Screen Configuration Research Articles

Supporting Mixed-Presence Awareness across Wall-Sized Displays Using a Tracking Pipeline based on Depth Cameras

One of the main benefits of large interactive surfaces (e.g. wall-sized displays) lies in their support for collocated collaboration by facilitating simultaneous interactions with the displays and high awareness of other group members' actions. In the context of remote collaboration, this awareness information needs to be acquired through digital means such as video feeds, which typically offer very limited information on non-verbal communication aspects, including on workspace awareness. We describe a new approach we have implemented to tackle that challenge through a multimodal pipeline that deals with tracking, attributing, transmitting, and visualising non-verbal information through what we refer to as workspace awareness cues, across wall-sized displays placed at distant locations. Our approach relies on commodity depth cameras combined with screen configuration information to generate deictic cues such as pointing targets and gaze direction. It also leverages recent artificial intelligence breakthroughs to attribute such cues to identified individuals and augment them with additional gestural interactions. In the present paper, we expand on the details and rationale behind our approach, describe its technical implementation, validate its novelty with regards to the existing literature, and report on early but promising results from an evaluation we conducted based on a mixed-presence decision-making scenario across two distant wall-sized displays.

Towards a cutting‐edge metallization process for silicon heterojunction solar cells with very low silver laydown

AbstractWithin this work, we investigate the potential to optimize the screen‐printed front side metallization of silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. Three iterative experiments are conducted to evaluate the impact of the utilized fine mesh screen configurations and grid layout adaption (finger pitch) for the front side metallization on silver laydown and electrical performance of the solar cells. With respect to the screen configuration, we compare the performance of a fine‐mesh knotless screen to a conventionally angled screen demonstrating an additional gain of Δη = +0.1%abs due to reduced shading losses. Additionally, a grid layout is improved by increasing the number of contact fingers from 120 to 156. Furthermore, the current possibility to push the fine‐line printing process for low‐temperature pastes to the limit is investigated by reducing the nominal finger width wn to 20, 18, and 15 μm. It is shown that even the smallest nominal width of wn = 15 μm can be printed with high quality, leading to an additional efficiency gain of Δη = +0.15%abs as well as a reduction of silver paste laydown by −5 mg. Finally, a batch of champion cells is fabricated by applying the findings of the previous experiments, which results in a maximum efficiency of ηmax = 23.2%. Compared to the reference group without optimization, this corresponds to a gain of Δη = +0.17%abs, which comes along with an additional decrease of the silver paste laydown by approximately −2 mg. This emphasizes the significance of consistent optimization of the screen‐printing process in terms of cell performance and resource utilization for SHJ solar cells.

New Approach to SCADA System Screen Configuration Based on the Model of Oil and Gas Pipeline Network

INTRODUCTION： With the continuous progress of science and technology, the monitoring and control of oil and gas pipeline networks have become more and more critical; SCADA systems, as a kind of technology widely used in industrial control, play a key role. The screen configuration of the SCADA system is the core part of its user interface, which is directly related to the operator's mastery of the status of the pipeline network. In order to improve the monitoring efficiency and reduce the operation risk, this study is devoted to exploring a new method of SCADA system screen configuration based on the oil and gas pipeline network model.PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to develop an innovative SCADA system screen configuration method to present the operating status of the oil and gas pipeline network more intuitively and efficiently. The design based on the pipeline network model aims to enhance the operators' understanding of essential information, such as pipeline network topology, fluid flow, etc., so as to make monitoring and control more intelligent.METHODS: The study adopts a new method of SCADA system screen configuration based on the oil and gas pipeline network model. First, the topology, sensor data, and control nodes of the oil and gas pipeline network are comprehensively modelled. Then, through the design principle of human-computer interaction, the modelling results are integrated into the screen configuration of the SCADA system to realize the intuitive presentation of information. At the same time, advanced visualization technology is introduced so that the operators can understand the real-time changes in the pipe network status more clearly.RESULTS: After experimental verification, the new method shows significant advantages in oil and gas pipeline network monitoring. The operators can recognize the abnormalities of the pipeline network more quickly and accurately through the SCADA system screen configuration, which improves the efficiency of troubleshooting and treatment. The visualized interface design makes the operation more intuitive and reduces the possibility of operating errors, thus improving the safety and reliability of the pipeline network.CONCLUSION: The new method of SCADA system screen configuration based on the oil and gas pipeline network model has achieved significant results in improving monitoring efficiency and reducing operational risks. Through a more intuitive and intelligent interface design, operators can have a more comprehensive understanding of the operating status of the pipeline network, which provides practical support for rapid response and decision-making. This approach introduces new ideas to the field of oil and gas pipeline network monitoring, which is of positive significance for improving the overall performance of the system. Future work can be carried out to optimize the interface design further and expand the applicable scenarios.

Effect of screen configuration on the neck angle, muscle activity, and simulator sickness symptoms in virtual reality.

There is a lack of information about the optimal setup of multiple screen configurations in virtual reality (VR) office work. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different screen configurations on neck flexion, rotation, neck muscle activity, and simulator sickness symptoms during Virtual Reality (VR) office work. Twelve participants (7 males; 21 to 27 years old) performed copy-paste and drag-drop tasks in three different screen configurations (single screen, primary-secondary screen, and double screen) in a randomized order. Optical motion capture system, electromyography (EMG) device, and simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) were used to measure the users' responses. Neck rotation angles, muscle activities, and VR sickness were significantly affected by the screen configurations (p < 0.021). The primary-secondary screen showed the highest right rotation angle (median: -33.47°) and left sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle activities (median: 12.57% MVC). Both single (median: 22.42) and primary-secondary (median: 22.40) screen showed the highest value of SSQ. The screen configurations in VR could be an important design factor affecting the users' physical demands of the neck and VR sickness symptoms. Asymmetric neck rotations caused by the primary-secondary screen conditions should be avoided.

Path reader and intelligent lane navigator by autonomous vehicle

Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) is a physical network of physical devices, such as widgets, structures, and other objects, which can store program, sensors, actuators, and screen configurations to allow the objects to assemble, control, display, and exchange data. The aim of this research was to develop an autonomous system with automated navigation. Using this approach, we are able to make use of deep neural networks for automatic navigation as well as the identification of pot holes and road conditions. Additionally, it displays potholes in traffic and the correct lane on the screen. The system stresses how important it is to select the path from one node to the next.

Visually Encrypted Watermarking for Ordered-Dithered Clustered-Dot Halftones

Visual encryption and show through watermarking are widely used techniques to hide secret data in halftone images. The secret watermark can be quickly revealed when the halftone images are printed in transparency and overlaid on each other. The present studies emphasize developing a show-through watermarking technique for the clustered-dot halftone types. The proposed method exploits the properties of various configurations of dither array screens constructed using distinct Gaussian filters to embed watermarks. Two approaches are proposed, i.e., adjacent dither array pairs and the dither array translations. The optimal configuration of dither array parameters is developed to obtain maximum contrast and imperceptibility. Moreover, a new edge screen dithering is proposed to eliminate the edge artifacts, resulting in smooth screen transitions. As efficient ordered dithering is adopted for the watermark embedding, the joint watermarking and halftoning can be performed without additional computations. In comparison to the existing state-of-the-art show-through watermarking techniques, the proposed method can present superior image quality, computational simplicity, and decoded watermarks can be perceived with clear contrast when the images are overlaid with each other.

Multi-objective optimisation for wind resistant air-cooled condenser operation

• Multi-objective optimisation is performed for air-cooled condenser wind mitigation. • Perimeter screens, cruciform screens and walkways are simultaneously investigated. • Both thermal effectiveness and dynamic fan blade loading are considered. • General guidelines on optimal walkway and screen configuration are provided. • Both thermal effectiveness and dynamic blade loading can be noticeably improved. A multi-objective optimisation using a genetic algorithm combined with a surrogate modelling approach was used to identify optimal wind mitigation solutions for 3 × 6 cell air-cooled condenser (ACC), typical of a 100 MW thermal power plant. General guidelines on how to optimally combine a cruciform screen, perimeter screen and solid walkway were identified by finding the Pareto-optimal front considering both overall ACC thermal performance and maximum fan blade dynamic loading. The combination of a cruciform screen and a walkway is always recommended. The cruciform screen should have a height of 0.35 ≤ H cs / H p ≤ 0.50 and a solidity of 0.75 ≤ α cs ≤ 1.0. The width of the walkway should be within 0.30 ≤ L ww / d f ≤ 0.50. A perimeter screen is only recommended if dynamic blade loading is expected to be a significant issue. For a permanent perimeter screen, the solidity should be α ps ≈ 0.4 with a screen height between 0.6 ≤ H ps / H p ≤ 1.0. A mitigation solution within these ranges was able to improve the ACC average thermal effectiveness by up to 19 % under high wind conditions and reduce the blade loading by 22 %, thus resulting in a robust wind effect mitigation solution and ultimately greater annual condenser reliability.

Analysis of mesh screens for outdoor i-v curve measurements of pv modules at several irradiance levels

Mesh screens can be installed over a photovoltaic (PV) module to provide varying degrees of outdoor solar irradiance for I-V curve measurements. In such tests, it is often not possible to cover the PV module and the irradiance sensor with the mesh screen at the same time, requiring the transmissivity of the mesh to be accurately measured beforehand. This paper describes a measurement method and evaluates the uncertainty in determining the transmissivity of mesh screens used to attenuate solar radiation on PV modules. The method involves modeling the short-circuit current of the PV module as a function of irradiance and temperature indoors and measuring the transmissivity of mesh screens outdoors. Two mesh screens with nominal transmissivities of 50 % and 70% were assembled and used in single-layer and double-layer configurations, resulting in four different mesh filters. The transmissivity of each configuration was measured under four different conditions obtained by combining two angles of incidence for solar radiation – normal and 30° - and using two PV modules, one with monocrystalline and the other with polycrystalline silicon cells. The proposed measurement method succeeded in measuring the transmissivity and determining the optimal sample size for all mesh screen configurations, taking 5 to 7 measurements to obtain an uncertainty of less than 1%. The work highlights the importance of measuring the transmissivity of mesh screens and provides valuable results for future research using this method to study the performance of PV modules at low irradiance levels.

Free vibration of perforated cylindrical shells of revolution: Asymptotics and effective material parameters

Free vibration characteristics of thin perforated shells of revolution vary depending not only on the dimensionless thickness of the shell but also on the perforation structure. For any given configuration there exists a critical value of the dimensionless thickness below which homogenisation fails. The failure occurs when the modes do not have corresponding counterparts in the non-perforated reference shell. Within the admissible range of thicknesses the uniform effective material parameters are derived with a minimisation process. During the process every observed mode is matched with a corresponding reference one using a problem-specific characterisation. The performance of the derived effective material parameters and hence the minimisation process is demonstrated with an extensive set of numerical experiments. Limitations of the proposed approach are reflected in relation to idealised trommel screen configurations.

Aqueous organic flow batteries for sustainable energy storage

Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) have the potential to address the large-scale need for storing electrical energy from intermittent sources like solar- and wind-based generation. Unlike metal-based redox systems, small organic molecules present the prospect of achieving sustainability, by being synthesizable from abundantly available carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, sulfur, and renewable energy. This mini-review focuses on the progress and challenges in designing water-based RFBs based on small organic molecules that can address the requirements of large-scale energy storage. Much of the recent research in this area involves discovering new molecular architectures via computational screening, understanding degradation, and cell configurations to address the techno-economic challenges of extraordinary electrochemical durability, recyclability, low cost of precursor materials, and good solubility. Redox materials for the positive side of the cell are notably few. Future research must continue to focus on these techno-economic challenges through rapid materials discovery. • Redox molecules must satisfy competing requirements of durability, low cost, and good solubility. • Specific degradation pathways are avoidable by tuning of electronic and steric factors. • Symmetric cells with mixed electrolyte is a practical solution for mitigating effects of crossover. • The use of sustainable biomaterials and low-cost waste products is an exciting prospect.

Progress with screen printed metallization of silicon solar cells - Towards 20 μm line width and 20 mg silver laydown for PERC front side contacts

Within this work, we evaluate and compare different high-end screens for the fine line front side metallization of passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells. Three types of high-end screens are considered including (i) a fine mesh screen configuration with a mesh count MC = 520 wires/inch and standard mesh angle of φ = 22.5°, (ii) a knotless screen configuration with a mesh angle of φ = 0° as well as (iii) a knotless screen configuration utilizing a rectangular mesh with different mesh count in warp and weft direction MC = 460/430 wires/inch. Using these advanced screen configurations, all PERC solar cells are metallized with a busbarless fine line front side grid at a nominal contact finger opening of 20 μm and 24 μm. All screen configurations obtained excellent results regarding finger geometry, silver laydown and electrical performance of the front side grid and the fabricated PERC solar cells. The most efficient group obtained a printed mean finger width of 21 μm with a silver laydown of only 19 mg and revealed a mean energy conversion efficiency of 22.7%. Furthermore, we investigate the geometric and electric results of the printed front side contacts in detail using advanced image analysis software and scanning electron microscopy and discuss the impact of the fine line front side metallization on the applicable cell interconnection concepts depending on the series resistance losses. • Evaluation of different high-precision screen configurations for fine line metallization of PERC solar cells. • Reduction of silver laydown to less than 20 mg on the front side while maintaining excellent I–V-results of the solar cells. • In-depth analysis of the geometric properties and electric results of the printed fine line front side contacts. • Discussion of the impact of different screen configurations on various aspects of solar cells.

Determination of the far-infrared dielectric function of a thin InGaAs layer using a detuned Salisbury screen

We present a method to determine the far-infrared dielectric function parameters of a thin In0.53Ga0.47As layer. We use a detuned Salisbury screen configuration to enhance the interaction of far infrared light with optical phonons in the InGaAs layer. From polarized angle-resolved reflectance spectrum and Raman spectroscopy, we obtain experimental data that we adjust using a dielectric function model fulfilling causality. We provide a complete set of parameters for an analytic expression of In0.53Ga0.47As dielectric function in the optical phonon frequency range and deduce a value for the static dielectric constant.

Matrix Injectivity Achieved in Deepwater Gas-Injector Wells

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 208809, “Deepwater Gas-Injector Wells: Overcoming the Challenge of Achieving Matrix Injectivity,” by Cedric Manzoleloua, Chau Nguyen, SPE, and Albert Okhrimenko, SPE, Schlumberger, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. After a successful exploration phase, an opportunity to develop the Guyana Suriname Basin came to fruition. The drilling and completion campaign scope included planned gas-injector wells that required a breaker application for matrix injection. A reversible nonaqueous reservoir drill-in fluid (RDIF) system using a calcium bromide brine as the internal phase and formulated at a 50/50 oil/water ratio (OWR) was selected. The complete paper discusses the results of extensive laboratory tests for the selection, customization of both the RDIF and the delayed breaker, and the field performance of the two fluids. Introduction All wells in the field were completed either as openhole gravel-pack or stand-alone screen configurations using inflow control devices (ICDs) or autonomous ICDs (AICDs). The gas-injector wells were completed as standalone completions with ICDs. The primary objective of the gas-injector wells was to put the wells on direct injection with no opportunity to flow back or fracture the formation.

Insights from 20 years of temperature parallel measurements in Mauritius around the turn of the 20th century

Abstract. There is considerable import in creating more complete, better understood holdings of early meteorological data. Such data permit an improved understanding of climate variability and long-term changes. Early records are particularly incomplete in the tropics, with implications for estimates of global and regional temperature. There is also a relatively low level of scientific understanding of how these early measurements were made and, as a result, of their homogeneity and comparability to more modern techniques and measurements. Herein we describe and analyse a newly rescued set of long-term, up to six-way parallel measurements undertaken over 1884–1903 in Mauritius, an island situated in the southern Indian Ocean. Data include (i) measurements from a well-ventilated room, (ii) a shaded thermograph, (iii) instruments housed in a manner broadly equivalent to a modern Stevenson screen, (iv) a set of measurements by a hygrometer mounted in a Stevenson screen, and for a much shorter period (v) two additional Stevenson screen configurations. All measurements were undertaken within an ∼ 80 m radius of each other. To our knowledge this is the first such multidecadal multi-instrument assessment of meteorological instrument transition impacts ever undertaken, providing potentially unique insights. The intercomparison also considers the impact of different ways of deriving daily and monthly averages. The long-term comparison is sufficient to robustly characterize systematic offsets between all the instruments and seasonally varying impacts. Differences between all techniques range from tenths of a degree Celsius to more than 1 ∘C and are considerably larger for maximum and minimum temperatures than for means or averages. Systematic differences of several tenths of a degree Celsius also exist for the different ways of deriving average and mean temperatures. All differences, except two average temperature series pairs, are significant at the 0.01 level using a paired t test. Given that all thermometers were regularly calibrated against a primary Kew standard thermometer maintained by the observatory, this analysis highlights significant impacts of instrument exposure, housing, siting, and measurement practices in early meteorological records. These results reaffirm the importance of thoroughly assessing the homogeneity of early meteorological records.

Simulation of Automatic Conveying System for Steel Frame of Bridge Box Girder

Aiming at the inefficiency of processing steel frame of the bridge box girder, to improve the automation degree of the production process, the intelligent manufacturing is applied to the automatic conveying system. The configuration control technology is used to simulate the automatic conveying system for the steel frame of bridge box girder. The control layer based on the PLC and the monitoring layer based on the WinCC communicates through TCP-IP protocol. The monitoring layer includes screen configuration, data monitoring, alarm designing, and other functions. Through the system coordination, the simulation of the automatic conveying system for the steel frame of the bridge box girder is carried out.

Effect of Greenhouse Cladding Materials and Thermal Screen Configuration on Heating Energy and Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa var. “Seolhyang”) Yield in Winter

Strawberry cultivation depends on environmental factors, making its cultivation in the greenhouse a challenge in the winter. This study investigated the most appropriate greenhouse cladding material and thermal screen configuration for strawberry production in the winter by considering greenhouse air temperature, relative humidity (RH, vapor pressure deficit (VPD, and solar radiation (SR). Two gothic greenhouses with different cladding materials and thermal screen configurations, namely, the single-layer greenhouse and double-layer greenhouse, were used for strawberry cultivation. The greenhouse microclimate was controlled by natural ventilation aided with circulating fans and boilers. Strawberries were planted on 5 greenhouse benches, 660 stands per greenhouse. Daily environmental parameters were recorded and processed into daytime and nighttime. The impacts of cladding material-thermal screen configurations on temperature, RH, VPD, and SR, and the subsequent effect on strawberry yield in both greenhouse systems, were evaluated. Comparing the environmental parameters recorded in the single-layer and double-layer greenhouse showed that VPD and SR were significantly different in the daytime, whereas RH and VPD were significantly different in the nighttime. The post hoc test further showed that RH, VPD, and SR in both greenhouses were significantly different. The significant difference in RH and VPD can be attributed to the inner layer of polyethene in the double-layer greenhouse, which sealed up the pores of the thermal screen, resulting in humidity buildup, causing a lower VPD than in the single-layer greenhouse. The single-layer greenhouse yield was 14% greater than the double-layer greenhouse yield and can be attributed to the higher daytime VPD and lower RH achieved in the single-layer greenhouse at night. The study established that though the single-layer greenhouse system was cost-effective regarding construction, the operating cost of the single-layer greenhouse was higher than that of the double-layer greenhouse.

Improving image quality in transcranial magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound using a conductive screen

Transcranial Magnetic Resonance guided Focused Ultrasound (TcMRgFUS) has been proven to be an effective treatment for some neurological disorders such as essential and Parkinson's tremor. However, magnetic resonance guidance at 3 Tesla (3T) frequencies and using the large hemispherical transducers required for TcMRgFUS results in artifactual low-signal bands that pass through key regions of the brain. The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of a circular conductive Radio Frequency (RF) screen, that is bent to have a 12 cm radius in one direction and positioned near the top or back of the head, to reduce or remove these artifactual low-signal bands in TcMRgFUS.The impact of using an RF screen to remove these low signal bands was studied in both imaging experiments and electromagnetic simulations. Hydrophone measurements of the acoustic transparency of the bronze 2 mm diameter square mesh screen used in the imaging studies were compared with temperature measurements with and without the screen in heating studies in the TcMRgFUS system.The imaging and simulation studies both show that for the different screen configurations studied in this work, RF screen removes the low-signal bands and increases both homogeneity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) throughout the region of the brain. Hydrophone and heating studies indicate that even a 2 mm wire mesh provides minimal attenuation to the ultrasound beam. Simulation results also suggest that a 1 cm mesh will provide adequate artifact suppression with even less ultrasound attenuation.An RF screen that disrupts the natural waveguide nature of the transducer in the 3T MR environment can change the electromagnetic field profile to reduce unwanted artifacts and provide an imaging region which has more homogeneity and higher SNR throughout the brain.

Comparison of Screening Configurations for the Mitigation of Voltages and Currents Induced on Pipelines by HVAC Power Lines

In this paper, a strategy for reducing the electromagnetic interferences induced by power lines on metallic pipelines is proposed and numerically investigated. The study considers a set of steel conductors interposed between the power line and the pipeline. Different shapes of conductor cross sections and different magnetic permeabilities are considered, to identify the solution exhibiting the greatest mitigation efficiency for the same amount of material. The investigation is carried out by means of a quasi-3D finite element analysis. Results show that the main mechanism responsible for the mitigation is constituted by the currents induced in the screening conductors by the power line. Hence, a high magnetic permeability can have a detrimental effect since it reduces the skin depth to values below the size of the screening conductor. In this case, a reduction of the screening current and in the mitigation efficiency is observed. Nevertheless, the study shows that the use of strip-shaped screening conductors allows the employment of cheaper magnetic materials without compromising the mitigation efficacy of the screening conductors.

Investigation of Microwave Absorption Performance of CoFe2O4/NiFe2O4/Carbon Fiber Composite Coated with Polypyrrole in X-Band Frequency.

The current research reports the preparation of a microwave absorber containing CoFe2O4/NiFe2O4/Carbon fiber (H/S/CF) coated with polypyrrole polymer (PPy@H/S/CF) through sol-gel and in-situ polymerization processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and a vector network analyzer (VNA) are utilized to evaluate the features of the prepared composite. The microstructure analysis results revealed carbon fibers well decorated with submicron-size particles having hard/soft magnetic phases and thoroughly coated with polymer. The paraffin-based microwave absorber sample filled with 45 wt.% of PPy@H/S/CF has simultaneously both magnetic and dielectric losses in the 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range. The absorber is used in a Salisbury screen configuration aiming at reducing the radar cross-section of objects. A minimum reflection loss of −55 dB at 10.6 GHz frequency with 5 GHz bandwidth is obtained for the sample with a 2 mm thickness. Different mechanisms, such as interfacial polarization, ferromagnetic resonance, and electron hopping, are the main factors for achieving such an appropriate microwave absorption. These results suggest that the PPy@H/S/CF composite is an ideal candidate for microwave absorption applications requiring high performance and low thickness.

Screen pattern simulation for an improved front‐side Ag‐electrode metallization of Si‐solar cells

AbstractFlatbed screen printing proves to be the dominant metallization approach for mass production of silicon (Si)‐solar cells because of its robust and cost‐effective production capability. However, the ongoing demand of the PV industry to further decrease the width of printed Ag‐electrodes (contact fingers) requires new optimizations. This study presents the latest results on Si‐solar cell metallization using fine‐line screens down to screen opening widths of wn = 15 μm. The best experimental group achieved a record finger geometry with a mean finger width of wf = 19 μm and a mean finger height of hf = 18 μm. Furthermore, solar cell performance using a front‐side grid with a screen opening width of wn = 24 μm is investigated, reporting cell efficiencies up to 22.1% for Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact (PERC) solar cells. Finally, a novel screen pattern simulation is presented, revealing a correlation between the measured lateral finger resistance and the novel dimensionless parameter screen utility index (SUI). It describes the ratio between the average size of individual openings defined by the screen mesh angle and the chosen underlying mesh type. For SUI &lt; 1, the printing result will strongly depend on the screen configuration, whereas for values of SUI &gt; 1, the impact of the screen on the overall printability diminishes.