Cathode Ray Tube Screen Research Articles

Derivation of Glaze from Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) for Ceramic Wares

Introduction of digital display makes cathode ray tube to be largely obsolete. The tube with its screen becomes waste at the end of the products lifecycle. This study, which combined laboratory experimentation and studio practices, aimed at production of glass glaze with cathode ray tube screen. Cathode ray tubes of four different colours were used for the study. The tubes were washed, pulverized and sieved according to their colour, elementally analysed using Particle Induce X-ray Emission, and milled into two batches per colour with first batch mixed with ball clay and second batch mixed with ball clay and additive chemical material of borax. The glaze batches were applied on eight bisque-fired tiles and fired at 1100 0C. The glazes yielded greenish grey, greyish purple, transparent grey and dark grey. This is significance towards the diversification of Nigeria’s economy for solving solid waste disposal challenges for a better and safe environment. The study has proven that cathode ray tubes with addition of borax and ball clay are suitable for glaze production and provided elemental information to guide the glaze formulation.

Patterned edge-illuminated display for clinical examination of visual evoked potentials using simultaneous magnetic resonance imaging

PurposeCommonly used technologies for visual pattern stimulation cannot operate in a magnetic resonance imaging room because they can interfere with the operation of the scanner and are vulnerable to its electromagnetic and magnetic fields. The aim of this single-center prospective observational study was to introduce a novel, structurally uncomplicated, easy-to-maintain, patterned edge-illuminated display (PEID) device for visual pattern-reversal stimulation, compare it with a commonly used cathode ray tube screen, and verify the equivalence of quantitative assays. Materials and methodsThe left and right eyes of 36 healthy participants with undilated pupils were examined on a commercial visual evoked potential (VEP) apparatus and on the PEID device, where pattern-reversal transient VEPs were elicited by checkerboard stimuli with large (0.89°; 0.86°–0.92°) and small (0.21°; 0.20°–0.23°) checks. ResultsThe PEID device demonstrated the required reliability and dynamic characteristics, as well as precise time-locking required for a VEP diagnosis. The results of Deming's correlation analysis showed that both the commercial cathode ray tube monitor and the PEID device produced identical VEP results within the context of experimental uncertainty. The standard deviation of Deming's regression may indicate the uncertainty of the VEPs measured in clinical practice. The Bland-Altman analysis of the mean showed no significant difference in the amplitude and peak time of VEPs measured on the PEID device compared to that of the commercial cathode ray tube monitor. ConclusionsThe presented PEID device meets all the required standards and can be easily installed in various types of commercial magnetic resonance imaging scanners.

Radiation shielding performance of recycled waste CRT glasses doped with Li2O and Y2O3: Potential applications in medical facilitates

In this study, waste cathode ray tube screen glass (WCSG) doped with Li2O and Y2O3 was prepared and investigated for physical properties, structural definition, and their charged radiation and neutron shielding competence through a series of experimental and theoretical approaches. Using the cold isostatic press method, WCSG-infused Li2O + Y2O3 composite glass ceramic samples were prepared. The Li2O + Y2O3 composite concentrations were varied from 0 (STV), 10 (STV-YLI1), and 20 (STV-YLI2) wt%. The prepared glasses were sintered, and their crystal structure and surface microstructure were probed using the XRD technique and SEM images. The prepared samples were analysed for their radiation shielding abilities, starting from the computation of parameters related to their interaction with charged radiation and neutrons. The ESTAR, PSTAR, ASTAR, and STRIM software. In addition, the fast neutron (FN) removal cross section (FNRCS) and thermal neutron (TN) total cross-section (σtot) for the prepared glasses were evaluated theoretically using established models. The XRD spectra of the samples showed distinct crystalline structure and the formation of glass-ceramic material. The addition of the Li2O + Y2O3 composite reduced surface pores, increased hardness, and increased the sample density. The Vickers hardness values were calculated as 495, 527, and 552 HV for the STV, STV-YLi1, and STV-YLi2 samples, respectively, while the corresponding densities were 2.506, 2.592, and 2.634 g/cm3. The addition of Li2O + Y2O3 to the WCSG slightly improved the glass-ceramic system's charged particle shielding ability. The FNRCS of STV, STV-YLi1, and STV-YLi2 are 0.0775, 0.0827, and 0.0867 cm-1 respectively. The ability of the prepared glass ceramics to absorb fast and thermal neutrons improved with the addition of Li2O + Y2O3. The materials are recommended for use as environmental friendly radiation shields.

Occupational health and safety, metal exposures and multi-exposures health risk in Canadian electronic waste recycling facilities

Electronic waste recycling (e-recycling) involves manual operations that expose workers to toxic metals. We aim to describe occupational health and safety practices and workers’ exposures to metals in the Canadian formal e-recycling industry, and to estimate the health risk associated with multiple exposures. This cross-sectional study documented practices through observations and questionnaires, and assessed metal exposures using personal air samples and biomarkers. Health risks were estimated relative to recognised occupational exposure guidelines, and using an additive approach for consideration of multiple exposures. Six e-recycling and one commercial recycling facilities were investigated, and the metal exposures of 99 workers (23 women) were measured. In most facilities, dust control was inadequate and personal protective equipment was improperly worn. In e-recycling, lead was detected in all air samples and in most blood samples, up to 48 µg/m3 and 136 µg/l, respectively. Other quantified metals included beryllium, mercury, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, copper, indium, manganese, nickel and yttrium. When handling cathode ray tube screens, workers were 4.9 times and 8.5 times more likely to be exposed to lead and yttrium, respectively, than workers who were not assigned to a specific type of electronics. Overall, exposures were largely associated with facility size and airborne dust concentration. The additive hazard indices for airborne exposures raised concerns for kidney disorders, for peripheral and central nervous systems, and for the male reproductive system. Minimizing airborne dust through collective control methods and adequately using personal protection should reduce metal exposures and associated health risks in this growing industry.

Material flow, economic and environmental life cycle performances of informal electronic waste recycling in a Thai community

The informal e-waste recycling sector has potential for both harmful environmental releases and environmental benefits associated with avoided emissions from recovered materials. Four household appliances (washing machine, refrigerator, Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) television, fan) were selected for a combined Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis of their end-of-life treatment. Data collection took place in an informal e-waste recycling community in Thailand, recording the weight of materials recovered for each appliance, along with the number of each appliance recycled for one entire village. The LCA determined the avoided emissions and damages (human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, and resource use) per kg material recovered, per product, and for an entire recycling community, with a benefit of 2.7 to 25.4 kg CO2 eq avoided per product piece. Informal e-waste recycling appears relatively efficient in material recovery and economically beneficial. Recyclers recovered 93% or more of the original mass of the products. Just over 460,000 kg of waste devices were processed each year, with a net value added of 2.1 million Thai Baht. Each year, the normalized environmental net benefits amount to 0.2 DALYs for human health, 60,000 kg CO2 eq in climate change impacts, and nearly 400,000 MJ in avoided resource damages each month. Informal e-waste recycling was found to have net benefits in terms of avoided emissions, in particular due to recovery of PCBs, copper, steel and plastic with the exception of improper disposal of hazardous materials of lead in landfilled CRT screens and burned cables.

Novel indicators to better monitor the collection and recovery of (critical) raw materials in WEEE: Focus on screens

Currently, in the European Union (EU), e-waste chain performance is assessed by technical indicators that aim to ensure system compliance with collection and recovery targets set by the WEEE Directive. This study proposes indicators to improve WEEE flow monitoring beyond the current overall weight-based approach, including complementary flows and treatment performance. A case study focused on the screen category in France is presented. In 2017, the collection rate of cathode-ray tube screens (CRT) was 68%, while for flat panel display (FPD) generated only 14% was collected. CRT screens have less precious and critical materials than FDP. Thus, elements like cobalt and gold highly concentrated in FPD, have a collection rate two to four times lower than elements such as copper (37%) which represents a high proportion in CRTs. Recycling is the main treatment in France. Nevertheless, the recycling rate per element varies significantly due to the low collection, and also the lack of technology and/or secondary raw materials market. The elements with higher recycling rates are base metals such as copper (28%), followed by precious metals like silver (23%), and gold (13%). Except for palladium, the recycling rate of the critical raw materials targeted in the study ranged from 6% (cobalt) to 0% (e.g. neodymium and indium). The results stress the need for indicators to support the development of WEEE chain from waste management to secondary (critical) raw materials suppliers.

Feasible Use of Cathode Ray Tube Glass (CRT) and Recycled Aggregates as Unbound and Cement-Treated Granular Materials for Road Sub-Bases.

In the last 15 years, new types of display technologies have increasingly replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) screens, which has led to an increase in landfill of old discarded CRT televisions, which present a great environmental challenge throughout the world due to their high lead content. In addition, environmental awareness has led to greater use of recycled aggregates to reduce the exploitation of existing reserves. This document aims to study the feasibility of incorporating CRT glass waste with recycled aggregate (RA) in combinations for use in civil engineering, more specifically in road bases and sub-bases. For the mechanical and environmental assessment of all of the samples and materials, the following procedures have been performed: the compliance batch test of UNE-EN 12457-4:2004 for RA, CRT, and mixtures; the Percolation Test according CEN/TS 14405 for the mixtures, CRT, and RA; Modified Proctor and load capacity (the California Bearing Ratio, or CBR) in all mixtures without cement addition, and finally, compressive strength of the material treated with cement at different ages of curing. The analysis of the mechanical and environmental properties through different techniques of lixiviation was positive, showing the ability to use CRT for certain dosage percentages mixed with recycled aggregates.

A preliminary study of the concentration of special purpose elements and precious metals in the enriched precipitates produced by a wet method of cathode-ray tube recycling

The purpose of the work is to investigate the existence and the possibility of recovering economically interesting elements, such as precious metals and rare earth elements, from phosphor layers of cathode ray tube wastes. Therefore, a series of analyses took place in the precipitation material that resulted from the disassembling and wet processing of the cathode-ray tube screens. An applied recycling method, that mechanically with water enriches precipitates of cathode ray tube glass (wet cathode ray tube recycling method), is hosted in a small-medium recycling company. Identification of the amorphous and crystalline phases in combination with the micro-structural characterization and the chemical, major, and trace-element analysis were performed in waste materials as well as in the precipitate that resulted from the wet cathode-ray tube recycling process. Important quantities of zirconium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, and gold appear in the precipitate. Conclusively, a hydraulic classification enrichment method should be, furthermore, examined.

Neuropsychological assessment of visual selective attention and processing capacity with head-mounted displays.

Neuropsychological patients often suffer from impairments in visual selective attention and processing capacity components. Their assessment demands a high standardization of testing conditions, which is difficult to achieve across institutions. Head-mounted displays (HMDs) provide a solution. These virtual reality devices cover the entire visual field in a shielded way and thus keep visual stimulation constant. For neuropsychological assessment with HMDs, sufficient reliability is required. We have previously demonstrated that an early developer version of an HMD can be used to reliably measure components of visual processing capacity. However, it is unclear whether this also holds for the assessment of components of visual selective attention. Moreover, it has yet to be established whether now commercially available HMDs are capable of reliable neuropsychological assessment. We assessed the test-retest reliabilities of several components of visual selective attention and processing capacity of healthy subjects with the commercially available HTC Vive. Using an assessment procedure (combiTVA) derived from the theory of visual attention (TVA; Bundesen, 1990), we measured attentional selectivity, lateral bias, processing speed, visual working memory capacity, and the threshold of conscious perception. We compared the reliabilities of these components measured with the HTC Vive with those of a cathode ray tube (CRT) screen, the gold standard of visual presentation in the laboratory. Both devices provided comparable reliabilities. Thus, HMDs fulfill the requirement to replace standard screens. With their inherent visual standardization and portability, they offer unprecedented opportunities for neuropsychological assessment, such as computerized bedside testing and comparisons of test values across institutions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Leaching of yttrium, europium and accompanying elements from phosphor coatings

The aim of this work was to study and describe leaching behaviour of Y, Eu and accompanying elements (Zn, Cd) from the phosphors of waste cathode ray tube (CRT) screens in low concentrated sulphuric acid solutions under both non-oxidizing and oxidizing conditions (H2O2). Thermodynamic study showed that non-oxidizing acid leaching leads to elemental sulphur and hydrogen generation followed by formation of H2S(g). In the presence of oxidant in the leaching system SO2(g) or H2SO4 formation is possible. PbSO4 was formed during leaching independently from the presence of the oxidant. Y, Eu and Zn dissolution without using H2O2 in 0.4M H2SO4 at 80°C attained 6, 9 and 8% respectively. The appropriate content of H2O2 in leaching solution was determined as 3.9v/v %. The highest leaching efficiency of Y and Eu (around 90–95% after 20min) was achieved by using the leaching solution (400ml 0.4M H2SO4, 60ml 30v/v % H2O2) at 80°C and L/S ratio 23. Under these conditions Zn extraction was relatively low (20%) in comparison with Cd extraction (80%). The study also reveals that high leaching efficiency of both Y and Eu (around 90%) was achieved with even more diluted leaching solution (400ml 0.05M H2SO4, 60ml of 30v/v % H2O2) at 60°C, L/S ratio 23 after 20min of leaching. Zn and Cd extractions reached 20% and 55% respectively. Activation energy values calculated for Y and Eu leaching in the solution (400ml 0.4M H2SO4 with 60ml of 30v/v % H2O2) refer to diffusion mechanism in the range 40–80°C (Ea=14.85kJ/mol and 16.47kJ/mol respectively). In contrast, Ea values for Y and Eu leaching in the solution (400ml 1M H2SO4, 60ml of 30v/v % H2O2) suggest a mechanism change at the temperature around 40°C. The leaching of Y as well as Eu up to 40°C is controlled by diffusion and at higher temperatures by chemical reaction.

Exposure to hazardous substances in Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) recycling sites in France

The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) or e-waste recycling sector has grown considerably in the last fifteen years due to the ever shorter life cycles of consumables and an increasingly restrictive policy context. Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) from used television and computer screens represent one of the main sources of e-waste. CRTs contain toxic materials such as lead, cadmium, barium, and fluorescent powders which can be released if recycling of CRTs is not appropriate. Exposure to these harmful substances was assessed in nine workshops where CRT screens are treated. Particulate exposure levels were measured using a gravimetric method and metals were analysed by plasma emission spectrometry. The maximum levels of worker exposure were 8.8mg/m3, 1504.3μg/m3, 434.9μg/m3, 576.3μg/m3 and 2894.3μg/m3 respectively for inhalable dust, barium, cadmium, lead and yttrium. The maximum levels of airborne pollutants in static samples were 39.0mg/m3, 848.2μg/m3, 698.4μg/m3, 549.3μg/m3 and 3437.9μg/m3 for inhalable dust, barium, cadmium, lead and yttrium. The most harmful operations were identified, and preventive measures for reducing the chemical risk associated with screen recycling were proposed. Workplace measurements were used to define recommendations for reducing the chemical risks in CRT screens recycling facilities and for promoting the design and development of “clean and safe” processes in emerging recycling channels.

What monitor can replace the cathode-ray tube for visual stimulation to elicit multifocal electroretinograms?

To compare a conventional cathode-ray tube (CRT) screen to organic light-emitting diode (OLED) and liquid crystal display (LCD) screens as visual stimulators to elicit multifocal electroretinograms (mfERGs), mfERGs were recorded from seven eyes of seven healthy volunteers (21 ± 2 years). The mfERGs elicited by a conventional CRT screen (S710, Compaq Computer Co.) were compared to those elicited by a studio-grade master OLED monitor (PVM-1741, Sony, Japan) and a conventional LCD (S1721, Flexscan, Eizo Nanao Corp., Japan). The luminance changes of each monitor were measured with a photodiode. CRT, OLED, and LCD screens with a frame frequency of 60 Hz were studied. A hexagonal stimulus array with 61 stimulus elements was created on each monitor. The serial white stimuli of the OLED screen at 60 Hz did not fuse, and that of the LCD screens fused. The amplitudes of P1 and P2 of the first-order kernels of the mfERGs were not significantly different from those elicited by the CRT and OLED screens, and the P1 amplitude of the first-order kernel elicited by the LCD stimuli was significantly smaller than that elicited by the CRT in all the groups of the averaged hexagonal elements. The implicit times were approximately 10 ms longer in almost all components elicited by the LCD screen compared to those elicited by the CRT screen. The mfERGs elicited by monitors other than the CRT should be carefully interpreted, especially those elicited by LCD screens. The OLED had good performance, and we conclude that it can replace the CRT as a stimulator for mfERGs; however, a collection of normative data is recommended.

Pattern visual evoked potentials elicited by organic electroluminescence screen.

Purpose. To determine whether organic electroluminescence (OLED) screens can be used as visual stimulators to elicit pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (p-VEPs). Method. Checkerboard patterns were generated on a conventional cathode-ray tube (S710, Compaq Computer Co., USA) screen and on an OLED (17 inches, 320 × 230 mm, PVM-1741, Sony, Tokyo, Japan) screen. The time course of the luminance changes of each monitor was measured with a photodiode. The p-VEPs elicited by these two screens were recorded from 15 eyes of 9 healthy volunteers (22.0 ± 0.8 years). Results. The OLED screen had a constant time delay from the onset of the trigger signal to the start of the luminescence change. The delay during the reversal phase from black to white for the pattern was 1.0 msec on the cathode-ray tube (CRT) screen and 0.5 msec on the OLED screen. No significant differences in the amplitudes of P100 and the implicit times of N75 and P100 were observed in the p-VEPs elicited by the CRT and the OLED screens. Conclusion. The OLED screen can be used as a visual stimulator to elicit p-VEPs; however the time delay and the specific properties in the luminance change must be taken into account.

Comparisons of Pattern Visually Evoked Potentials Elicited by Different Response Time Liquid Crystal Display Screens

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of a liquid crystal display (LCD) with higher driving frequency and shorter response time (2 ms) as a visual stimulator to elicit pattern reversal visually evoked potentials (p-VEPs). Method: p-VEPs were recorded from 12 eyes of 12 healthy volunteers (28.3 ± 9 years). The p-VEPs elicited by a conventional cathode ray tube (CRT) screen were compared to those elicited by a high-speed LCD screen (2-ms LCD, GD245HQbid, Acer, Taipei, Taiwan). The luminance changes of each monitor were measured with a photodiode. Results: During the reversal phase the luminance of the 2-ms LCD screen with 97% contrast was transiently reduced, which can elicit an electroretinogram (ERG) and therefore a flash VEP. The 2-ms LCD with 81% contrast checkerboard had a minimal luminance reduction during the reversal phase, and therefore no ERGs were elicited. No significant differences in the amplitude of P100 and the implicit times of N75 and P100 were observed in the p-VEPs elicited by a CRT or the 2-ms LCD screens as stimulators. Conclusion: The luminance change can elicit flash VEPs, and this artifact can be minimized by using a 2-ms LCD screen with reduced contrast of the checkerboard stimulus.

Liquid crystal display screens as stimulators for visually evoked potentials: flash effect due to delay in luminance changes

The cathode-ray tube (CRT) screen has recently been replaced by liquid crystal display (LCD) screens as visual stimulators for pattern-reversal visually evoked potentials (p-VEPs). The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of LCD screen to elicit p-VEPs. The waveforms of the p-VEPs elicited by a LCD panel were compared with those elicited by a conventional CRT screen. The changes in the luminance of each screen were measured with a photodiode, and the mean luminance change was measured with a luminance meter. VEPs and electroretinograms (ERGs) were also recorded when the monitor was covered by a diffuser. The p-VEPs elicited by the LCD consisted of the N75 and P100 components of the conventional VEPs and had good reproducibility. The average latency of these components was significantly delayed by 9.8ms for N75 and 10.2ms for P100, and the N75-P100 amplitude was significantly larger than the conventional p-VEP elicited by the CRT screen. During the reversal phase, especially from black-to-white, the luminance of the LCD screen was transiently reduced, and it elicited a flash VEP and ERG. A reduction in the contrast of the checks minimized the transient change in the luminance, and the VEP waveform was more similar to that elicited by the CRT screen. The results suggest that when an LCD monitor is used as an alternative visual stimulator to elicit p-VEPs, the delay in the luminance change and the flash effect needs to be taken into account.

Measurements of human vision contrast sensitivity to opposite colors using a cathode ray tube display

The contrast definitions of opposite colors red-green and blue-yellow, which have been described in the CIELAB and YCrCb color spaces, respectively, and a method to accurately control chroma and color differences on a cathode ray tube screen are presented according to the color display characteristics of cathode ray tubes. Using target gratings on a cathode ray tube screen, measurements of human vision contrast sensitivity to red-green and blue-yellow colors for 10 spatial frequencies (0.41, 0.82, 1.23, 1.97, 3.08, 3.79, 4.93, 7.04, 9.86 and 16.43 cpd) were carried out in 11 young observers in a dark environment. Contrast sensitivity functions of opposite colors were obtained, which can be used for practical applications in image technologies.

Seni Patung Berbasis Teknologi Biner 01

Sculpture is three-dimensional works created as a way to communicate the artist to the recipient. In general, the sculpture has the look of a close spatial relationship with the planning and preparation form. By some artists of this digital technology is processed and used as a means of creative media. Planning can form through the process without the process technology or technology-based aritmatic row that work based programming language. Blend series aritmatic 0 1 in binary processing will change analog data into an array of data will produce the color through the liquid crystal display (LCD) or cathode ray tube (CRT). Analog data in the form sculpture sketch plan will be changed into electronic visual data displayed through the LCD or CRT screen.

Transfer of stimulus control from a TFT to CRT screen

The use of television and computer screens for presenting stimuli to animals is increasing as it is non-invasive and can provide precise control over stimuli. Past studies have used cathode ray tube (CRT) screens; however, there is some evidence that these give different results to non-flickering thin film transistor (TFT) screens. Hens' critical flicker fusion frequency ranges between 80 and 90 Hz--above standard CRT screens. Thus, stimuli presented on CRT screens may appear distorted to hens. This study aimed to investigate whether changing the flicker rate of CRT screens altered hens' discrimination. Hens were trained (in a conditional discrimination) to discriminate between two stimuli on a TFT (flickerless) screen, and tested with the stimuli on a CRT screen at four flicker rates (60, 75, 85, and 100 Hz). The hens' accuracy generally decreased as the refresh rate of the CRT screen decreased. These results imply that the change in flicker rate changed the appearance of the stimuli enough to affect the hens' discrimination and stimulus control is disrupted when the stimuli appear to flicker.

Analysis software to interpret defects in ultrasonic testing

PurposeIn ultrasonic A‐scan technique the depth and the size of the defect in the material can be determined from the position and amplitude of the reflected echo on the cathode ray tube screen. However, the main difficulty in ultrasonic testing is the precise recognition of the defect type. The purpose of this paper is to develop analysis software to interpret defects of single‐v butt‐welded mild steel plates in ultrasonic testing.Design/methodology/approachThis paper establishes a relationship between types of defects in single‐v butt‐welded mild steel plates and the corresponding amplitudes and widths of echo signals, defect positions and beam directions.FindingsUsing this relationship it develops analysis software named “ULTRASL‐1” to predict the type of unknown defects by minimizing the effect of the size and geometry of defect on echo amplitude which is the main limitation in using echo amplitude for identification of defect type.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper limits for defects like slag, isolated pore, porosity, lack of inter‐run fusion, lack of side‐wall fusion, crack and lack of penetration in single‐v butt‐welded mild steel plates.Originality/valueThe significance of this work is the introduction of a specialized procedure and a software programme to identify type of defect, so that non‐destructive testing personnel with any level of experience can share the expertise of the best operators in the industry. Hence, it will support to reduce one of the main problems concerning ultrasonic testing, i.e. the difficulties in recognition of defect type.

Novel tapered macrogate structure for carbon nanotube based field emission display

The tapered macrogate (TMG) structure is proposed to overcome the difficulties in carbon nanotube (CNT) based field emission display (FED) with high-voltage phosphors used in cathode ray tube screens. In order to achieve an ideal triode operation for field emission devices, the TMG was designed to have a very thick gate insulator with the inclined gate holes compared with the CNT emitters. The inclined gate holes with a narrower outlet than the bottom of the hole were shown to protect the CNT emitters from the anode field perfectly, enabling the authors to apply a high anode voltage over 10 kV needed for high-voltage FED. Also, the TMG structure had additional useful functions such as an electron-beam self-focusing and high durability against electrical damage. The authors successfully fabricated and demonstrated a 5 in. active-matrix CNT-FED panel with the TMG, showing color moving images with a low addressing voltage of about 15 V using amorphous silicon thin-film transistor as a switching device.