Scripting Language Research Articles

Developing Digital Interactive Exploration of Historical Places with Blending BIM and Virtual Reality

The advancement of technology has opened new possibilities for exploring and experiencing historical places. This research aims to develop a digital interactive exploration platform that blends BIM and VR to provide an immersive and informative experience of historical sites. The study focuses on Candi Kidal, located in Kecamatan Tumpang, Kabupaten Malang, as the primary study area. The proposed method involves the integration of BIM and VR technologies to create a detailed and interactive virtual representation of Candi Kidal. The BIM models are the foundation for capturing and integrating various data sources. These models are then transformed into a VR environment, allowing users to explore the site virtually, interact with objects, and access relevant historical information. Data collection methods include site surveys, and historical research in the field. The BIM models are developed using software tools such as Autodesk Revit, while the VR environment is created using platforms like Unity3D. The development of the digital interactive exploration platform involves programming and scripting languages such as C#. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of developed platform in providing an immersive and informative experience for Candi Kidal. Users can navigate the virtual environment, view detailed architectural elements, and access historical information through interactive interfaces. The significance of this research lies in its potential to enhance the preservation, promotion, and accessibility of historical places. By blending BIM and VR technologies, the digital interactive exploration platform offers a unique and engaging experience that can attract a wider audience and foster a deeper understanding of cultural heritage.

C++ Rush: an educational gaming experience

Programming language is a subject that is quite difficult to understand at first glance, especially for beginners. Most beginners struggle to comprehend programming concepts because of their low maturity level, lack of programming experience, and difficulty understanding and learning the logic and scripting language. C++ is one of the basic, convenient programming languages that help programmers comprehend the principles of all programming languages. If the principles of C++ have been grasped, someone with a thorough knowledge of the language could easily transit to other programming languages. Therefore, this study proposes the combination of an educational game with C++ to provide early exposure to novice programmers and assist those who are struggling to learn the programming language. Furthermore, it attempts to create and develop an interactive, instructional programming game. Another purpose of this study is to test the usefulness of the generated programming game using a questionnaire. The study utilized the Agile Model because iterative development is one of its components. The agile technique consists of six (6) phases: requirements, design, development, testing, deployment, and review. This study did usability testing with 30 individuals. Most of them agreed that gamification might change a tough and complex topic into one that would be incredibly engaging. In addition, it has ultimately allowed users to properly learn C++. Future work may employ a broader range of programming languages.

Development of A Neural Boosted Model and JSL Code to Identify “Clean” or “Not Clean” Wells - A West Texas Sperry and Oklahoma Woodford Fractured Wells Coiled Tubing Cleaning Case Study

In a previous study, wellbore cleaning coefficient (WCC) correlations for cleaned wellbores out of debris and bridge plug remnants were developed for three conventional coiled tubing sizes (2.375”, 2.625”, and 2.875”). The following key performance indicators (KPIs): (1) slick water density ( ) ρ f , (2) slick water viscosity ( ) µ f , (3) hydraulic diameter c t (d - d ) between casing inner diameter (dc ) and coil tubing outer diameter (dt ), (4) average annular velocity ( ) v and (5) cleaning pressure gradient ∆P across a measured depth (MD) were employed in the empirical models. The models addressed operational conditions under which fractured wells will be identified as whether “clean” or “not clean”. In this study, the database from 150 wells, in the Spraberry formation in West Texas, was used to develop a predictive model to identify status of cleaned fractured wells: whether “clean” or “not clean”? About 70% of the data (99 wells) was used for training and about 30% (51 wells) for validation. 14 wells from the liquids-rich shale Woodford formation (Oklahoma) were utilized for testing. Six predictive modeling tools were designed to validate the derived empirical correlations. These tools are (1) Fit Stepwise, (2) Neural Boosted, (3) Boosted Tree, (4) Decision Tree (Partition), (5) Generalized Regression Lasso, and K-Nearest Neighbors. In the predictive models, independent variables are the annular velocity (AV), the Reynolds’ Number (Re), the Euler’s Number (Eu), and the coiled tubing roughness to internal radius ratio (ε/D). The dependent variable is well status; “clean” or “not clean”. Jump Scripting Language (JSL) code was used to develop user-friendly software. The software would be utilized to identify the fractured wellbore status, whether “clean” or “not clean”. Operators would be able to use the code to identify working conditions for which completed fractured wells are “clean” out of fracturing debris and remnants of bridge plugs or “not clean”. Input parameters to the code are AV, Re, Eu, and ε/D

Simulation of Pitting Corrosion Under Stress Based on Cellular Automata and Finite Element Method

Abstract A new cellular automaton (CA) program was written in python language to simulate the random pitting evolution process, which can not only obtain a variety of different corrosion products but also obtain a variety of common corrosion morphologies on the surface of metal pipes, bridge steel members, etc. In addition, commercial finite element (FE) software abaqus was redeveloped using python scripting language, and the FE mesh with the same size as the cellular mesh was established based on the consistent mesh algorithm, which ensured the efficiency and accuracy of the cyclic iterative algorithm. The stress and strain fields were calculated in real-time by applying the force load, the dissolution probability parameter P was updated in python according to the force-chemical coupling model, and a new corrosion morphology was obtained in python. At the same time, the birth and death element method was applied in abaqus to kill the corrosion elements in this iterative step simultaneously, and the new stress-strain field was recalculated in abaqus. The established consistent grid modeling strategy and cyclic iterative algorithm can significantly improve the solving efficiency of pitting evolution under the coupled action of corrosive medium and load. The results show that the stress concentration caused by pit expansion and the corrosion acceleration effect dominated by plastic deformation will promote each other, leading to the continuous growth of pitted pits. The established modeling strategy and cyclic iterative algorithm can significantly improve the solving efficiency of pitting evolution under the coupled action of corrosive medium and load.

Pemanfaatan Software Artificial Intelligence Dalam Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Mengenal Dan Membaca Bahasa Aksara Sasak Berbasis Mobile

The influence of global culture and modernization in the field of technology has had a major impact on the field of education, especially in learning and teaching methods. The technology which keeps developing rapidly and provides great opportunities to improve the quality and effectiveness of learning media is Artificial Intelligence technology. Based on the results of observations and interviews, 85% of the 19 third-grade students at SDN 3 Sekarteja found it difficult to recognize and read the Sasak script language in local content lessons. This research aims to overcome students' difficulties in recognizing and reading the Sasak script language at SDN 3 Sekarteja through the development of mobile-based interactive learning media that utilizes Artificial Intelligence tools to create, so that they can be used as a means of teaching and learning activities. This research was carried out using the methods of problem analysis, data collection, design stage, design stage, development stage, trial and implementation. The results showed a very good response which was evidenced by the results of testing interactive learning media showing a good response: the absence of errors and getting very good results regarding the implementation of interactive learning media at SDN 3 Sekarteja from the results of the questionnaire.

The Method for Implementing Test Constructors Using the Lualatex Publishing System

One of the key factors of successful learning is the control of mastering the material that has been passed, which can be implemented, including by performing control test tasks. The work is devoted to the use of the desktop publishing system LuaLaTeX to automate the process of forming test control papers. The control generated with its help includes a set number of randomly selected test tasks on the specified topics, followed by mixing both the questions themselves and their answer options. Each generated control work is personalized, i.e. generated directly for a specific student, and is a control work in the form of a PDF-document. To achieve the goal of the work, the capabilities of the LuaLaTeX publishing system are used, which include: the Lua scripting language, which is used to form a pool of control work tasks and personalize it; the TeX language is used to design the content of the control work being formed; the capabilities of the PDF format, including the JavaScript programming language, implement automated verification of control work, demonstration of correct answers to questions, preservation of the test result and provide additional security, which consists in the use of hashes instead of correct answers to tasks and a password. As a practical significance of the proposed solution, we can note an increase in the efficiency of the process of controlling the development of the material passed by students by minimizing the speed of preparation of test control works and their verification, as well as the use of a minimum software tools for its implementation.

Kuura-An automated workflow for analyzing WES and WGS data.

The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has revolutionized the field of genomic sciences by cutting down the cost and time associated with standard sequencing methods. This advancement has not only provided the research community with an abundance of data but has also presented the challenge of analyzing it. The paramount challenge in analyzing the copious amount of data is in using the optimal resources in terms of available tools. To address this research gap, we propose "Kuura-An automated workflow for analyzing WES and WGS data", which is optimized for both whole exome and whole genome sequencing data. This workflow is based on the nextflow pipeline scripting language and uses docker to manage and deploy the workflow. The workflow consists of four analysis stages-quality control, mapping to reference genome & quality score recalibration, variant calling & variant recalibration and variant consensus & annotation. An important feature of the DNA-seq workflow is that it uses the combination of multiple variant callers (GATK Haplotypecaller, DeepVariant, VarScan2, Freebayes and Strelka2), generating a list of high-confidence variants in a consensus call file. The workflow is flexible as it integrates the fragmented tools and can be easily extended by adding or updating tools or amending the parameters list. The use of a single parameters file enhances reproducibility of the results. The ease of deployment and usage of the workflow further increases computational reproducibility providing researchers with a standardized tool for the variant calling step in different projects. The source code, instructions for installation and use of the tool are publicly available at our github repository https://github.com/dhanaprakashj/kuura_pipeline.

Laut Dalam Perspektif Teologi Hindu Pada Susastra Jawa Kuno

The ocean is in an increasingly severe ecological crisis, which has an impact on the crisis of the universe at large. The attitude of people who are increasingly moving away from tradition and traditional sources of reference and prioritizing worldliness is thought to be one of the causes of the marine crisis. Therefore, efforts to encourage people to manage the sea more wisely must continue to be encouraged. This article aims to examine the local wisdom of the sea in ancient Javanese literature from the perspective of Hindu theology and to contribute to raising public awareness through a more complete and comprehensive understanding of the sea. The method used in the research is a qualitative method using Old Javanese literary texts as the main data source. The reading method was used in data collection assisted by the techniques of script transfer, language transfer, and recording. Data analysis was carried out by applying the content analysis method based on the working principles of semiotic theory. The result found is that the narrative of the sea in Old Javanese literature has a Hindu theological dimension. The sea is understood in a cross-section of Hindu theology starting with the awareness of the Impersonal God (Nirguna Brahman) by calling God Sang Hyang Adisuksma, towards the awareness of the Personal God (Saguna Brahman) by calling God as Lord Baruna, worshiped as an istadewata whose role is to control the laws of the universe (rta). The sea (segara) is glorified as a pair of mountains (giri) in the conception of segara-giri is a sacred axis in Hindu life, both as a source of life, a source of disaster and disease and a source of liberation. The theological construction of Old Javanese literature is imbued with Hindu theology as mandated by the Vedas.

Identity engineering of post-Yugoslav countercultural transculturalism

The subject of the paper is post-Yugoslav countercultural identity engineering as an ideological construct of left-liberal Euro-Atlantic totalitarianism. The author studies the subject through the analysis of a model of countercultural action directed against the basic identifiers of Serbian cultural identity - Svetosavlje as the Othodox Cristians philosophy of life derived from the teaching of Saint Sava, whose spiritual creation is a centuries-oldvalue system, and the Cyrillic script of the Serbian language through which the Serbian people communicate the Saint Sava worldview. The aim of the research is to understand and explain the way of thinking and action of neoliberal Euro-Atlantic totalitarianism in the area of the former Yugoslavia based on theoretical sources, analysis of empirical data, media texts, internet presentations and weblogs. The results of the historical-comparative analysis of Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav identity engineering show that a key role in the process is played by the hybrid model ?double of the state? which assumes the role of a cultural hegemon. Model operates on the principle of ?divide and rule? by antagonizing existing political and cultural identities to impose a set of beliefs about gender identity with devastating consequences for society as a whole. For expansion of left-liberal Euro-Atlantic totalitarianism to the poscommunist Europe after the breakup of Yugoslavia, the ?double of the state? model was necessary in order to remove all the subversive contents of cultural identity. This especially refers to the key identifiers of the Serbian cultural identity, which the comunist - ateist ideology of Yugoslavia perceived as a threat due to the alleged ?Greater Serbian hegemony and nationalism?, and has already pushed it out of public life to a significant extent. Thus, the post -Yugoslav left-liberal ideology found its natural ally in neoliberal Euro-Atlantic countercultural transculturalism.

A new method for simulation modelling of leaner remanufacturing in PaaS settings

The application of simulation technologies (STs) in the industry 4.0 paradigm can accelerate the implementation of the circular economy (CE) in companies by faster modeling and optimization of value retention processes (VRPs), such as remanufacturing or refurbishment. In business practices, the efficiency of the collection of used products and their recovery for a new or extended lifecycle is influenced by a high level of uncertainty. The product-as-a-service (PaaS) model might change the boundary conditions, which will decisively influence the operational factors such as time for a disassembly, and material recovery rate. The state-of-the-art in commercial simulation software (e.g., FlexSim, Simio, Arena) is based on the object-oriented approach, which requires that users must build the model themselves from a set of objects (object libraries), which is effective for a traditional linear process but is less suitable for multiple flow of a product between PaaS contracts. Remanufacturing in PaaS for consumer markets is currently a niche practice, due to the difficulties of providing its economic viability. Lean management practices are promising in lowering the cost of remanufacturing. The aim of this paper is to develop a new method for simulation modeling using a high-level script language, similar to those used by industry experts, according to lean remanufacturing principles under PaaS conditions. This novel method is built on the user-centric principle. Thus, it enables to build the simulation models and to use them by decision-makers in business practice who are not specialists in simulation modeling and do not have programming competences. The library of reference processes for remanufacturing in PaaS is defined with the industrial partners.

The development of E-Equation Easy System (3E System)

E-Equation Easy System (3E System) is a web-based system created to solve simultaneous equation calculations using the Matrix method (Cramer Rule Method) which is faster and easier as an alternative to manual calculation methods. This application will be able to be used by lecturers and students but the level and form of access are different to control the security of questions. This innovation project targets the following two objectives which are the first; to help lecturers in facilitating the preparation of theory and practical questions for students, and secondly, to reduce the calculation time required in providing accurate answers. In terms of the functionality of this innovation project, 3E System has been able to be used by students through an open user module and by lecturers through a registered user module. This application is also able to meet the calculation of solutions for two types of simultaneous equations, namely two variables and three variables, and it makes it easier for lecturers to get answer schemes and create simultaneous equation questions by just entering the values of the variables. The use of this application has indeed been able to help in solving the problems faced by lecturers in the implementation of the teaching and learning process. 3E system was developed using PHP as a chosen scripting language, MySQL as a database, Bootstrap as an open-source web user interface, Javascript and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) are also attached with them. This system has also successfully gone through the testing phase and can be used online safely. This responsive system, can be accessible using a desktop or mobile phone, helps access from all over the world and can collect feedback from users regarding the level of satisfaction with the use of the system.

A Comparative Study Of MVC Architecture Model Of Open Source Server Side Scripting Language Jsp And Php For Client-Server Architecture Based Applications Development

The Model-View-Controller (MVC) architecture pattern has become a popular way to structure web applications, separating the data, presentation, and application logic into modular components. This review paper provides a comparative analysis of implementing MVC architecture using two major open-source server-side scripting languages - JavaServer Pages (JSP) and PHP. Over 10,000 open source projects utilizing JSP/Java and PHP are analyzed to compare how the languages lend themselves to the MVC pattern. The challenges and advantages of both platforms for real-world development of thin-client applications are assessed. Quantitative metrics on performance, scalability, code reuse and integration with MVC frameworks like Spring and Laravel are provided. The findings indicate strengths and weaknesses unique to both languages, with outcome being that PHP+Laravel offers faster initial development time, while JSP+Spring provides more enterprise-grade scalability. The insights can guide developers to make an informed choice between the two platforms for MVC-based, client-server application development.

Thinning Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Thai script for segmentation-free OCRs

While searching on the internet, the OCR keyword will return a thousand research papers on optical character recognition. These papers are ranging from Latin language scripts, Cyrillic, Devanagari, Korean, Japanese, Chinese and Arabic scripts. Sindhi and many other languages extend the Arabic script in which base characters are same while the other characters are adopted in a same situation. Many of the languages possess OCRs for their languages but still there are some other languages which still require the OCRs for their language. The paper is organized in various sections such as introduction followed by Sindhi language characteristics. The OCR approaches and methods are explained. The last section describes the conclusion and future work. An OCR is a set of complex steps to convert image text to editable text. Skeletonization or shrining a word or character body is a method which helps to recognize text more easily. Multiple languages impose various challenges and are hard to recognize and skeletonization or thinning produces a new image which can be easy to recognize. The connected elements are found with this approach. A custom-built software has been developed to interface the generalized thinning algorithm so that the scripts of Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Thai be tested. The output of this algorithm is the final image to be used for the further processing of the OCR. Although the intention was to create algorithms for segmentation free OCRs, the study results and the software can also be used for segmentation-based algorithms. The generalized algorithm shows the accuracy of more than 95% for the experimented four scripts.

Modern JavaScript Frameworks and JavaScript's Future as a FullStack Programming Language

JavaScript, first conceptualized as a scripting language mostly used on the client side, has seen a notable transformation, emerging as a crucial programming language capable of operating on the whole software stack. This article explores the intricate trajectory of JavaScript, charting its evolution from its birth to its present-day significance. In this study, we investigate the evolutionary course of the language, with a particular focus on the influence of ECMAScript standardization and the significant contribution of ES6 in augmenting its functionalities and facilitating its maintainability. The introduction of ES6 modules has substantially transformed the arrangement of code, fostering the principles of modularity and code reuse. This article examines the importance of current JavaScript frameworks, including React, Angular, and especially Vue.js, in modern web development. These frameworks have revolutionized the field of front-end development by providing a range of tools that enable the creation of user interfaces that are both responsive and interactive. The virtual DOM and component-based architecture of React contributes to improving user experiences. At the same time, Angular's extensive framework with Vue.js's progressive approach is designed to accommodate a wide range of developer preferences. The study results validate the extensive acceptance of these discoveries, mostly attributed to their user-friendly characteristics for developers and the strong backing from a thriving community. In addition, integrating JavaScript into full-stack development, made possible by using Node.js, has resulted in more efficient workflows and decreased the challenges of handling several programming languages for front-end and back-end development. The event-driven and non-blocking I/O mechanism of Node.js has played a significant role in developing server applications with high-performance capabilities. Including the Node Package Manager (npm) has enhanced the usability of JavaScript as a full-stack language. In summary, the trajectory of JavaScript exemplifies the capacity for innovation and adaptability. The inherent flexibility, diversity, and thriving ecosystem of this technology solidify its position as a fundamental element in the realm of web development, displaying great potential for a prosperous future within the ever-evolving landscape of technology.DOM and component-based architecture of React contributes to improving user experiences. At the same time, Angular's extensive framework with Vue.js's progressive approach is designed to accommodate a wide range of developer preferences. The study results validate the extensive acceptance of these discoveries, mostly attributed to their user-friendly characteristics for developers and the strong backing from a thriving community. In addition, integrating JavaScript into full-stack development, made possible by using Node.js, has resulted in more efficient workflows and decreased the challenges of handling several programming languages for front-end and back-end development. The event-driven and non-blocking I/O mechanism of Node.js has played a significant role in developing server applications with high-performance capabilities. Including the Node Package Manager (npm) has enhanced the usability of JavaScript as a full-stack language. In summary, the trajectory of JavaScript exemplifies the capacity for innovation and adaptability. The inherent flexibility, diversity, and thriving ecosystem of this technology solidify its position as a fundamental element in the realm of web development, displaying great potential for a prosperous future within the ever-evolving landscape of technology

Generating and Evaluating City Building Facades Using Artificial Intelligence

The present study examines the various methods involved in the generation of city building facades. Elements of the entire process are explored – from obtaining the necessary information to using it to create a harmonious urban environment. The methods considered – the recognition and generation of facade elements, the generation of as-built Building Information Model (BIM) and Digital Twins of buildings (DT) – are evaluated against the needs of the generation, as well as what their place is in the foreseeable future development of architecture in the metaverse. The purpose of the study is to present the best practices in the field depending on the needs of the model and to show their practical application. An example is given of using drone imagery to assess the predominant coloration of facades with a view to generating examples harmonious with surrounding buildings. The example uses the scripting language python and different libraries to evaluate the image information and presents the results as a figure displaying the three predominant colors of the given image.

Analisa Perumusan Konsep Ketuhanan Menurut Perspektif Thomas Beighton (1790-1844) Dalam Karya Inilah Kunci Pengempar (1841) Analysis of the Formulation of the Concept of Divinity from Thomas Beighton’s (1790-1844) Perspective in the Work Inilah Kunci Pengempar (1841)

Writing and printing are among the fields pioneered by the London Missionary Society (LMS) missionaries since their arrival in the Straits Settlements at the beginning of the 19th century AD. Thomas Beighton (1790-1844) was involved in this role, particularly within the Malay Muslim community of Penang. This required from Beighton, a mastery of the Malay language and Jawi script, which enabled him to produce a large number of works in that language. Therefore, this study which uses textual content analysis will concentrate on one of Beighton’s works dealing with the concept of divinity entitled, Inilah Kunci Pengempar (This is the Centrifugal’s Key), published in Penang in 1841. Through this work, Beighton has used a metaphysical approach in his writing to spread Christianity in the country. As a result, Beighton was discovered attempting to apply the concept of divinity based on the concept of trinity, which refers to God: the Father (Allah), Son of God (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit in all descriptions. This shows the efforts of the Christian missionaries at that time, who were enthusiastic about spreading the religion, including learning Arabic and comprehending certain concepts in both divine matters and Islamic law (the Shari‘ah).

FEATURES OF NOMINATIVE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN

The article analyses nominal clauses in English with a view to their differences and similarities with Ukrainian. An attempt has been made to identify the grammatical features of these constructions and to identify their possible practical applications in teaching both languages. The article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of nominal clauses in the context of different language systems in order to improve the methods of translation and language teaching. The paper uses methods of comprehensive analysis of scientific works by domestic and foreign linguists, as well as comparative analysis of nominal clauses in different text formats. Moreover, the scientific approaches to the grammatical features of nominal clauses were examined in detail and illustrative material from film scripts, literary works and other sources was selected to understand the variability of these constructions. The results of the study indicate similarities between English and Ukrainian nominal clauses, such as the affirmative form, assertive intonation and independence. However, differences in construction are revealed, especially the influence of case grammar in Ukrainian and inversion in English sentences. The article focuses on the practical use of the acquired knowledge in grammar teaching and language learning. Further research is planned to analyse the actualisation of nominal clauses in film scripts of both languages in order to expand the understanding of linguistic realisation in different contexts.

FRAILTY ASSESSMENT FROM PAPER TO ONLINE: THE E-FI-CGA WEB APP

Abstract Background Early frailty assessment is crucial for improving care for older adults through enhancing frailty-informed care planning and execution. To increase the access and use of the established electronic Frailty Index based on the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment tool, we developed an online software application: the web-based eFI-CGA. Methods End-user requirements primarily adapted the standalone version of the eFI-CGA and covered assessment competency, interface familiarity, accessibility and convenient use by front-line health professionals. Web app-bounded features included user-account authentication and authorization, user-space management, record-search and retrieval, and functions for data management, analysis and display. The web app development used the Microsoft Azure web server with the ASP.NET framework, combined Webforms and Model-View-Controller architecture, and C# programming language with standard client-side libraries incorporating scripting and mark-up languages. Results The web-based eFI-CGA was technically released and accessible online (efi-cga). Tests on the web pages for all the web pages (e.g., Home, Signup Login, Assessment, Search, and Analysis) using large sizes of systematically designed test data and mocked patient cohorts showed that the web software functions meet the requirements with 100% accuracy. Conclusion The web-based eFI-CGA provides a valuable remote frailty assessment and information retrieval method for healthcare professionals, promoting effective multidisciplinary integrated care of older adults. Further work is needed to allow the safe use of the web app. We are also planning a patient-oriented frailty assessment tool for community-dwelling older adults.

Adjective Lithuanianisms of the Kursenieki Language in Written Sources

In the 15th and 18th centuries, part of the Curonian population moved to the Curonian Spit. The settlers brought their own dialect, which became a separate ethnic minority language when they mixed with Lithuanians, Germans, and descendants of Prussians. It was mainly used in fishing and in fishermen’s homes. It did not have its own script, but various linguists and ethnographers have tried to record it using the scripts of other languages (German, Lithuanian, Latvian). Monuments of the Kursenieki language are sparse. In order to investigate the influence of the Lithuanian language on the adjectival lexis of Kursenieki adjectives from the point of view of etymology, and to examine how the impact of the Lithuanian language on Kursenieki adjectival lexis has changed over the last 150 years, the adjectival inventories of the Kursenieki language at the end of the 19th century, the beginning of the 20th century, and the end of the 20th century are compared in the article. The descriptions of adjectives done by linguists who have studied the Kursenieki language are not exhaustive, as the descriptions of the loanwords of the Kursenieki language from the Lithuanian language tend to focus on nouns and verbs.
 The first dictionary in the study material is Maximilian Voelkel’s dictionary Die lettischen Sprachreste auf der Kurischen Nehrung, published in Tilsit in 1879. Its adjectival inventory is the smallest of the three dictionaries taken as the study material. The second source is a glossary compiled by Juris Plāķis and included as an appendix to his study Kursenieku valoda, published in 1927. The inventory of adjectives in this glossary is the largest. The third glossary was published in 1993 in Christliebe el Mogharbel’s dissertation, Nehrungskurisch. All three dictionaries contain a combined total of 272 adjectival lexemes. The distinction between the borrowings and inheritances was based on the Latvian dictionary (Mīlenbahs ir Endzelīns, 1923–1932), the Lithuanian dictionary (Naktinienė, 2017), and the following criteria: phonomorphological, lexical, formation, semantic, and geographical. A total of 50 lexemes were identified, which can be considered Lithuanianisms. Among them, there are some problematic cases that could be assumed to be Curonisms. In total, nine Slavisms have been identified from the identified Lithuanianisms (since Kursenieki language did not have direct borrowings from Slavic languages, they are classified as Lithuanianisms). Slavisms have been divided into adapted and non-adapted Slavisms. It has been observed that the semantic group of the Christianity discourse is particularly prominent in the adjectival inventory under study.
 In order to better observe the interaction between Lithuanian and Kursenieki languages, additional material from a period older and later than the period under study was taken for comparison – Peter Pallas’ dictionary Linguarum totius orbis Vocabularia comparativa of the late 18th century; and the decoded material of one audio recording recorded by Dalia Kiseliūnaitė at the beginning of the 21st century, collected during expeditions in Sweden.

The Cognition of Time Shaped by Linguistic Elements: Alphabetic Language and Ideographic Language

This study investigated the impact of language script on spatial cognition by comparing reaction times of native speakers of alphabetic languages and Chinese in response to horizontally and vertically arranged button groups. It is postulated that the linear, one-dimensional nature of alphabetic scripts may shape cognitive processing differently than the complex, two-dimensional Chinese characters. In the experiment, participants from both linguistic backgrounds were tasked with quickly responding to buttons arranged in both horizontal and vertical configurations. Results indicated that speakers of alphabetic languages exhibited significantly shorter reaction times for the horizontally oriented buttons compared to the Chinese speakers. Conversely, Chinese speakers demonstrated faster reaction times for vertically arranged buttons relative to the alphabetic language speakers. These results suggest that language script structure can influence spatial cognition. The linear, sequential arrangement inherent to alphabetic languages may predispose speakers to be more efficient in processing horizontally sequenced stimuli, while the two-dimensional structure of Chinese characters may confer an advantage in processing vertically presented information. Additionally, cultural factors, such as the traditional vertical writing and reading direction of Chinese script, may contribute to these differences. The findings provide preliminary support for the notion that language script can shape cognitive strategies for processing spatial information, with speakers of alphabetic languages and Chinese employing different strategies for horizontal and vertical spatial processing. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms, as well as the impact of early exposure to a specific script on spatial cognition.