SD Card Module Research Articles

Decision Tree-Based Direction Detection Using IMU Data in Autonomous Robots

Location detection plays a crucial role in various applications. In this study, a machine learning (ML) method using inertial measurement unit (IMU) data was developed to determine direction with the Global Positioning System (GPS). In this study, an electronic board was designed using an Arduino Mega, Altimu-10 IMU sensor, GPS module, and SD card module. This electronic board was placed on a car to create a new dataset. This dataset consists of 1952x11 data. The dataset was obtained using accelerometer (x, y, z), gyroscope (x, y, z), compass (x, y, z), and GPS sensor data. The Decision Tree Algorithm was proposed for direction determination in this study. The angles between each position and the previous position were calculated using the latitude and longitude values obtained from the collected data. Then, the data were divided into 4 classes: North, East, South, and West, based on specific angle ranges. Finally, a direction detection model was developed using IMU data in the proposed method, achieving an accuracy of approximately 82.11%.

Rancang Bangun Generator Termoelektrik Dengan Metode Efek Seebeck Sebagai Alternatif Pembangkit Energi Listrtik

One of the alternative technologies for generating electrical energy is a thermoelectric generator using the Seebeck effect method. This study aims to determine the effect of measuring angles and distances on the value of the Seebeck coefficient. This design consists of six peltier type TEC1-12706 in series and parallel, two digital multimeters to read voltage and current given a 10 ohm resistor, two DS18B20 sensors. waterproof to read the temperature from both sides of the thermoelectric with an aluminum plate on the hot side and a heatsink equipped with a 12 volt dc fan on the cold side, 20 x 4 character LCD, SD card module, RTC module and Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller. Tool temperature is made to get the comparison results obtained with an average error value with a range of 200C -100 0C of 1.330C sensor 1 and 1.150C sensor 2 and seen from the standard error value of the statistical test comparison of measuring instruments is 0.04 and 0.06. The design that has been made uses the Arduino IDE program to program and display data on the LCD and the RTC and SD card modules are used to display data in real time and store temperature data in the form of a notepad. Based on measurements of the thermoelectric output value with an angle of 600,900,1200,1500 and 1800 and distances of 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm using the heat source of the ironing elements positioned from the top, bottom and sides. The thermoelectric can produce a voltage of 0.22910 V and a current of 0.01238 A. The heater position from the side is connected in series and 0.05450 V, the current is 0.00261 A from the bottom in parallel which is obtained from the best angle of 600 at adistance of 5 cm.

Low-Cost Approach to an Instream Water Depth Sensor Construction Using Differential Pressure Sensors and Arduino Microcontrollers.

Accurate hydrological data with high spatial resolution is important for flood risk and water resource management, particularly under the context of climate change. The cost of monitoring networks, as well as the characteristics of the hydrological environment itself, can be a barrier to meeting these data requirements, however. This study covers the design and testing of a low-cost, "build-it-yourself", instream water depth sensor providing an assessment of its potential in future hydrological monitoring projects. The low-cost sensor was built using an Arduino microcontroller, a differential pressure sensor and a thermistor, a real-time clock, and an SD card module. The low-cost logger was deployed in tandem with a factory-calibrated Solinst®LevelLogger® 5 Junior for 6 months in the River Wissey, UK. We found the mean absolute error of the Arduino-based logger relative to the commercial setup to be ±0.69 cm for water depth and ±0.415 °C for water temperature. Economically, the Arduino-based logger offers an advantage, costing a total of £133.35 (USD 168.26 at time of publication) comparative to the industrial comparison's cost of £408 (USD 514.83 at time of publication). This study concludes that the low cost of the Arduino-based logger gives a strong advantage to its incorporation in hydrological data collection, if the trade-offs (i.e., time investment and accuracy) are considered acceptable and appropriate for a project.

Enhanced Security and Efficiency in Attendance Management: A Novel RFID and Arduino Integrated System

The advent of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has ushered in a new paradigm in the domain of automated attendance systems, offering a sophisticated yet user-friendly approach to personnel management. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design and deployment of an RFID-based attendance system powered by the versatile Arduino platform, elucidating its operational tenets, system architecture, and practical implementations. At the heart of the system lies the MFRC522 RFID reader, which synergizes with an Arduino microcontroller to facilitate the identification and logging of attendance data. The system is enhanced by the inclusion of an SD Card Module for data storage and a Real-Time Clock (RTC) Module to ensure accurate timestamping of attendance events. The seamless integration of these components results in a robust mechanism that not only simplifies the attendance tracking process but also fortifies the security framework by leveraging unique identifiers for each user. The study spans the detailed process of assembling the hardware, crafting the software in the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and meticulously testing the integrated system to affirm its efficacy. The resulting attendance system embodies a significant stride towards refining attendance management practices, eliminating the shortcomings of manual tracking while providing a scalable and reliable solution adaptable to various organizational settings.

DEVELOPMENT OF DC-DC BUCK CONVERTER FOR SOLAR PANEL ENERGY STORAGE THROUGH LOAD OPTIMIZATION AND FEEDBACK CIRCUIT

Solar panels are crucial components in converting sun radiation into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. A solar panels cannot be connected directly to the load due to its low energy conversion efficiency and low output voltage. One of the methods used to control solar cells to operate efficiently at their maximum power point is MPPT. In this paper, we design a DC-DC converter by modifications of the Butterworth filter circuit and feedback circuit in the MPPT system for storing solar panel electrical using the Hill Climbing (HC) method. The device consists of a DC-DC buck converter circuit, two pieces of INA219 sensors, a DS18B20 temperature sensor, a MAX44009 light intensity sensor, a SD card module and a DS3231 RTC. The DC-DC buck converter circuit simulation is carried out to determine the optimal load. The load optimization was conducted by analyzing the AC simulation using Ltspice software. The magnitude of the output voltage ripple in nine different loads was observed. From the simulations performed, it was found that the 50 Ω load has an output voltage ripple of 8.96 mV and is smaller than the other loads. The main DC-DC buck converter circuit is designed using a butterworth low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 1000 Hz (R = 50 Ω, L = 33.8 mH and C = 750 nF) and a feedback circuit with a cut-off frequency of 500 Hz is added. From the prototype measurement, it was found that the average output power was 3249,7 milliwatts and the average input power was 4779 milliwatts, thus the average efficiency was 68%. With these results, the DC-DC converter circuit configuration is suitable for use in electrical energy storage systems from solar panels that have high efficiency.

Heart condition determination based on MET value to NYHA Classification and abnormal ST segment identification

Cardiovascular diseases have always been among the top causes of death. Thus, there were variety of research focuses on cardiac stress test and on self-stress test as well. However, the portable device existed for heart monitoring were still insufficient where most device are for fitness monitoring rather than functional capacity. Thus, this paper determines heart condition based on New York Heart Classification (NYHA) for The Rockport Walking Fitness Test (TRWFT). TRWFT gave out parameters to calculate maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) to find metabolic equivalent (MET) value. The MET values were compared with NYHA functional capacity classes. Hence, the comparison simplified the heart condition to the urgency to visit hospitals. Plus, ST segments of MIT-BIH ECG database were extracted and assessed for abnormality. Accordingly, a mobile application was developed. The prototype is built using Genuino 101 microcontroller, an AD8232 ECG module with leads to sense heart pulse, and a SD card module. Meanwhile, simulation test on the prototype shows that the prototype succeeds in produce the same values with manual calculation and managed to assess ST segments as programmed. In conclusion, a prototype to demonstrate the implementation of TRFWT and prediction of cardiac condition based on MET value is successful.

Automatic Vehicle Identification System Using RFID Electronic Tag for Traffic IoT Applications

RFID technology has emerged as one of the most prominent and transformative technologies globally. Its diverse applications have significantly enhanced our daily lives, ensuring greater convenience and enhanced security. The focus of the present study revolves around leveraging this remarkable RFID technology to counter car theft and unauthorized vehicle usage. The project centers on employing Arduino Nano Technology, a cost-effective solution compared to other available technologies, to address this issue effectively. The core concept involves the utilization of RFID tags, which are scanned by an RFID scanner to store crucial data within the tag. This data is compared against the stored information of authorized personnel. The primary objective is to identify stolen or unauthorized vehicles swiftly. By harnessing the power of Arduino Nano, this project not only becomes affordable but also promises efficient outcomes. The components crucial to the project's success include the RFID technology itself, the Arduino Nano board, the SD card module, and the RTC module DS3231. Working in synergy, these components enable seamless data transfer and comparison, facilitating timely decision-making when discrepancies are detected. With the integration of RFID technology, the security and tracking capabilities of this system hold immense potential for curbing car theft and unauthorized vehicle usage. By ensuring that the scanned RFID data aligns with authorized ownership, appropriate measures can be promptly taken to mitigate any potential security breaches. This innovative application of RFID technology in conjunction with Arduino Nano highlights the potential to revolutionize vehicle security and surveillance measures, creating a safer and more reliable automotive landscape.

Assessing the Performance of a Blackbody Solar Dryer

About 33.3% of global food production is lost to spoilage every year. At current rates, that amount is adequate for feeding an average of 300 million people around the world. This huge loss can be decimated to 13.17% if food spoilage is avoided or managed better. One technique for minimizing food waste is solar drying. West Africa and locations around the equatorial plane are described by average daily insolation of about 4-6 kWhm−2. In effect, this energy source could be applied to curb the problem of food spoilage and wastage. Another side attraction of drying with solar is that, it offers year-round availability of food crops. In this study, solar drying is investigated with the principle of blackbody radiation using an electronic data logger coupled with the Arduino Uno, SD Card Module, DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor, SD Card, and Connecting wires to record temperature and humidity data. The output was 56.3°C and 46.8°C for the upper and lower limit of temperature respectively, yielding an average difference of about 10°C. The interaction of sensible blackbody radiation within a four-tier rock bed was crafted into a novel solar dryer design. With this relatively high-temperature gradient between the upper and lower, a blackbody solar dryer constructed was suitable to preserve the both quality and shelf life of agricultural produce.

Experimental Evaluation of Lightning and Weather Alert Methods in Rural India using LoRa and IoT Technology with Nanosensors

Every year, ∼2,000 people are killed by lightning in India, with rural areas accounting for 94% of all lightning deaths. In rural locations, a weather and lightning alert system is crucial for alerting and raising awareness about severe weather and lightning. Only a few states in India have expensive lightning alert systems that send out alerts via SMS and mobile apps. Due to a lack of information about weather alert apps, poor network facility, low literacy, and less usage of smartphones, existing alert mechanisms is not reaching all rural populations. As a result, there is a need to build a low-cost lightning alert system in rural areas that alerts and creates awareness in advance about lightning to rural residents using a variety of alerting methods, such as announcements, sirens, WhatsApp, voice call alerts, and email, in addition to existing alert methods to overcome limitations of existing systems. In order to achieve this, we have developed an IoT- and long range (LoRa)-based weather stations, gateways, and announcement systems using ESP32, nanosensors (DHT11, BMP180, rain sensor, and LDR), lightning detector (AS3935), lightning emulator, Arduino Nano, SD card module, and speakers. This prototype is tested in real time by creating lightning radiation using an emulator shield and by monitoring environmental parameters. It sends an alert to authorized persons/village government officials/rural communities through WhatsApp, email, and voice call about abnormal weather situations with the help of cloud platforms. It also alerts and creates safety awareness to rural people in advance about lightning/critical weather condition through announcement system using loudspeakers. In the future, the proposed system will be trained using artificial intelligence to predict the lightning and other hazardous weather situations in advance and alert rural residents about critical weather conditions in early.

Development Arduino Data Logger using INA219 Sensor for Battery Capacity Monitoring

A battery, also known as an accumulator, is an electrical cell that can reverse an electrochemical process with high efficiency. It is essential in the use of electrical systems as storage devices. It has two critical parameters: current and voltage. These parameters can affect the battery's behavior, which leads to battery usage. As a result, a battery monitoring instrument is required to monitor the battery's current and voltage while it is in use. The researchers designed a monitoring instrument with an Arduino Pro Mini 5V microcontroller as the main processor, INA219 as a current and voltage sensor, RTC DS3231 as a time reader, micro SD card module as a data logger, and OLED SH1106 to display the current, voltage, and time readings. The calibration of the INA219 sensor has a current reading accuracy of 91.43% and a voltage reading accuracy of 99.87%. RMSE was measured at 227.65 mA and 0.0146 V. The device was tested with a BSB DB 12-55Ah battery connected to 30W PJU lamps. In the results of this test, we experienced voltage drop and current ripple in the battery performance. The battery usage capacity was 49.71 Ah. Based on this research, the device built can monitor battery conditions.

Intelligent gloves: An IT intervention for deaf-mute people

Abstract Deaf-mute people have much potential to contribute to society. However, communication between deaf-mutes and non-deaf-mutes is a problem that isolates deaf-mutes from society and prevents them from interacting with others. In this study, an information technology intervention, intelligent gloves (IG), a prototype of a two-way communication glove, was developed to facilitate communication between deaf-mutes and non-deaf-mutes. IG consists of a pair of gloves, flex sensors, an Arduino nano, a screen with a built-in microphone, a speaker, and an SD card module. To facilitate communication from the deaf-mutes to the non-deaf-mutes, the flex sensors sense the hand gestures and connected wires, and then transmit the hand movement signals to the Arduino nano where they are translated into words and sentences. The output is displayed on a small screen attached to the gloves, and it is also issued as voice from the speakers attached to the gloves. For communication from the non-deaf-mutes to the deaf-mute, the built-in microphone in the screen senses the voice, which is then transmitted to the Arduino nano to translate it to sentences and sign language, which are displayed on the screen using a 3D avatar. A unit testing of IG has shown that it performed as expected without errors. In addition, IG was tested on ten participants, and it has been shown to be both usable and accepted by the target users.

Internet of Things (IoT) for Soil Moisture Tensiometer Automation

Monitoring of water retention behavior in soils is an essential process to schedule irrigation. To this end, soil moisture tensiometers usually equipped with mechanical manometers provide an easy and cost-effective monitoring of tension in unsaturated soils. Yet, periodic manual monitoring of many devices is a tedious task hindering the full exploitation of soil moisture tensiometers. This research develops and lab validates a low cost IoT soil moisture tensiometer. The IoT-prototype is capable of measuring tension up to -80 Kpa with R2 = 0.99 as compared to the same tensiometer equipped with a mechanical manometer. It uses an ESP32 MCU, BMP180 barometric sensor and an SD card module to upload the measured points to a cloud service platform and establishes an online soil water potential curve. Moreover, it stores the reading on a micro-SD card as txt file. Being relatively cheap (76 USD) the prototype allows for more extensive measurements and, thus, for several potential applications such as soil water matric potential mapping, precision irrigation, and smart irrigation scheduling. In terms of energy, the prototype is totally autonomous, using a 2400 mAh Li-ion battery and a solar panel for charging, knowing that it uses deep sleep feature and sends three data points to the cloud each 6 h.

PERANCANGAN SENSOR KADAR OKSIGEN UNTUK IDENTIFIKASI PENDERITA STROKE DENGAN METODE NON INVASIVE

Stroke is the number one cause of disability and the second cause of death in the world. Blood flow that is not smooth in stroke patients causes hemodynamic disorders including changes in the value of oxygen saturation in the blood (SpO2) which can interfere with the function of internal organs including the heart due to lack of oxygen intake. So we need a system to monitor the oxygen saturation value which can be used as an early indicator in recognizing stroke patients.
 This system uses detection of two sensors to measure oxygen saturation in the blood, a microcontroller to process data, a monitor to display data, a buzzer as a warning of the lower limit of measurement and a micro sd card module to store measurement data that has been running. Parameters displayed include the date of measurement, patient ID, SpO2-1, SpO2-2, last SpO2-1 and last SpO2-2. This system will measure and display the SpO2 value of both right and left arms simultaneously. Stroke patients who experience muscle weakness in one hand may experience different values with a hand that does not experience muscle weakness. This study aims to develop an SpO2 monitoring system that will be used to detect stroke patients with non-invasive methods.
 The results show that the system has been developed and can be used to measure the patient's SpO2 from both hands simultaneously with a measurement error rate of ±2% for each sensor from standard medical equipment.

Sunny with a Chance of Servos: Solar-Powered Arduinos

The Arduino microcontroller is finding its way into labs throughout undergraduate physics curricula, from introductory courses to a variety of beyond-the-first-year laboratory classes. At Davidson College, we use Arduinos in a gateway STEM course for students who are interested in energy and the environment. Students learn to build simple circuits and write the accompanying Arduino code to control the temperature in solar-powered model buildings. To make the models fully solar powered, the Arduino itself must be powered by the Sun—no batteries allowed! Hence, we replace the 9-V battery that is usually used to power an Arduino with a 13.5 cm × 12.5 cm 9-V solar panel (DFRobot part #FIT0330), which can generate a maximum short-circuit current of approximately 200 mA. We find that the solar panel works well for most tasks, including temperature measurements, liquid-crystal display (LCD) illumination, and SD card module operation, but cannot generate enough power to drive a servo motor, which needs several hundred milliamps. For these situations, a 9-V, 1-F capacitor connected in parallel with the solar panel can store energy during the rest period between brief high-current operations and supplement the solar panel when higher power is required.

Data Logger berbasis IC Multiplexer untuk Pengukuran Arus dan Tegangan pada Panel Surya Skala Besar

Parameters of large-scale solar panels can be measured directly and automatically using a data logger system. The input data from the data logger can be optimized by using the analog input on the multiplexer IC to improve the performance of recording parameter data on large-scale solar panels. This data logger system consists of an Arduino Uno microcontroller as the central control, which is equipped with a current sensor, voltage sensor, RTC DS3231, multiplexer IC, and SD card module. The data obtained in real-time every 5 minutes will be stored on the SD card in the form of a txt file with the format of the day, date, time, voltage value, and current value on each solar panel. The results of this test will show that the solar panel measurement data using a data logger with multiplexer ICs will be able to store and display large amounts of data on the panel.

Design of Electronic Voting System for Visually Impaired Persons Using Arduino Mega 2560

People with visual impairment, even if they are availed to voting, they do not have the privilege to vote confidentially, because of their physical disability. Therefore, a user-friendly and confidential voting system is necessary for visually impaired people. In this paper, we build an electronic voting system for visually impaired people is a user-friendly device which can help those group of people vote independently with sound. The system is built on an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller board, a SD card module, an LCD module, several buttons, a buzzer, GSM SIM 900A and a headset. The system has a special voice feature stored in SD card to familiarize them with names of candidates. Also, the voice is passed through a headset for secrecy. In addition, a control unit of the system for polling officials is designed separately from a voting unit for the smooth election procedural. Once user votes, a buzzer is turned on and the system cannot accept the voting. If a control button is pushed, the buzzer is turned off and the system accepts voting. This mechanism is to avoid double voting. A result button is implemented to display final votes for each candidate and store them in the SD card. GSM SIM900A is interfaced with Arduino Mega 2560 to disseminate final results. We can encourage mass participation equally in democracy through the system electronic voting system.

Overcurrent and Differential Protections for Power Substations Using Three-Winding Transformer

This paper presents a method to determine parameters of overcurrent and differential protections for power substations using three-winding power transformers. Active current threshold and time and working area are shown in this paper to help to calculate and set above relaying protections. An experimental model depicted a relaying system for a power substation using two three-winding power transformers is built to serve education training. It has a complete system structure of relaying protection, including a Arduino Mega 2560 processor, measuring system emulated by variable resistors, real time module and SD card module to record fault events, relays to represent on/off states of circuit breakers. Parameters of relaying protections can be adjusted in the processor to customize the its operation of system and make a visual view about its responses in real working process of power substations. Results received from the model showed the accurate setting method and its meaning that help to verify theory and make clear about relaying protections in education training. Keywords: Overcurrent protection, differential protection for power transformer, relaying protection for power transformer, setting parameters for relaying protection, active current threshold, working time.

Sensor based sign language recognition system

Sign language is used as a primary form of communication by many people who are deaf, deafened and non-verbal. Communication barriers exist for members of these populations during daily interactions with those who are unable to understand or use sign language. Advancements in technology and machine learning techniques have enabled development of innovative approaches to translate these sign languages to spoken languages. This paper proposes an intelligent system for translating sign language into text. This approach consists of hardware as well as software. The hardware consists of flex, contact, inertial sensors and SD card module mounted on a synthetic glove, additionally If-Else (Rule based learning) based learning is performed by Arduino nano (Atmega328p) to represent the proposed system. This system is able to recognize static letters, numbers and translating 26 letters from A to Z and 10 numbers from 0 to 9 from the American sign language. The database with the use of alphabet and numbers is prepared, and tested by kNN and CN2 rule inducer, where kNN has shown promising result. This experiment is done by Orange software. Experimental results demonstrate that our system is effective, cheaper and has high classification accuracy as compared to other technology available in market.

Single-axis solar tracking system referring to date and time

This article is about designing and building a single-axis solar tracking system referring to the sun position database. The objectives are as follows: 1. to design and build a solar tracking system, and, 2. to compare the power produced from the solar tracking system with that from the stationary solar panel. The angle of the solar panel from the solar tracking system is positioned at a constant altitude angle, 15 degrees, facing south, and the moving part was the azimuth, which follows the position of the sun. Latitude and longitude coordinates are identified by an Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller board for processing data, reading coordinates of the sun’s angle degrees from the SD card module, and commanding the servo motor to rotate to adjust the angle of the solar panel in a position perpendicular to the sun. Results from the experiment were collected in October 2020 from 9 AM to 4 PM. The system changed the angle degree every 30 minutes. It is found that the solar tracking system can easily be created and controlled, and can also accurately follow the sun’s position all day long. Moreover, it can generate more electric power than that generated by the stationary solar panel by up to 15%. The system is applicable and can generate more electric power than other tracking systems, although the results were collected during the rainy season when the weather was generally cloudy and rainy throughout the month.

Pemantau Gas Metana, Suhu, dan Kelembaban sebagai Penyebab Efek Rumah Kaca Dipadang Lamun Berbasis Internet Of Things

Seagrass is a plant that covers coastal areas/shallow seas that can produce methane gas (CH4) during the decomposition process. The occurrence of decay caused by microbes in seagrass plants that have died in the process produces methane gas (CH4) as the cause of the greenhouse effect. Methane gas monitoring system (CH4) is proposed using MQ-4 sensor, temperature and humidity sensor (DHT11) using NodeMCU ESP8266 module, SD Card module as backup data storage and processed with local database and through mysql database the data will be displayed on the website page for information. . From the tests carried out, the response time for DHT11 is 5.6 seconds and MQ-4 is 1.5 seconds. It has a reading sensitivity rate of 99.92% for DHT11, 99.997% for MQ-4. The accuracy rate for DHT11 is a multiple of 1. For the MQ-4 sensor it has an accuracy level of 2 digits behind the comma. The tool has a data transfer rate of up to that which appears on the front-end 0.2736. With this tool, checking measurement results can be done quickly and can be done from anywhere.