 7) Cypraeidae from Myakka and Kissimmee.

Nursery habitat use for larval and juvenile Pacific herring Clupea pallasii in Miyako Bay on the Pacific coast of northern Japan

To clarify nursery habitat use for larval and juvenile Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, we collected eggs, larvae, and juveniles at several sampling sites in inner Miyako Bay from 2012 to 2016. Adult C. pallasii used sea grass beds on the west side of inner Miyako Bay as a spawning area. In contrast, their offspring grew up to approximately 100 mm in total length (TL) on the east side of the inner bay, where they stayed until July. C. pallasii seemed to leave the nursery area on the east side of the bay with the rise in temperature in August. Therefore, C. pallasii shifted habitats with ontogenetic development, from the west side of the inner bay in the egg stage, to the east side of the inner bay in the larval and early juvenile stages, and then to the central bay area in the later juvenile stage. Environmental surveys showed lower salinity near the bottom of the east side than the west side of inner Miyako bay, suggesting that larval and juvenile C. pallasii appeared to use the area with low salinity on the east side of Miyako Bay as a nursery.

Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Pb2+ by using acid-activated Posidonia oceanica waste

Dead leaves of seagrass Posidonia oceanica were activated by using one mol L−1 acetic acid and used as an eco-adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. The seagrass was characterized by chemical and physical measurements that confirmed the acid-activation of seagrass. The favourable conditions for MB and Pb2+ adsorption onto the activated seagrass (SGa) were determined to be a pH range of 2–12 and ≥6, an adsorbent dosage of 3.0 and 0.5 g L−1, respectively, and a shaking time of 30 min, which are suitable for a wide range of wastewaters. The equilibrium data were analysed using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Raduskavich-Kaganer (DRK) adsorption isotherm models. The Freundlich and DRK models best describe the adsorption processes of MB and Pb2+, on SGa with capacities of 2681.9 and 631.13 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption isotherm fitting and thermodynamic studies suggest that the adsorption mechanism of MB may combine electrostatic and physical multilayer adsorption processes, in which MB may be present as monomers as well as dimers and trimers which were confirmed from UV spectroscopy whereas Pb2+ is chemically adsorbed onto SGa. The pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model was utilized to investigate the kinetics of adsorption processes. The removal process was successfully applied for MB-spiked brackish waste water from Manzala Lake, Egypt, with removal efficiencies of 91.5–99.9%.

Implications of Seagrass Ecosystem Degradation on Marine Resources and People’s Livelihood: A Case Study from Komave Village, Fiji

Tropical coastal zones have rich marine ecosystems; however, they have been enduring severe environmental hazards, particularly from anthropogenic activity and the effects of climate change. Seagrass ecosystem is one of the most productive yet undervalued marine ecosystems. The residents of Komave village, located on the mainland of Fiji have witnessed marked losses in seagrass cover over the last decade. Several of the village men in Komave are unemployed and rely on the coastal resources through fishing, livestock and agricultural farming for their socioeconomic livelihood. This research explores the impact of loss of seagrass cover on the villagers’ livelihood. This paper highlights the observations and experiences of the Komave villagers, in light of the interviews and discussions carried out at the community. A random sampling method was also used over a period of two years (March, 2015 – April, 2017) to monitor the seagrass habitat. The possible anthropogenic and natural factors contributing to the loss of Seagrass were gotten from the interviews and sampling physical environment. The nitrate content analysed from the random samples, reported values from 190 mg/L to a maximum value of 362.8 mg/L. It was also revealed that the areas where nitrate concentrations were greater than 300 mg/L, there was 0% sea grass cover in total, which confirms that if high levels of nitrates are present, sea grass cover is highly impacted. This paper concludes by providing recommendations for managing seagrass to enhance fisheries productivity in this tropical coastal community.

PPDM PENGOPTIMALISASI POTENSI RUMPUT LAUT DI KECAMATAN KEERA KABUPATEN WAJO, SULAWESI SELATAN

The Development Program of Village (PPDM) is an activity funded by the Ministry of Education and Technology's 2018 budget year, which aims to improve the economy of the community through superior programs that have been agreed upon. The problems faced by the Keera government in the field of fisheries are: (1). Mining and seaweed business are still virtually free and have not fully implemented modern technology, (2). The position is that the producer of the commodity whose tendencies are lower and has less engineering than the outside product, so that there is no ability to absorb energy and consumers, (4). The farm products produced generally have not yet fulfilled the quality, (5). The market of producers is still a long stretch of consumer and non-transparency, which is the difference between prices of very large prices which are received by farms / producers with prices that are paid mainly for products of a Muslim nature, (6). Increased levels of disturbance of organisms in farms and culture and seaweed, (7). Not yet the use of waste from the roots and seaweed, and (7). Not yet related to both the fish and the world of business. The method of executing the start with the activities of the Socialization of the PPDM Program in the meetings of the Keera Village which was attended by partners, the government of Keera District represented by the Secretary of the Sub-District, The head of Keera village, the village facilitator and fishermen. The socialization objectives are (1) Explain what will be done by the PPDM team as well as the error in terms of increasing production partners, (2) Inventory the analysis that will be given to the owner of the needs. The first year provides training and supporting equipment production partners, conducts training in other fields; Training of seaweed manufacture, grass grazing, seaweed screw, lawn juice, and sea grass grass while the equipment we provide partners to support production activities namely, spinner, freezer, gas stove, printer cake, mixer, display etc., each of these equipment.

Implications of range overlap in the commercially important pan-tropical sea urchin genus Tripneustes (Echinoidea: Toxopneustidae)

Sea urchins of the genus Tripneustes are among the most abundant and ecologically important pan-tropical marine invertebrates. Recognized as potent ecosystem engineers due to their intense grazing of macroalgae and sea grass and highly valued for their gonads, wild populations of Tripneustes are commercially exploited for fisheries and aquaculture. Recently, a new species, Tripneustes kermadecensis (Bronstein et al. 2017), was described from the southern Pacific Ocean, off the Kermadec Islands, near the tropical/sub-tropical transition zone. Here, we explore the range of Tripneustes and, in particular, T. kermadecensis by morphological and genetic tools to determine whether it also occurs in Australia. We report, for the first time, the presence of a second Tripneustes species, T. kermadecensis, from Australia. We show that T. kermadecensis is in fact highly abundant throughout most of sub-tropical eastern Australia, where it occurs in association with coral and temperate reefs and has been recognized for decades as the ‘lamington sea urchin’. As commercial exploitation and stock-release programs of Tripneustes are rapidly expanding, and as global warming causes tropicalization of eastern Australia, driving the southern expansion of its congener T. gratilla, we call for re-evaluation of the conservation vulnerability of T. kermadecensis along the Australian continent and action by the aquaculture industry to genetically confirm the species identity of stocks in their facilities.

Global bioevents and the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in Texas and Alabama: Stratigraphy, correlation and ocean acidification

Abstract With increasing levels of atmospheric pCO2 the oceans are becoming progressively more acidic, with the impact of a lowered pH beginning to affect the calcification of numerous invertebrate groups, including foraminifers, pteropods, heteropods and calcareous nannoplankton. Research on the ecology of foraminifera in the Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of California, Caribbean Sea and elsewhere has shown how modern assemblages are responding to acidification. Experimental work in mesocosms and laboratory cultures are also adding to our knowledge of the response to pH changes. Near Ischia (Italy), natural CO2 vents amongst sea grass meadows are creating low pH environments in which it is possible to observe the response of benthic foraminifera. At a pH of 7.8 the foraminiferal assemblages are already becoming less diverse and below pH 7.6 there are often no calcite-secreting benthic foraminifera. In the Gulf of California, in a deeper-water setting, natural CO2 (and methane) vents are also lowering sea floor pH. The foraminifera show the impact of this change, although the relatively high carbonate saturation ensures that calcite-secreting foraminifers are able to live and reproduce in these relatively low pH environments, only becoming impacted by dissolution effects once dead. Using data from the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in Texas, Alabama and north-west Europe it is clear that the plankton was severely impacted by surface water acidification while the relatively shallow water benthic foraminifera show little change and no visible signs of post-mortem dissolution due to ocean acidification.

The Fossil Cypraeidae of the Buckingham Member (Unit 10), Tamiami Formation of Southern Florida: (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Cypraeidae)

The oldest recorded fossil Cypraeidae from southern Florida date from the late Zanclean-early Piacenzian Pliocene (circa 3.8-3.6 million years ago - hereinafter “mya”) in the Myakka Lagoon System, a shallow water estuary that lies beneath the present day Sarasota area. Shallow water sea grass beds and nascent shoreline mangrove forests hosted seven Cypraeidae species in five genera. Determining the origins of these species is challenging as only steinkern casts have been found in adjacent lower layers. However, enough features are present in two of the casts to infer the ancestral presence of two of the genera. For the other genera and species, a comparison of features with the northern Florida Panhandle Cypraeidae populations dating from the Burgdigalian Miocene (16-20 mya) does suggest certain affinities. However, no direct lineage can be asserted with any confidence. The sea bed deposit layer of this period has been designated the Buckingham Member of the Tamiami Formation of southern Florida.

The Inventory and Composition Studies of Seagrass in Ratatotok Waters, District of Ratatotok, Southeast Minahasa Regency

This research was carried out in the coastal waters of Ratatotok Village with the purpose of: 1. Knowing the condition of aquatic environment at research location. 2. Identify seagrass species from Ratatotok waters. 3. To determine the composition of seagrass species which included: Species Density, Relative Density, Abundance, Relative Abundance, Domination, Relative Domination, Frequency, Relative Frequency and Important Values. 7 species from of 2 families were found in this research i.e. Cymodoceaceae (Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, and Halodule uninervis) and Hydrocharitaceae (Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis and Thalassia hemprichii). The number of seagrass stands in the research were ranged from 26-2699 individuals. Species density were found to range from to 9.51 to 987.06 / m². Relative density were varied from 0.72 to 75.08%. Frequency of occurence were also varied from to 0.69 to 8.46. Relative frequency were ranged from to 2,68-33.04%. Abundance were found to range from to 10.08-1046.88. Relative abundance were varied from 0.72-75.08%. The dominance were range from to 28.89-2998.89 and relative dominance from to 0.72-75.08%. The important value of seagrass in the Ratatotok waters showed that Syringodium isoetifolium had important value reaching to 183.20 %. important values of Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii were 41.93 % and 26.68 % respectively .In addition, these two species were consisted of relatively large individual size compared to other species.Keywords : Ratatotok, Seagrass, Important ValuesABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan di Perairan Pantai Desa Ratatotok dengan tujuan untuk: 1. Mengetahui kondisi lingkungan perairan pada lokasi penelitian. 2. Mengidentifikasi spesies lamun di Desa Ratatotok. 3. Mengetahui komposisi spesies lamun yang meliputi: Kepadatan Spesies, Kepadatan Relatif, Kelimpahan, Kelimpahan Relatif, Dominasi, Dominasi Relatif, Frekuensi, Frekuensi Relatif dan Nilai Penting. Spesies lamun yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian berjumlah 7 spesies dari 2 family: Cymodoceaceae (Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium, dan Halodule uninervis) dan Hydrocharitaceae (Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis dan Thalassia hemprichii). Jumlah tegakan spesies lamun di lokasi penelitian berkisar antara 26-2699 individu, kepadatan spesies 9,51-987,06/m², kepadatan relatif 0,72-75,08 %, frekuensi kehadiran 0,69-8,46, frekuensi relatif 2,68-33,04 %, kelimpahan 10,08-1046,88, kelimpahan relatif 0,72-75,08 %, dominasi 28,89-2998,89 dan dominasi relatif 0,72-75,08 %. Nilai penting lamun di perairan Desa Ratatotok menunjukkan bahwa jenis Syringodium isoetifolium memiliki nilai penting yang mencapai 183,20 %. Untuk jenis Cymodocea rotundata dan jenis Thalassia hemprichii masing-masing memiliki nilai penting yakni 41,93 % dan 26,68 %. Selain itu jumlah indvidu kedua spesies ini banyak ditemui disertai dengan ukuran individu yang relatif besar dibandingkan spesies lainnya.Kata Kunci : Ratatotok, Lamun, Nilai Penting

First report of a rare snake eel, Allips concolor McCosker, 1972 (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from Indian waters

The monospecific genus Allips is reported here for the first time from Indian waters, from a specimen collected from the sea grass bed outside the Nalban bird Sanctuary, Chilika lagoon, India, with its morphometric characters, vertebrae and teeth pattern. The rare small eye snake eel A. concolor was earlier described by McCosker, 1972 on the basis of a single specimen. After that, there are very rare reports on this particular species especially on its morphometry after McCosker (1972). This paper extends the range of A. concolor McCosker, 1972 from eastern Andaman Sea and Northern Territory, Australia to Indian waters. A detailed discussion on the distribution and habitat is also provided in this paper.

Seagrass and cuttlefish—an historic association

Seagrass and cuttlefish—an historic association

Impacts of Discharge of Desalination Plants on Marine Environment at the Southern Part of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast (Case Study)

There are many researches illustrated that almost lots mankind is suffering from shortage fresh water supply, both of quality and quantity. Considering water inadequate concerns approximately 80 countries and has caused some dangerous results in many places. The water shortage phenomenon is becoming a serious worldwide problem that impacts people’s daily life and obstacle the social development. Because of the population increasing and expansion of industrial and agricultural activities, the governments of many countries get one’s way to implement the desalination plants. A desalination plants is an industrial system that would have the potential to have an effect on environmental ecosystem. This study monitored variety of environmental impacts can be caused by desalination plants. It’s considers a case study for two of the desalination plants located at Shalateen city at Red sea governorate namely; Marsa Humira and Shalateen desalination plants. The investigation unconcealed that there are distinct impacts of the reject water on the marine ecosystem in the front of the two studied stations. The photographs that has been taken to the biota exist in the marine area around the stations elucidated some of coral reefs affected by the discharge of the saline reject around. Coral reef and sea grass are the most biota affected due to the salty discharges that exceed the safe limits for those to be in a healthy condition.

Landscape with Drowning Woman

Landscape with Drowning Woman Claire Scott (bio) Go Fish Grammy you saygrinning at your six pairsto my one I slowly sink starfish circlesomewhere my son floatsinan ocean of cellshis fish-body bluesomewhere he breathesthrough tiny gills Go Fish you repeat I hear your voice far aboveI drift in the ocean currentlinger in sea grass andlong strands of kelpsearching for my son Go Fish Grammy The sea grows deep as I risea pinch of salt in my handseaweed woven through my hair lantern fish light the waymy lips spew bubblesI reach for a cardwith webbed fingers [End Page 40] Claire Scott Claire Scott is an award winning poet who has received multiple Pushcart Prize nominations. Her work has been accepted by the Atlanta Review, Bellevue Literary Review, New Ohio Review, Enizagam and Healing Muse among others. Claire is the author of Waiting to be Called and Until I Couldn't. She is the co-author of Unfolding in Light: A Sisters' Journey in Photography and Poetry. Copyright © 2019 University of Wisconsin Board of Regents

A research on biologically active compounds from black sea grass crab PALAEMON ADSPERSUS

A research on biologically active compounds from black sea grass crab PALAEMON ADSPERSUS