Screening Of Crude Extracts Research Articles

In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts of Three Medicinal Plants against Haemonchus Contortus in Sheep at Haramaya Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Hararghe.

The current study was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of crude methanolic extracts of leaves of Croton macrostachyus and Nicotiana tabacum and rhizome parts of Zingiber officinale on nematode parasite, Haemonchus contortus. For these objectives, adult worm mortality assay (AWMA) was conducted on adult H. contortus to investigate the in vitro adulticidal effect of crude extracts from March to October 2021 G.C. The percentage yield of crude 99.9% methanolic extracts was 53%, 78%, and 44% for C. macrostachyus, N. tabacum, and Z. officinale, respectively. Phytochemical analysis using standard techniques was also used to detect secondary metabolites contained in the plants. The study revealed the presence of secondary metabolites such as tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids in all extracts, which are considered to be the chemical components that are responsible for the wide therapeutic activities of several medicinal plants. In in vitro study, four graded concentrations of the crude extracts (500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, and 62.5 mg/ml) were tested at regular time intervals, and parasite viability for 8 hours was recorded in triplicate. Albendazole (1.25 mg/ml) and distilled water were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. At 4 hr posttreatment, the 62.5 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml, and 250 mg/ml concentrations of C. macrostachyus, N. tabacum, and Z. officinale extracts have caused significantly higher mortality (P < 0.05) compared to the albendazole. Methanolic extracts of C. macrostachyus, N. tabacum, and Z. officinale produced mortality of adult H. contortus significantly (P < 0.05) to the level of 93%, 83%, and 50% at concentration of 125 mg/ml at 4 hr posttreatment and meanwhile at 6 hr produced 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, at the same concentration. On the other hand, albendazole (1.25 mg/ml) killed 60% and 80% of the parasites at 4 hr and 6 hr posttreatment, respectively. Concentrations of all the extracts had showed a comparable and strong nematocidal effect on H. contortus having no significant difference with that of the positive control (P > 0.05) at 8 hr posttreatment period. Hence, the current study revealed that the extracts from three plants have potential anthelmintic effect, and we recommend further study on fractionating each component separately and validating the materials using other parasite developmental stages are warranted.

In vitro screening of crude extracts from plants against Fusarium sacchari and Curvularia lunata and testing the efficacy of a selected crude extract of Alpinia galanga against grain discoloration and other rice diseases in the fields

In vitro screening of crude extracts from plants against <i>Fusarium sacchari</i> and <i>Curvularia lunata</i> and testing the efficacy of a selected crude extract of <i>Alpinia galanga</i> against grain discoloration and other rice diseases in the fields

DNA Repair Biosensor-Identified DNA Damage Activities of Endophyte Extracts from Garcinia cowa.

Recent developments in chemotherapy focus on target-specific mechanisms, which occur only in cancer cells and minimize the effects on normal cells. DNA damage and repair pathways are a promising target in the treatment of cancer. In order to identify novel compounds targeting DNA repair pathways, two key proteins, 53BP1 and RAD54L, were tagged with fluorescent proteins as indicators for two major double strand break (DSB) repair pathways: non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). The engineered biosensor cells exhibited the same DNA repair properties as the wild type. The biosensor cells were further used to investigate the DNA repair activities of natural biological compounds. An extract from Phyllosticta sp., the endophyte isolated from the medicinal plant Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy, was tested. The results showed that the crude extract induced DSB, as demonstrated by the increase in the DNA DSB marker γH2AX. The damaged DNA appeared to be repaired through NHEJ, as the 53BP1 focus formation in the treated fraction was higher than in the control group. In conclusion, DNA repair-based biosensors are useful for the preliminary screening of crude extracts and biological compounds for the identification of potential targeted therapeutic drugs.

Comparative study of antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of stem, root and leaf extracts of Paederia foetida L. against phytopathogenic bacteria

Paederia foetida L. (Skunk vine) is an indigenous weedy plant which is also known to have antimicrobial activity and to possess a broad spectrum of uses for medicinal purposes and as a food ingredient, but its beneficial effects for agriculture are still unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the anti-phytopathogenic bacterial activity and phytochemical composition of crude extracts from different parts of P. foetida using 95% ethanol as a solvent and screening of crude extracts for antibacterial activity using the agar disc diffusion method. The results showed that the crude extract of roots mixed with stems and leaves of P. foetida (1:1:1 weight per weight) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL had highly effective antibacterial activity with inhibition zone diameters of 10.00 mm, 7.00 mm and 10.33 mm for Xanthomonas campestris, Erwinia carotovora and Ralstonia solanacearum, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of P. foetida crude extract for inhibition of X. campestris and R. solanacearum were ≥ 6.25 mg/mL and ≥ 3.15 mg/mL for E. carotovora and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of X. campestris, E. carotovora and R. solanacearum were 25 mg/mL, 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The results of phytochemical analysis of the P. foetida crude extracts showed that ferulic acid and luteolin were the major phytochemical components. These findings have provided the first report suggesting the effectiveness of P. foetida extract against phytopathogenic bacteria and revealed that the extract could be used as an alternative source of antibacterial agents for the protection of plants or crops against bacterial infection.

Phytochemistry PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT CRUDE EXTRACT AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF SPIROGYRA RHIZOPUS

Objective: The importance of this work is to prepare the crude extracts of Spirogyra rhizopus and to study the biological activity of crude extract against four bacterial strains.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Spirogyra algae collected from Jimma town, and crude extracts were prepared by cold percolation method and sonication method and further analyzed for qualitative phytochemical analysis. The efficacy of crude extracts is tested for bacterial activity by disc-diffusion method.&#x0D; Results: The maximum zone of inhibition shown by the crude extract is compared to standard and control. Among the four extracts, chloroform extract displayed the promising inhibitory action against four bacterial strains.&#x0D; Conclusions: The preliminary study concludes that green algae S. rhizopus is a potential source of pharmacologically active lead molecules. In vitro screening of crude extracts of green algae S. rhizopus shows promising activity against bacterial strains and thus suggests its application in drug discovery research.

Preliminary Screening of Crude Extracts of Fagaropsis Angolensis for Anticancer Activity

Preliminary Screening of Crude Extracts of Fagaropsis Angolensis for Anticancer Activity

Larvicidal and Growth-Regulatory Activities of Methanolic and N-hexane Extracts of Leaf of Ficus vallis-choudae Delile (Rosales: Moraceae) against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The study aimed at determining the larvicidal and Insect-Growth-Regulating (IGR) potentials of n-hexane and methanolic extracts of Leaf of Ficus vallis-choudae against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in a bid to develop a cost effective and eco-friendly control lead. Collected leaves of the plants were air-dried, pulverized and sohxlet-extracted. Phytochemical screening of the crude extracts was done following standard protocols. Graded concentrations of 0.00625 to 0.05 mg/L (n-hexane extract) and 0.2 to 0.5 mg/L (methanolic extract) of the crude extract were assayed against fourth larval instar of the mosquito species. The mosquitoes were monitored from zero to 48 hours post-exposure to determine mortality. Sub lethal concentrations of 0.00625 (n-hexane) and 0.2 mg/L (methanol) were assayed for IGR activities. The phytochemical screening of crude extracts of the leaf revealed presence of seven secondary metabolites, whose presence was dependent on extraction solvent. They include flavonoids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, anthraquinones and terpenoids. After 48 hours post-exposure, analyses revealed a time and dose-dependent toxicity of the leaf extracts. The LC 50 and LC 90 , respectively, of the n-hexane and methanolic extracts were, 0.022 and 0.042 mg/L, and 0.355 and 0.463 mg/L, respectively. IGR studies revealed significant increase in duration of development by the sub lethal concentrations. This study revealed larvicidal and IGR potential of n-hexane and methanolic extracts of the leaf of Ficus vallis-choudae , and therefore, a promising lead agent for development of larvicides for mosquito vector control .

Anthelmintic activity of methanolic bark extract of Buchanania axillaris (Desr.)

Buchanania axillaris Desr is the most significant genus in the family Anacardiaceae, which is commonly known as Peddamoriin India. This study evaluates anthelmintic activity of methanol extract of Buchanania axillaris Desr on Indian adult earthworms, Pheretimaposthuma (annelid).Bark was extracted by using soxhlet apparatus. Phytochemical screening of crude extracts showed the presence of steroids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosidesVarious concentrations (25, 50, 100mg/ml) of crude extracts were tested for Anthelmintic activity when involved the determination of the time of paralysis and time of death of worms.The activity was compared with standard piperazine citrate. The methanolic extract shows significant activity when compared to the standard piperazine citrate. The paralysis and death time is 50, 31, 17 and 76, 52, 34 minutes respectively at concentrations 25, 50 and 100mg/ml. whereas these are 31, 18, 10 and 63, 41, 22 minutes for piperazine citrate. In order to confirm the studies in vivo studies have to be conducted.

Antitumor screening of crude extracts of ten medicinal plants of Polygala genus from Southern Brazil

Antitumor screening of crude extracts of ten medicinal plants of Polygala genus from Southern Brazil

Abstract A170: Analysis of marine sponge Cribrochalina vasculum compounds demonstrate selective antitumor properties by activation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling and impaired growth factor receptor signaling cascades.

Abstract Introduction and Aim of Study: Marine derived compounds have been explored and considered as possible antitumor agents. Some natural products from marine organisms are currently in clinical trials, such as: Eribulin, an analogue of halichondrin B, isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria okadai, which is approved by FDA for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer; and Trabectedin, from Ecteinascidia turbinate, approved for treatment of soft tissue sarcomas and ovarian cancer also in Europe. In this study we analyzed extracts of the sponge Cribrochalina vasculum for the inhibition of tumor growth and hence hold potential to be used as novel antitumor agents. Material and Methods: Extracts were obtained from the Caribbean sponge Cribrochalina vasculum. The tumor specific cytotoxicity of the extracts was determined by MTT assay using non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells and normal lung fibroblasts WI-38. The active crude extract showing tumor specific toxicity was fractionated by HPLC to obtain pure compounds and their structures elucidated by physiochemical methods. Various concentrations of the pure compounds were rescreened on several non-small and small lung carcinoma cell lines (NSCLC and SCLC), on ovarian carcinoma cells as well as on normal lung fibroblasts WI-38. Induction of apoptosis was assessed as caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP cleavage on western blot. To detect and quantify apoptotic morphology, cells treated were stained with DAPI and examined using a fluorescence microscope. Conformational change in proapoptotic protein Bak in response to treatment for 16 h was examined in NSCLC U-1810 using flow cytometric analyses. Cell cycle distribution was examined in NSCLC and diploid fibroblast by propidium iodide (PI) staining, using a flow cytometer. Results: Screening of crude extracts from C. vasculum identified certain extracts that showed tumor specific toxicity while having no effect on diploid fibroblasts. From these extracts purified compounds were identified which showed antitumor activity in both NSCLC, SCLC as well as in ovarian carcinoma cells. The purified compounds were found to cause a time dependent increase in activation of apoptotic signaling in NSCLC cells, but not in normal fibroblasts. Thus exposure of NSCLC cells to these compounds caused cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3 and PARP, as well as induction of apoptotic cell morphology and Bak conformational change. Cell cycle analyses revealed that these compounds caused a pronounced block in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle of NSCLC cells whereas normal fibroblasts were not influenced. In vivo analyses of the compounds in mice tumor models is ongoing. Conclusion: We have identified, by screening extracts from the sponge C. vasculum, compounds that hold promise as antitumor agents in NSCLC and SCLC as well as in ovarian carcinoma. Further work aims to identify putative cellular targets of these compounds within tumor cells. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A170. Citation Format: Ana Zovko, Kristina Viktorsson, Petra Hååg, Micha Ilan, Dimitry Kovalerchick, Shmuel Carmeli, Andrea Alimonti, Rolf Lewensohn. Analysis of marine sponge Cribrochalina vasculum compounds demonstrate selective antitumor properties by activation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling and impaired growth factor receptor signaling cascades. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A170.

Seagrass as a potential source of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents

Context: Halophila spp. is a strong medicine against malaria and skin diseases and is found to be very effective in early stages of leprosy. Seagrasses are nutraceutical in nature and therefore of importance as food supplements.Objective: The antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Halophila ovalis R. Br. Hooke (Hydrocharitaceae) methanol extract were investigated and the chemical constituents of purified fractions were analyzed.Materials and methods: Plant materials were collected from Pondicherry coastal line, and antimicrobial screening of crude extract, and purified fractions was carried out by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) of the purified fractions and reference antibiotics were determined by microdilution method. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were investigated in vitro. Chemical constituents of purified fractions V and VI were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the phytochemicals were quantitatively determined.Results: Methanol extract inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 µg/mL and other Gram-negative pathogens at 75 µg/ml, except Vibrio vulnificus. Reducing power and total antioxidant level increased with increasing extract concentration. H. ovalis exhibited strong scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals at IC50 of 0.13 and 0.65 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol extract of H. ovalis showed noticeable anti-inflammatory activity at IC50 of 78.72 µg/mL. The GC–MS analysis of H. ovalis revealed the presence of triacylglycerols as major components in purified fractions. Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals revealed that phenols are rich in seagrass H. ovalis.Discussion and conclusion: These findings demonstrated that the methanol extract of H. ovalis exhibited appreciable antibacterial, noticeable antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, and thus could be use as a potential source for natural health products.

Search for Xanthones inChironiaSpecies: A Rapid Method for the Screening of Crude Extracts

Search for Xanthones in<i>Chironia</i>Species: A Rapid Method for the Screening of Crude Extracts

Gas liquid chromatographic steroid analysis in virilism: Report of a bilateral lipoid cell tumor of the ovary

Comparison of the gas chromatograms of crude urine extracts indicated major quantitative and qualitative differences in the 17-ketosteroid patterns of a normal and virilized woman before and after oophorectomy. The differences persisted in the same areas of the chromatogram following chemical purification. Metabolites of testosterone, notably androstane-17β-ol-3-one and 3α, 17β and 3β, 17β-androstanediols appeared to account for the massive virilization in the presence of a low total 17-ketosteroid. The correlation of gas and paper analysis was good. The use of gas chromatography as a monitoring tool for completion of chemical reactions and operations is inferred. The data presented suggest that screening of crude extracts can reveal valuable information regarding steroid biosynthesis which may be useful for clinical and research purposes.