Screening Of Antioxidant Activity Research Articles

Antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-atherosclerotic effect of phytochemicals isolated from Trachyspermum ammi with honey in RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells

Background: Trachyspermum ammi is a common spice with vital medicinal properties used in Ayurveda to treat many ailments. Furthermore, natural Honey is said to have high levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties. While the combination of both T. ammi and Honey is unexplored in anti-atherosclerotic activity. Materials and Methods: Assays guided isolation of carotenoids, phenolics, and tannins were performed by methanol and aqueous extraction from T. ammi seed powder and honey mixture. Phytochemical screening for antioxidant activity (superoxide radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity) and antilipidemic activity by inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation were investigated. Sample showing highest activity with lowest IC50 value from antioxidant and antilipidemic activity was further evaluated on RAW 264.7, THP-1 cells for foam cell inhibition activity, anti-proliferation, antiapoptotic activity, and nitric oxide assay. The sample was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Out of the phytochemicals screened, tannin methanol extract (TME) showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value having 7.11 μg/mL in superoxide scavenging assay, the IC50 value of 1.46 μg/mL by nitric oxide scavenging assay, and followed by IC50 value of 20.83 μg/mL in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl activity. The results showed that it also efficiently inhibited LDL oxidation at 240 μg/mL (71.29% at 5 h)., thus inhibiting foam cell development, preventing proliferation, apoptosis, and nitrate production in cultured RAW 264.7 and THP-1 cells. HPLC analysis showed the presence of tannin in the extract. TME was characterized in GC-MS, which showed 13 prominent compounds. Conclusion: The scientific evidence in the present study showed that the TME from T. ammi seed powder and honey act as an antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties in inhibiting foam cell formation. Hence, this phytochemical can be used for the treatment of atherosclerosis.

Rapid screening analysis of antioxidant activities in green tea products using DPPH and FRAP

Free radicals are formed inside and outside the body. Free radicals inside the body can be created in the cell compartments. The reactions are complex through the initiation, propagation, and termination stages. On the other hand, free radicals in the outer body can be formed from pollutions and environmental damage action. Excessive free radicals cause oxidative stress and use destructive cellular to affect health conditions. Antioxidants are known as essential agents in biological systems against diseases triggered by free radicals. One of the many antioxidants found in tea plants (Camellia sinensis) is polyphenols. A colorimetry method was employed to evaluate the dominant antioxidant compound of the total phenolic and flavonoid content in two selected tea products. The total phenolic content was determined by utilizing the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In addition, an aluminum colorimetric assay is applied to assess flavonoid content. Rapid screening of antioxidant activity using a spectrophotometric method is employed to determine IC50 values of tea extracts utilizing DPPH and FRAP. The FRAP method showed more sensitivity in determining antioxidant activities with the feasibility of working in low analyte concentrations than the DPPH method. The high total phenolic and flavonoid contents found in this experiment are in line with low IC50 values. It was also found out that brewed green tea has lower total phenol content than green tea bags.

Isolation, characterization, and screening of antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from Leea Indica (Burm. F) Merr. Leaf

Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live within plant tissues and can produce the same compounds as their host. Leea indica, commonly known as bandicoot berry, is a medicinal plant with various bioactive compounds. A study on the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from L. indica has never been reported. So this study is essential to conduct to explore the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria in the L.indica plant. The objective of the study was to isolate, identify, and screening of antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from L. indica leaf. We obtained 51 bacterial isolates with various of morphology. Microscopic identification showed that 44 isolates were categorized into Gram-negative (23 rod-shaped, 18 cocci-shaped, and 3 cocci bacilli-shaped isolates), and the other 7 isolates were categorized into Gram-positive (6 rod-shaped and 1 cocci-shaped isolates). The biochemical test showed that 100% of isolates have positive catalase, and 13.7% were suspected of having pathogenic activity on blood agar. The antioxidant activity showed that 17 isolates (more than 70%) had high inhibition by scavenging free radicals. It can be concluded that there are various endophytic bacteria isolated from L. Indica leaf and potentially producing antioxidant activity as their host.

Comparative Study of the Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena Floribunda and Picralima Nitida

Picralima nitida (Stapf) T.Durand & H.Durand and Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don) T.Durand & Schinz are West and Central African plant species belonging to the Apocynaceae family. These two plants are used in traditional Ivorian medicine to treat hypertension, urinary tract infections, diarrhea, gonorrhea, malaria and diabetes. Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant activity of P. nitida fruit and H. floribunda leaf extracts of each of these two species have already been performed. In the present study, a comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity of fruit (P. nitida) and leaf (H. floribunda) decoctions was carried out. The decoctions of P. nitida fruits and H. floribunda leaves were rich in secondary metabolites, especially polyphenols which have good antioxidant activity. Quantification of total phenols and flavonoids gave respective values of QP = 15235.632 ± 622 µg GAE / g dry matter and FP = 2.387 ± 0.387% for P. nitida and QH = 68597.701 ± 3171 µg GAE / g dry matter and FH = 17.581 ± 0.379% for H. floribunda. P. nitida showed antioxidant activity against DPPH radical (IC50 = 104.30 ± 3.17 μg / mL) and ferric ion Fe3 + (261.4 ± 36. 87 μmoL Eq Trolox / g extract). H. floribunda showed antioxidant activity against DPPH radical (IC50 = 41.73 ± 0.29 μg / mL) and ferric ion Fe3 + (365 ± 20.36 μmol Eq Trolox / g ExS).

Screening of Bio-active Pigments, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Some Economically Important Medicinal Plants for Ethno-botanical Uses

An experiment was conducted to determinate the phytochemical properties (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, carotenoids, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content) in ten medicinal plants namely Syal Kata (Argemone mexicana L.), Akanda (Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.), Dumur (Ficus carica L.), Chalmugra (Gynocardia odorata R.Br.), Kata kachu (Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites), Shetodrone (Leucas aspera (Wild.)), Khona (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz), Reri (Ricinus communis L.), Ghat kachu (Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott) and Bazna (Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC.) for ethno-botanical uses. The young fresh leaves were harvested and were subjected to methanolic (95%) extract. Total phenolic contents were analysed by using Folin - Ciocalteau method where gallic acid was used as standard. Total phenolic content varied from 94.53 mg GAE/100 g FW (C. gigantea) to 484.88 mg GAE/100 g FW (L. aspera). Total flavonoid contents were performed by using Quercetin as standard. Total flavonoid content varied from 137.25 mg QUE /100 g FW (C. gigantea) to 334.27 mg QUE/100 g FW (G. odorata). Antioxidant activity of these extracts was performed by using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Total anti-oxidant capacity varied from IC50 value 35.37 mg/mL (A. mexicana) to 90.47 mg/mL (F. carica) where ascorbic acid is used as standard. Results indicated that among the ten medicinal plants phenolics rich in L. aspera, flavonoids rich in G. odorata, antioxidant activity rich in A. mexicana. Z. rhetsa leaf rich in chlorophyll-a content (311.67 mg/100 g FW), L. aspera leaf rich in chlorophyll-b content (157 mg/100 g FW), Z. rhetsa rich in chlorophyll- (a+b) content as 439 mg/100 g FW, A. mexicana leaf rich in carotenoids content as 96 mg/100 g FW.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant activity of the stem bark of Anacardium occidentale L. and Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn, two medicinal plants from Poro region (Northern of Côte d'Ivoire)

Anacardium occidentale and Vitellaria paradoxa are two medicinal plants traditionally used by Ivorian, particularly in the treatment of diabetes, arterial hypertension and diarrhea. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and the antioxidant activity of the stem barks of A. occidentale L. and V. paradoxa. The stem bark of both plants was used for the aqueous extraction. Major chemical groups were identified using the tube staining method followed by confirmation by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH method. The results of phytochemical screening of plant extracts revealed the presence of polyphenols, anthraquinones, tannins, sterols, terpenes and saponins. In addition, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity by spectrophotometry using the DPPH method showed that all extracts had significant and different antioxydant activity compared to the reference molecule (Vitamin C, IC50 = 0.80 ± 0.70 µg/mL) with respective IC50 of 0.42 ± 0.32 µg/mL for V. paradoxa and 0.87 ± 0.77 µg/mL for A. occidentale. V. paradoxa therefore has the best antioxydant activity. These results could explain the therapeutic virtues of A. occidentale and V. paradoxa in the treatment of various pathologies.

Synthesis and screening for antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of novel 2-thioxo-benzo[f]chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones derived by cetylpyridinium chloride catalyzed multicomponent reactions in aqueous micellar media

The cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has been used as micellar catalyst in three-component one-pot reaction involving thiobarbituric acids, aromatic aldehydes and β-napthol for synthesizing the novel 2-thioxo-benzo[5,6]chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives in aqueous media. These 2-thioxo-benzo[5,6]chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives have been screened for antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. It has been found that 2-thioxo-5-(4-nitrophenyl)-benzo[f]chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (4a) has shown highest scavenging activity value to reduce DPPH free radicals, which may be due to the presence of nitro group at para-position. Three compounds, 4a, 4b and 4o show significant in vitro antitumor activity. The study of the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities reveal that all the compounds show moderate to good activity indicating that the presence of thiouriedo linkage in the pyrimidine nucleus and the chromeno group attached to pyrimidene moiety are responsible for these activities.

Comparative Volatile Profiling of Ludwigia stolonifera Aerial Parts and Roots Using VSE-GC-MS/MS and Screening of Antioxidant and Metal Chelation Activities.

Ludwigia stolonifera (Guill. & Perr.) P.H.Raven belonging to the family Onagraceae is an important aquatic herbal plant of economic importance in water bioremediation. We explored the compositional heterogeneity in the aroma profile of L. stolonifera aerial parts and roots. Volatile profiling was employed for the first time using volatile solvent extraction (VSE-GC-MS/MS) of both aerial parts and roots. A total of 85 volatiles were identified belonging to eight classes, viz., aliphatic, aromatic, and oxygenated hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, diterpenes, alcohols, acids/esters, and sterols. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were found to be the most abundant metabolite groups in both aerial parts and roots. Furthermore, antioxidant and metal chelation activities of aerial parts and roots were investigated, revealing a potent activity as an antioxidant and high metal chelation capacity for heavy metals.

Phytochemical Screening and Assessment of Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Antihelminthic Activities of Sarcocephalus latifolius Leaves

The main objective of our study was to determine the cheminical composition and to assess the antioxidant, antibacterial and antihelminthic activities of the leaves extracts of S. latifolius. The antibacterial activity of S. latifolius leaves extracts was assessed using micro-dilution method. In end, the antioxidant capacity of different plant extracts has been evaluated by determining their ability to reduce iron (III) to iron (II) and DPPH radical. The results obtained revealed that the dry matter of the powder of the S. latifolius leaves is rich in fibers, crude proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Its water content was moderate (14.3 %); the leaves of S. latifolius are rich in mineral elements like calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and iron (Fe); the plant has the main groups of secondary metabolites such as total polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, bound and free quinones, steroids and tri-terpenes, while it is poor in anthocyanins, leucoanthocyans and saponins. The bacterial strains used were less sensitive to S. latifolius leaf extracts (MIC greater than or equal to 500 µg/mL). The extracts of this plant showed significant antioxidant and antihelmintic activity, with a strong correlation between the methods used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of DPPH and FRAP. Due to their interesting functional properties, this plant could be used in the formulation of a nutraceutical with strong antioxidant power to improve the antioxidant status of consumers, but also in the management of helminthiases.

Phytochemical Profiling and in vitro Screening for Neuritogenic and Antioxidant Activities of Spirulina platensis

Abstract: Background: In neurological diseases, neuronal loss is frequently associated with overproduction of free radicals and reduced level of endogenous neurotrophic factors. The blue-green microalga, Spirulina platensis is a well-known superfood with a high content of diverse nutrients and possesses several therapeutic properties. Here, we aimed to study the neuritogenic and antioxidant activities of Spirulina platensis UMACC 159. Materials and Methods: PC-12Adh (rat pheochromocytoma) cell was used to investigate the cytotoxicity effect of S. platensis UMACC 159 extracts (water, methanol, and ethanol) via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Neuritogenic activity of the extracts towards PC-12Adh cell line was studied using neurite outgrowth assay and immunofluorescence imaging of neurofilaments. The extracts were screened for the phytochemical contents, and antioxidant activities using 2,2’-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-Diphenyl-1- pircrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and reducing power. Results: Ethanol extract was found to exhibit the highest neuritogenic effect and enhanced the cytoskeleton formation in PC-12Adh cells at 6.25 μg/mL. Ethanol extract also showed the highest total phenolic content (49.09 ± 1.35 mg GAE/g), ABTS (EC50 of 1.34 ± 0.01 mg/mL) and DPPH (EC50 of 0.45 ± 0.04 mg/mL) scavenging activities (P ≤ 0.05), suggesting that the neuritogenic effect of ethanol extract was attributed to the phenolic compound(s) via antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Ethanol extract contains bioactive compound(s) with similar neuritogenic activity as nerve growth factor for neuronal survival, growth, and axonal regeneration. S. platensis has been proposed as a promising cognitive supplement. Key words: Spirulina platensis, Antioxidants, Cytotoxicity, Neuronal outgrowth, Phytochemicals.

In vitro screening of phytochemicals, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity of Echinops setifer extract

Medicinal plants expose a specific capacity in drug discovery due to their therapeutic capability that can cover the uncertainties and deficiency of modern medication by in vitro documents. This study was conducted to assess the functional groups, total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity of Echinops setifer extract. Hence, functional groups in the ethanolic extract of Echinops setifer were analyzed by FT-IR analysis. The total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonoid compounds (TFC), and the antioxidant activity of Echinops setifer were determined. The antiproliferative activity of the extract was elucidated against HT-29 cell lines through the intensification in concentrations. More ever, the antimicrobial potential of the extract in the lowest concentration developed the inhibition zone against all the studied bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi, in both DDA and WDA methods. Listeria innocua by DDA method and Staphylococcus aureus through WDA method illustrated the highest inhibition zone in the maximum extract concentration. The MIC and MBC of ethanolic extract of E. setifer for Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Bacillus cereus, P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and S. typhi were reported. Compelling, this research exposed that Echinops setifer extract had a great potential to fight free radical chain reaction, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity leading to a high value in the application for usage in therapeutic purposes.

Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity.

The demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly food sources and food ingredients is increasing, and microalgae are promoted as a sustainable source of essential and bioactive lipids, with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), comparable to those of fish. However, most FA screening studies on algae are scattered or use different methodologies, preventing a true comparison of its content between microalgae. In this work, we used gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the FA profile of seven different commercial microalgae with biotechnological applications (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Tetraselmis chui, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina sp., and Nannochloropsis oceanica). Screening for antioxidant activity was also performed to understand the relationship between FA profile and bioactivity. Microalgae exhibited specific FA profiles with a different composition, namely in the ω-3 FA profile, but with species of the same phylum showing similar tendencies. The different lipid extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, but with a low activity of the extracts of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Overall, this study provides a direct comparison of FA profiles between microalgae species, supporting the role of these species as alternative, sustainable, and healthy sources of essential lipids.

Design, green synthesis, antioxidant activity screening, and evaluation of protective effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury of novel monoenone monocarbonyl curcumin analogs

Antioxidants with high efficacy and low toxicity have the potential to treat cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI). Dienone monocarbonyl curcumin analogs (DMCA) capable of overcoming the instability and pharmacokinetic defects of curcumin possess notable antioxidant activity but are found to be significantly toxic. In this study, a novel skeleton of the monoenone monocarbonyl curcumin analogue sAc possessing reduced toxicity and improved stability was designed on the basis of the DMCA skeleton. Moreover, 32 sAc analogs were obtained by applying a green, simple, and economical synthetic method. Multiple sAc analogs with an antioxidant protective effect in PC12 cells were screened using an H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage model, and quantitative evaluation of structure–activity relationship (QSAR) model with regression coefficient of R2 = 0.918921 was built through random forest algorithm (RF). Among these compounds, the optimally active compound sAc15 elicited a potent protective effect on cell growth of PC12 cells by effectively eliminating ROS generation in response to oxidative stress injury by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant signaling pathway. In addition, sAc15 exhibited good protection against CIRI in the mice middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. In this paper, we provide a novel class of antioxidants and a potential compound for stroke treatment.

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds of six Algerian date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Ain-Saleh region, using Reflux method and Screening of Antioxidant Activity in vitro

This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds for six cultivars of date from In Saleh region (Phoenix dactylifera L.), which were extracted by reflux with solvents, 80% methanol and 70% aceton after the phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts were measured using Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity acetone/H2O and methanol/H2O extracts using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, TAC and CUPRAC assays. The results showed that methanolic solvent reflux gives better yields. The highest level of phenolic compounds for all dates varieties was found in the 80% methanol extract. This level ranged from 8.04 ± 0.14 to 46.81 ± 1.22 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight and flavonoid content was observed relatively low for both two solvents. However, extraction into 70% acetone gave the highest antioxidant activity with all assay. These results showed that dates had strongly scavenging activity on DPPH reaching 3.12 µg/mL in methanol/H2O from Cul1 (6.9 µg/mL with ascorbic acid), also on ABTS reaching 6.51 µg/mL in acetone/H2O from Cul2 (104.98 µg/mL with ascorbic acid).

The In Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of Various Solvent Fractions of Tamarix dioica and 1H-NMR Based Metabolite Identification and Molecular Docking Analysis.

The Tamarix dioica (T. dioica) is widely used medicinal plant to cure many chronic ailments. T. dioica is being used to manage diabetes mellitus in traditional medicinal system; however, very little scientific evidence is available on this plant in this context. The current study involves the fractionation of crude methanolic extract of T. dioica using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and n-butanol. The screening for antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was carried out. The in vitro antidiabetic potential was assessed by measuring α-glucosidase inhibition. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined for each fraction. The metabolites were identified using highly sensitive and emerging 1H-NMR technique. The results revealed the ethyl acetate fraction as the most potent with DPPH scavenging activity of 84.44 ± 0.21% and α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 value of 122.81 ± 2.05 µg/mL. The total phenolic and flavonoid content values of 205.45 ± 1.36 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram dried extract and 156.85 ± 1.33 mg quercetin equivalent per gram dried extract were obtained for ethyl acetate fraction. The bucketing of 1H-NMR spectra identified 22 metabolites including some pharmacologically important like tamarixetin, tamaridone, quercetin, rutin, apigenin, catechin, kaempferol, myricetin and isorhamnetin. Leucine, lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, serine, and tyrosine were the major amino acids identified in ethyl acetate fraction. The molecular docking analysis provided significant information on the binding affinity among secondary metabolites and α-glucosidase. These metabolites were most probably responsible for the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of ethyl acetate fraction. The study ascertained the ethnomedicinal use of T. dioica to manage diabetes mellitus and may be a helpful lead towards naturopathic mode for anti-hyperglycemia.

Pacific Dulse Protein: A Promising Source of Bioactive Peptides

Abstract Objectives Pacific dulse (Devaleraea mollis) is a protein-rich seaweed in the Pacific Northwest and increasingly being cultivated as food resource. Our previous work showed that dietary supplementation of dulse exerted beneficial metabolic effects to the high-fat fed mouse model. This study aims to evaluate the potential of the seaweed protein from dulse as a precursor for bioactive peptide (BAP) generation. Methods The potential of Pacific dulse protein as BAP precursor was assessed using in vitro and in silico approaches. Hydrolysates were prepared from the hydrated freeze-dried protein isolates which were digested using commercial proteases. These were used for the in vitro screening for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as the inhibition of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE-1), Renin, and Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). Peptides in the hydrolysates that exhibit the highest activities were identified using de novo sequencing. Identified peptides were shortlisted based on their potential to be bioactive using Peptide Ranker and specific bioactivity scores were obtained using in silico platforms such as iDPPIV-SCM and PreAIP. To determine whether the consumption of the seaweed protein may help give rise to some bioactive peptides, annotated protein sequences of the seaweed material were obtained from UniProtKB and were subjected to in silico digestion using pepsin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin through BIOPEP. Bioactivity indices of the generated peptide fragments were recorded as predictive values. Results In silico digestion showed that dulse proteins can give rise to ACE-1, DPP-IV, and renin inhibitors, as well as antioxidant peptides. Hydrolysates exerted inhibitory effects on human ACE-1, DPPIV, and renin in vitro. ABTS radical scavenging assay and cellular antioxidant activity assay in human hepatocytes indicated the strong antioxidant potential of dulse BAP. Peptides identified through de novo sequencing had high predictive scores for DDPIV inhibition and anti-inflammatory potential. Conclusions Pacific dulse proteins is a promising precursor for the generation of BAPs that may exert beneficial health activities and support metabolic health improvement. Funding Sources Oregon State University Agricultural Research Foundation.

Preliminary phytochemical screening for antioxidant activity and content of phenols and flavonoids of 18 species of plants native to western Ecuador

The phytochemical screening, total phenolics and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of plants native to western Ecuador were investigated to provide the basic information for further studies towards the discovery of new compounds. The species studied were Adenostemma platyphyllum Cass, Castilla elastica subsp . gummifera (Miq.) C.C. Berg., Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng., Ectozoma pavonii Miers, Erythrochiton giganteus Kaastra & A.H. Gentry, Erythroxylum patens Ruiz ex O.E.Schulz, Ficus brevibracteata W.C. Burger, Ficus tonduzii Standl., Grias ecuadorica Cornejo & S.A. Mori, Handroanthus billbergii subsp . ampla (Bureau K. Schum.) S.O. Grose, Morisonia americana L., Operculina codonantha (Benth.) Hallier f., Passiflora macrophylla Spruce ex Mast., Podandrogyne jamesonii (Briq.) Cochrane, Pradosia montana T.D. Penn., Tecoma castaneifolia (D.Don) Melch, Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich. ex Wedd., and Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott.The highest percentage of inhibition of DPPH• was found in E. patens (92.41%). Most of the extracts evaluated exhibited antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant Activity in Rheum emodi Wall (Himalayan Rhubarb).

Using natural products as antioxidant agents has been beneficial to replace synthetic products. Efforts have been made to profile the antioxidant capacities of natural resources, such as medicinal plants. The polyphenol content of Himalayan rhubarb, Rheum emodi wall, was measured and the antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH and ABTS+ assay, and the oxidative stress was assessed using SOD enzymatic assay. Five different solvent fractions, n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and water, were used for screening the antioxidant capacity in effort to determine the optimum extraction solvent. The total phenolic contents for R. emodi fractions ranged from 27.76 to 209.21 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of dry weight. DPPH and ABTS+ assay results are presented into IC50 values, ranged from 21.52 to 2448.79 μg/mL and 90.25 to 1718.05 μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity among other fractions. Also, n-butanol and water fractions showed significantly lower IC50 values than the positive control in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The IC50 values of SOD assay of fractions ranged from 2.31 to 64.78 μg/mL. A similar result was observed with ethyl acetate fraction showing the highest SOD radical scavenging activity. The study suggests that the ethyl acetate fraction of R. emodi possess the strongest antioxidant activity, thus the most efficient in extracting antioxidant contents. Moreover, a highly significant correlation was shown between total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity screening assays. The compounds related to the antioxidant activity of R. emodi were identified to myricitrin, myricetin 3-galloyl rhamnoside, and myricetin, which have not been reported in studies about R. emodi before.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HARDWIKIA BINATA (ROXB.)

The genus Hardwickia of the family Caesalpiniaceae is represented by a single species Hardwickia binata Roxb. The present study deals with screening of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of different extracts of leaf and bark of Hardwickia binata. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, saponins, phenolics compound, tannins, phenols and steroids. Both leaf and bark extracts scavenged free radicals signicantly. Whereas aqueous extract of bark and ethanol extract of leaf exhibited good antioxidant property

Red and White Galangal Puree Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemistry Screening

Antioxidant prevents oxidative stress. One of the antioxidant sources is plant. Red and white galangal are herbal plants that are easy to grow and they may have antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to compare antioxidant activity and phytochemistry screening of red galangal (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.). The method of this study used was the DPPH method and qualitative analysis. The results of this study showed that the value of antioxidant activity of red galangal was significantly higher than white galangal (p<0.05). The results of phytochemistry screening showed that red galangal contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. While white galangal contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and triterpenoids. It is can be concluded that red galangal is more effective than white galangal.