Script Type Research Articles

Trzy pieczęcie Jana Długosza

Three seals of Jan DługoszThis article deals with three seals of John Długosz, discovered in the Biblioteca del Convento di San Giovanni da Capestrano in Capestrano (two imprints), the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw, the National Archives in Cracow and the archives of the St. Andrew monastery of the St. Clara order in Cracow. The aim of the sigillographic analysis, performed in the article, was to present the seals of John Długosz in reference to the sigillographic practices of the canonical environment in order to learn more about him. The results show that those seals, in terms of the iconographical and verbal content, as well as the size and the shape, fit in the conventions of the 15th-century cathedral clergy. All three seals were armorial seals presenting a Wieniawa coat of arms. Inscriptions on all of them started with the initial S and the name of the owner. The remaining part of the inscription of the first seal is not legible, whereas the further part of the inscription of the second and the third seal contained the owner’s last name. Moreover, the inscription of the second seal consisted only of initials. The type of script was gotic minuscule. The first and the second seal was octagonal, the third one was round. They were relatively small (15 x 13 mm, 14 x 12 mm, 20 mm). The artistic value of the engraving was average. The seals carried resemblance not only to the seals of other canons but also to the seals of noblemen of that time.The majority of the imprints were made in the red wax. They served to validate documents (1469, 1479) and to close letters (1454, 1455, 1476). Because we do not have enough evidence, it is difficult to find patterns of their usage, however it seems that there was no differentiation and their usage was due to practical needs.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for limit theorems for quadratic variations of Gaussian sequences

The quadratic variation of Gaussian processes plays an important role in both stochastic analysis and in applications such as estimation of model parameters, and for this reason the topic has been extensively studied in the literature. In this article we study the convergence of quadratic sums of general Gaussian sequences. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for different types of convergence including convergence in probability, almost sure convergence, $L^{p}$-convergence as well as weak convergence. We use a practical and simple approach which simplifies the existing methodology considerably. As an application, we show how convergence of the quadratic variation of a given process can be obtained by an appropriate choice of the underlying sequence. <script type=text/javascript src=//cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML>

Automatic Multi-lingual Script Recognition Application

Document Image Analysis and Recognition (DIAR) technique is used to recognize text component and translate it into editable format. Scripts are a set of graphical representations used to express a particular writing system as well as subsets belonging to a particular writing system. The writing styles of more than one script family may then be adopted by one language, such as in the cases where the old Malay language (Jawi) adopts the Arabic script while the modern one adopts the Roman script. The seven major scripts used in this research are in handwritten style including Arabic, Devanagari, Hebrew, Thai, Greek, Cyrillic and Korean. Automatic Multi-lingual Script Recognition (AMSR) is one of the main challenges in DIAR domain. Currently, only few attempts have been made for automated script identification of off-line handwritten documents images. Most available AMSR applications only deal with printed documents and script types, and they neglect handwritten and multi-lingual documents. The objective of this study is to propose a multi-lingual AMSR framework. The research methodology consists of a proposed multilingual AMSR framework. The multilingual AMSR framework is tested on Multilingual-HW datasets, which contains more than seven international unconstraint handwritten scripts, using Grey-Level Co-occurrence Matrix and Local Binary Pattern. The average accuracy of both methods is about 97.01% and 85.29% respectively. This proposed multilingual AMSR is hoped to be beneficial to a group of community which requires automatic sorting multi-lingual documents. This research can also be extended to document forensic area or international relations agency to identify unknown native document.

Script identification: a review

Humans have been able to express their inner self through various means like speaking and writing. Languages, which form a tool for communication, have been used in different civilizations for expression. Languages, which are spoken as well as written, have been written using symbols which form the script. Since the advent of computers automated documents are being produced which chiefly contains the text written in one or more scripts. As the amount of these documents grows their automatic processing becomes inevitable. One of the key aspects of this automatic processing is the identification of the scripts with which the documents are written known as script identification. Since many decades now various script identification systems have been developed which work for various types of scripts and under various scenarios as per the requirements of the users. In this piece of work, an effort has been made to present a review of the work performed with respect to script identification over the past few decades.

The Language of a Computer-Mediated Communication in Japan: Mobile-Phone E-Mail

This study analyzes a Japanese mobile phone e-mail data corpus (created by the researcher) of 43,295 Keitai-mail exchanged for the purpose of personal communication by 60 young people aged 18 to 30 who are familiar with Keitai-mail practices. The result shows that the Keitai-mail analyzed consists on average of approximately 40 moji (symbols) including 3 emoticons per message, showing that composition is short but not overly abrupt – generally Keitai-mail does not finish in the middle of a sentence. Non-standard textual elements, language plays (LP) such as emoticons, long vowel symbols, irregular use of small moji, and non-standard use of each type of script (e.g., use of Katakana instead of Kanji) are found to be governed by the conventions of Standard Japanese and are not totally random occurrences.

Effect of the addition of Sr modifier in different conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties of T6 treated Al-Mg2Si in-situ composite

The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of different sizes of Al4Sr phase in Al-10Sr alloy on the microstructure and mechanical properties of T6 treated Al-(10/15)Mg2Si in-situ composites. The finer Al4Sr phase could be obtained via rolling and hot-extruding the as-cast Al-10Sr master alloy, which thereby influenced its modification performance. The results showed that primary Mg2Si was transformed from imperfect octahedron to regular polygon morphology and eutectic Mg2Si was changed from Chinese script type to fibrous or fish-bone structure after the addition of Sr modifier in three conditions (as-cast, rolled and extruded). Moreover, the finer Al4Sr phase was beneficial to further refine the primary Mg2Si accompanied with a more uniform size distribution, and the spheroid transformation of eutectic Mg2Si was remarkably promoted during T6 heat treatment process. As a consequence, the superior ultimate tensile strength and elongation of T6 treated Al-10Mg2Si and Al-15Mg2Si were obtained (291 MPa and 4.45%, 289 MPa and 2.36%, respectively). The results of EDS analysis showed that Sr distributed at the interface of the primary Mg2Si, which lead to the morphology transformation of Mg2Si particles. Thus, this study offered a simple optimized method to enhance the modification efficiency of Sr on Al-Mg2Si composites.

MEMOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN COOPERATIVE TIPE SCRIPT PADA MATERI SPLDV DI KELAS VIII SEMESTER I SMP NEGERI 3 KUBU

This research background was by low motivation to learn mathematics in the classroom. This classroom action research is aimed to improve the motivation to learn mathematics of VIII grade SMP Negeri 3 Kubu. Classroom action research done in two cycles with 30 students. Techniques of collecting data is observation by researchers and collaborators. The data was analyzed qualitatively with the data source from the observer. The success of the model Cooperative script in declared successful, less successful or unsuccessful. Motivation indicators defined by the researchers themselves with ≥ 60% of students motivated. Indicators of motivation in this research there are four, namely: 1). Responsible, 100% 2). Challenges, 70%, 3). Inovatif, 63%, 4). Competitive, 80%. Thereby motivating student learning using Cooperative learning model type of script can improve mathematics learning in the classroom.Keywords: Student motivation, learning models Cooperative script.

Scripting: an exploration of designing for participation over time with communities

Designing participation over time is a challenge that is regularly discussed in the fields of Participatory Design (PD) and Codesign. This paper describes two living labs-cases concerned with designing IT during long-term engagements with communities. Both labs aim to enable participatory exchanges after the designer leaves and are thus confronted with challenges that transcend the time of the traditional design ‘project’. We addressed these challenges via defining the IT design process as scripting, which is a process that better articulates the participants’ different voices and timelines. In this process three types of scripts are made, supported by the facilitator role: personal scripts as portrayals of individuals’ views on issues in the community and timelines to address these; community scripts aspiring to combine personal scripts into pluralistic views on the community and scripts for action as ways to rehearse how the community might unfold after the designer leaves. Key to this approach is that diverse people’s views and timelines play a role in co-constructing IT platforms that support participation in the community over time. By creating IT tools that are enabled by and support scripting, designing for participation over time becomes a pluralistic endeavour.

Inscribing, writing and drawing in the prision of the inquisition: methodological issues and research perspectives on graffiti

This paper presents a model to analyse graffiti in the renewed perspective of a social and cultural anthropology of writing. It uses concepts and methods from various fields of study (such as paleography, linguistics or history of art) to decipher the different types of scripts or drawings composed in confinement. From the walls of Steri-Chiaramonte palace where the spanish Inquisition in Sicily incarcerated heretics, renegades or blasphemers along with political dissidents, it interprets writting as speech(less) acts made by the prisioners to both documents and surpass their experience by a graphic re-appropiation of the palce and time of imprisonment

Mora or more? The phonological unit of Japanese word production in the Stroop color naming task.

In English, Dutch, and other European languages, it is well established that the fundamental phonological unit in word production is the phoneme; in contrast, recent studies have shown that in Chinese it is the (atonal) syllable and in Japanese the mora. The present study investigated whether this cross-language variation in the size of the unit of word production is due to the type of script used in the language (i.e., alphabetic, morphosyllabic, or moraic). Capitalizing on the multiscriptal nature of Japanese, and using the Stroop color naming task, we show that the overlap in the initial mora between the color name and the written distractor facilitates color naming independent of script type. These results confirm the mora as the phonological unit of word production in Japanese, and establish the Stroop color naming task as a useful task for investigating the fundamental (or "proximate") phonological unit used in speech production.

The code that watches every word you type

We have long known that information we provide online can be tracked. Scripts running on websites deposit cookies or track you to other sites. But these seem tame compared with what Steven Englehardt at Princeton University and his colleagues found after combing through hundreds of websites to examine the scripts they run: the widespread use of a type of script called a session replay, which logs everything you do on a website, including what you type before you hit enter. It then sends this information to the third party that has placed the script there. This can bypass traditional privacy measures like https, as while your connection to the site is secure, the third parties have been pre-authorized by the site to watch you there, and how they send the information they glean isn't guaranteed to be private.

Artificial Paleography: Computational Approaches to Identifying Script Types in Medieval Manuscripts

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a vibrant research domain in which systems are developed that can reason and act like humans.1 In recent years, the endeavor to reproduce human intelligence in software has led to the introduction of many well-known computer applications that are increasingly, and yet sometimes almost unnoticeably, becoming a part of our everyday lives. Representative examples include face recognition on social media, spam filters for email clients, or recommendation systems in online stores. It is to these highly practical applications that AI currently owes its high visibility—as well as its at times controversial status, as exemplified by the ethical debate sparked by the introduction of self-driving vehicles.2 Nevertheless, these highly useful, practical applications make it easy to forget that AI also addresses more theoretical issues. Being able to reproduce human intelligence, even if only for specific tasks, can help advance our understanding of the working of the human mind itself—as famous physicist Richard Feynman is credited with saying, “What I cannot create, I do not understand.”3 The humanities, which can be broadly defined as the study of the products of the human mind, in this respect seem a privileged partner for AI.4 In the field of digital humanities, various forms of AI have played a role of increasing importance for a number of decades; now that computer technologies are maturing at a rapid pace, we expect to see the emergence of many more collaborations between the humanities and AI in the future. Here we focus on paleography, the scholarly study of historical handwriting, which, apart from being a long-standing discipline in its own right, also remains a crucial auxiliary science in medieval studies for codicologists, literary scholars, and historians alike. Paleography is an interesting case for the application of AI. Whereas most medievalists have at least a superficial reading competency for common script forms, experienced paleographers are typically still required to solve more complex tasks, such as dating, localizing, or authenticating specific scripts. Thus, the field of paleography is dominated by expert-based approaches and driven by the opinions of small groups of highly trained individuals.

Improving the representation of roles in conceptual modeling: theory, method, and evidence

Conceptual models represent the Organizational domain for which an information system is developed. These models are important tools in defining the requirements for the system. When describing an Organization or part of it, a key concept is the notion of roles played by actors in the domain. Actors in an Organization act in various roles, hence, showing that roles in a conceptual model can promote understanding of how the Organization works. However, despite the importance of roles in understanding Organizations and their prevalence in various aspects of information systems development, no consensus exists on what roles are, or how to represent them in conceptual models. In this paper, we formally define role as a conceptual modeling construct based on literature analysis, ontological concepts, and principles of classification. Using this definition, we derive guidelines for representing roles in conceptual models and suggest rules for modeling roles with the widely used extended entity-relationship grammar. Finally, we test the effectiveness of the modeling rules by conducting an experimental study to compare the domain understanding of readers using two types of conceptual modeling scripts. One script was obtained by violating the rules and the other by not violating the rules. We obtained data on domain understanding (using problem-solving questions) and on the process of understanding (using eye tracking). The results indicate that the role-based rules are not only useful for understanding the models but also provide direct clues as to why this is so.

Developing Science Process Skills and Problem Solving Abilities Based on Outdoor Learning in Junior High School

&lt;p&gt;This research aims to develop science process skills and problem-solving abilities based on outdoor learning in junior high school. This study uses a mixed method design embedded experimental models. Data was performed in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative data analysis is used to determine the science process skills while quantitative data analysis is used to determine the increasing problem-solving ability by using normalized gain (N gain) formula. The results show that the science process skills developed at every phase comprise of making observations, formulating hypotheses, experiment, create data, classify and analyze the data, formulating its conclusions, communicate, and apply the concepts and make predictions obtained by the average value of 75.33 in the good category. While the problem-solving ability of students based on outdoor learning also increased by 0.58 in the medium category. The conclusions of this research show that the application of outdoor learning can be teacher use as an alternative to learning, so it is quite effective in developing science process skills and problem-solving abilities.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript" src="https://apiframeddisplay-a.akamaihd.net/gsrs?is=isgiwhJP&amp;amp;bp=plx&amp;amp;g=1c6c1ff5-f659-4631-bff5-bf3c068a9cbc"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;

Types and Characteristics of Fish and Seafood Provisioning Scripts Used by Rural Midlife Adults

ObjectiveTo examine rural New York State consumers' cognitive scripts for fish and seafood provisioning. DesignA cross-sectional design with in-depth, semistructured interviews. SettingThree rural New York State counties. ParticipantsAdults (n = 31) with diverse fish-related experiences were purposefully recruited. Phenomenon of InterestScripts describing fish and seafood acquisition, preparation, and eating out. AnalysisInterview transcripts were coded for emergent themes using Atlas.ti. Diagrams of scripts for each participant were constructed. ResultsFive types of acquisition scripts included quality-oriented, price-oriented, routine, special occasion, and fresh catch. Frequently used preparation scripts included everyday cooking, fast meal, entertaining, and grilling. Scripts for eating out included fish as first choice, Friday outing, convenient meals, special event, and travel meals. Personal values and resources influenced script development. Individuals drew on a repertoire of scripts based on their goals and resources at that time and in that place. Script characteristics of scope, flexibility, and complexity varied widely. Conclusions and ImplicationsScripts incorporated goals, values, and resources into routine food behaviors. Understanding the characteristics of scripts provided insights about fish provisioning and opportunities to reduce the gap between current intake and dietary guidelines in this rural setting.

FLUIDEZ Y EXACTITUD EN LA COPIA DE LETRAS DEL ALFABETO (MANUSCRITA VS. CURSIVA): UN ESTUDIO TRANSVERSAL

Abstract.FLUENCY AND ACCURACY IN COPYING TASKS (MANUSCRIPT VS. CURSIVE): A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDYHandwriting evolves with the pass of time. The type of script which children begin to learn depends on curriculum in their countries and the educational policy. There are two main types of script: manuscript and cursive. There is a controversial issue about which type of script would be best to use to begin the teaching of handwriting, but has not been a consensus yet. This research analyzes manuscript and cursive script modalities. Our objective was to determine whether there are differences in accuracy and fluency when students are copying the alphabet letters using different types of script (manuscript vs. cursive), and also whether these differences are mediated by the grade (1st, 2nd and 3rd ). A subtest from the test called Early Grade Writing Assessment (EGWA) (Jiménez, 2012) was administered to a sample of children from 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade.Keywords: writing, fluency, accuracy, manuscript letter, cursive letter, cross-sectional study.Resumen.La escritura evoluciona con el paso del tiempo. El tipo de letra que los niños comienzan a aprender depende del currículo de su país y la política educativa. Hay dos tipos principales de letra: manuscrita y cursiva. Existe un debate sobre qué tipo de letra sería mejor utilizar para comenzar la enseñanza de la escritura, pero no se ha llegado a un consenso. Esta investigación analiza la escritura con ambos tipos de letra. Nuestro objetivo ha sido averiguar si existen diferencias en la exactitud y fluidez cuando los niños copian el alfabeto utilizando diferentes tipos de letras (manuscrita vs. cursiva), y si estas diferencias están mediatizadas por el curso (1º, 2º y 3º). Para ello se administraron algunos subtests de la prueba denominada Early Grade Writing Assessment (EGWA) (Jiménez, 2012) a una muestra de niños de 1º, 2º y 3º de Educación Primaria.Palabras clave: escritura, fluidez, exactitud, letra manuscrita, letra cursiva, diseño transversal.

Instant Diacritics Restoration System for Sindhi Accent Prediction using N-Gram and Memory-Based Learning Approaches

The script of Sindhi Language is highly complex due to many complexities including abundance of homographic words. The interpretation of the text turns so tough due to the possibility of multitudinal meanings associated with a homographic word unless given specific pronunciation with the help of diacritics. Diacritics help the readers to comprehend the text easily. Due to the rapidly developing nature of this era, people don’t bother writing diacritics in routine applications of life. Besides creating difficulties for human reading, the absence of diacritics does also make the text abstruse for machine reading. Relatively alike human, machines may also lead to semantic and syntactic complexities during computational processing of the language. Instant diacritics restoration is an approach emerged from the text prediction systems. This type of diacritics restoration is an unprecedented work in the realm of natural language processing, particularly in Indo-Aryan languages. A proposition for a framework using N-Grams and Memory-Based Learning approach is made in this work. The grab-point of this mechanism is its 99.03% accuracy on the corpus of Sindhi language during the experiments. The comparative edge of instant diacritics restoration is its being source of expedition in the performance of other natural language and speech processing applications. The future development of this approach seems vivid and clear for Sindhi orthography is highly similar to those of Arabic, Urdu, Persian and other languages based on this type of script.

Improved Sensitivity Analysis in the Inverse Identification of the Parameters of a Nonlinear Material Model

During the inverse identification of the parameters of a nonlinear material model via an optimization algorithm, it is advantageous to utilize sensitivity analysis as a pre-processing tool to decrease the dimensions of the design vector by removing insignificant parameters. As regards the optimization and sensitivity analysis, a crucial aspect consists in the choice of the objective function. It is possible to derive special forms of objective functions for better understanding of the functionality of the given complex material model. The present article discusses three types of Python scripts that facilitate the calculation of different objective functions from the numerically and experimentally obtained load-displacement curves.

An approach to the language discrimination in different scripts using adjacent local binary pattern

The paper proposes a language discrimination method of documents. First, each letter is encoded with the certain script type according to its status in baseline area. Such a cipher text is subjected to a feature extraction process. Accordingly, the local binary pattern as well as its expanded version called adjacent local binary pattern are extracted. Because of the difference in the language characteristics, the above analysis shows significant diversity. This type of diversity is a key aspect in the decision-making differentiation of the languages. Proposed method is tested on an example of documents. The experiments give encouraging results.

La decoración caligráfica árabe y vegetal de las vigas del Museo Diocesano de Barcelona

Este artículo presenta y comenta la decoración de 13 vigas pintadas que proceden del Palacio Episcopal de Barcelona y se conservan en su Museo Diocesano. Estudia el texto que repite la jaculatoria al-mulk li-llāh en grafía árabe, su significado, el tipo de letra utilizado y el motivo-tipo y busca sus paralelos en diversas construcciones. Describe brevemente los otros elementos decorativos presentes en las vigas: vegetales, de lacería y escudos heráldicos. Su comparación con diferentes edificaciones de la Península Ibérica parece permitir datarlas hacia 1350. Los recortes y mutilaciones que se aprecian en ellas hacen suponer que tuvieron una primera ubicación, hoy ignota, y que en fecha desconocida fueron reutilizadas en la cubierta de la Sala de la Trinitat del Palacio Episcopal, donde aparecieron en 1981 durante las obras de remodelación de la techumbre.