Scott Paper Research Articles

The Order of Myths dir. by Margaret Brown, and: Descendant dir. by Margaret Brown

Reviewed by: The Order of Myths dir. by Margaret Brown, and: Descendant dir. by Margaret Brown Gayatri Devi (bio) The Order of Myths. Directed by Margaret Brown, produced by Sara Alize Cross, distributed by The Cinema Guild, 2008. Descendant. Directed by Margaret Brown, distributed by Higher Ground Productions and Netflix, 2022. Before it became the central focus of the new documentary Descendant, the infamous schooner Clotilda, sometimes spelled Clotilde, makes a brief but pointed appearance in Margaret Brown's earlier documentary The Order of Myths. Released in 2008—the bicentennial of the official ban on transatlantic slave trade—The Order of Myths examines the historical and contemporary contexts of segregated Mardi Gras traditions in Brown's home state of Mobile, Alabama. The Order of Myths was filmed at the 2007 Mardi Gras celebrations in Mobile. Twenty minutes into the documentary, the activist Donna Finley recounts the story of Clotilda that brought enslaved Africans from Benin, West Africa, on a "bet" to America after slave trade was officially banned: In 1859, slavery was still going on, but at that point in time the slave trade itself had been abolished and was illegal. The Meaher family that exists today, even here, today, in Mobile, they owned a lot of land. The story has it that old Tim Meaher made a bet that he could go and bring back a ship of slaves. He got the schooner Clotilde and brought the slaves back here into Mobile Bay. Well, because it was illegal, he told the first mate on the ship that he was going into town to collect his bet, and if he didn't get back within an hour to run it aground, set it afire, to get rid of the evidence, and he did not come back within the hour. So, the first mate did just that. He ran her aground and set her on fire. All of the Africans that were on the ship were able to get off of the ship and they went into the woods, what is known today as Africatown. Plateau, Alabama, was what it was named prior to that. And they hid. And that was the last slave ship to enter the United States. (21:02–22:29) [End Page 106] Brown overlays Finley's narration with images of historical depictions of the ship, pen-and-ink illustrations of the vessel and its secret cargo of enslaved humans. Brown closes Finley's oral report with the disturbing image of a junction in present day Mobile: Meaher Avenue and Timothy Avenue, two intersecting streets named after Clotilda's slave trader, Timothy Meaher. Brown then cuts to the routine memorial erected by the state of Alabama: "On This Site Stood One Of The Old SLAVE MARKETS [sic]. Last cargo of slaves arrived on the Schooner Clotilde in August of 1859" (22:29). The official acknowledgement of the trafficked Africans stops there. Sam Jones, the mayor of Mobile, tells Brown that Africatown was the site of several heavy industries including Scott Paper and their chemical plant, even though by law the enslaved Africans should have had land rights in that area. Robert Battles Sr., the executive director of the Africatown Welcome Center, adds that the Meaher family are "the primary property owners in the whole area of Africatown." You could lease land from them, he says, but you could never buy the land. Brown's camera tracks a struggling neighborhood dotted with "For Lease" signs listing contact numbers for the Meaher family. Africatown, evidently, did not really belong to the Africans, but to the Meahers. Oral history, a twisted intersection, ancestral land turned industrial wasteland, weed-eaten gravestones, and an ordinary historical marker: Descendant eventually connects these dots that Brown laid out in The Order of the Myths. But in this first iteration of the topic, the greatest proof that the present has its authentic and ordinary core connecting straight back to the past lies in the story of Helen Meaher and Stefannie Lucas, the 2007 Mardi Gras queens. Helen Meaher, a descendant of the slave trader Timothy Meaher, is crowned the queen of the white Mardi Gras carnival, while Stefannie Lucas, a descendant of Barry Malone, one...

Turnaround Value and Valuation: Reassessing Scott Paper

This article presents an approach for assessing turnaround opportunities that includes both pre- and post-turnaround valuation considerations, as well as exit planning. The approach is illustrated by way of the Scott Paper Company turnaround. In April of 1994, Scott appointed “Chainsaw” Al Dunlap as Chairman and CEO with a mandate to turn the firm’s poor performance around. Slightly more than one year into the turnaround, Scott’s value increased from approximately $2.8 billion to approximately $9.4 billion (Kimberly-Clark’s acquisition price). We show how Scott qualified as a turnaround opportunity before Dunlap’s appointment, and how a conservative exit plan could have been formulated following his appointment. Conservative exit planning mitigates execution risk, which could manifest in a variety of ways, as we discuss. The approach presented in this article could be significant from a private equity perspective because, according to some observers, there is a scarcity of professionals skilled in turnaround analysis and management. If that observation is correct, turnaroundrelated opportunities could emerge if current economic risks manifest and corporate returns decline. <b>TOPICS:</b>Private equity, technical analysis, risk management, manager selection

Checks and balances in EU State aid procedures: should more be done to protect the rights of aid recipients and third parties?

A recent Advocate General’s Opinion in the long-running Scott Paper saga has again called into question the procedural fairness of the European Commission’s State aid procedures. This paper examines issues of due process in State aid cases and suggests that it may now be time to consider fundamental procedural reform. Issues discussed include the limited rights afforded to aid recipients and interested third parties, the often excessive length of State aid procedures, and the inadequacy of the appeals process. We submit that modern State aid enforcement calls for procedural reform.

Audible identities: passing and sound technologies

At the March 2008 conference of the Association for Recorded Sound Collections held at Stanford University, audio historians played what they claim is the first recording of the human voice. It is a presumably female voice singing Au clair de la lune, though the distorted quality of the 10-second recording renders the words no more decipherable than the singer's gender to an untutored ear.1 The recording was made in Paris in April 1860 on a 'phonautograph' invented by Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville (aka Leon Scott), nearly 20 years before Thomas Edison patented the phonograph in 1877. Sound waves captured by a horn attached to a diaphragm vibrated a stiff brush that inscribed the pattern of waves on blackened paper. Scott wanted to produce a visual inscription of human speech but had not yet conceptualised sound as something that could be audibly reproduced; that would be Edison's contribution when he replaced Scott's paper with a more pliable and durable substance: tin foil and later wax cylinders.2 The recent recovery of Scott's early inscription foregrounds the historicity of listening itself. As many scholars have pointed out, audition is organised differently by sound technology so that how we hear, not just what we hear, changes. Hearing becomes historical not just physiological; listening becomes technique. A new form of listening entails a new concept of sound itself. 'Phonautograph' means, literally, sound writing itself (which is the subtitle of Scott's 1878 book); thus the term ignores the very machine that is reproducing the voice. 'Phonautograph' suggests that the sound is literally there, textually inscribed on the blackened paper, and thus, technically, is not a re- production. Embedded in Scott's nomenclature is the germ of the debates that sound technology has aroused in the modernist era over the relative value of - and indeed, the very distinction between - original and copy, live and recorded, authentic and mechanically produced, sincerity and fakery, reproduction and representation. The confusion of those borderlines is graphically presented in the image of the dog with his ear to the horn of the gramophone listening to 'his master's voice' (a trademark first acquired by the London Gramophone Company in 1898 and used by Emile Berliner from 1900), as well as in anecdotes, cartoons, photographs and advertisements from the time in which people mistake the talking machine for a person talking, the mimetic representation for the 'real thing'. That slippage between the Uve and the recorded, the original and the copy, is precisely the achievement of sound technology; it is not a mistake but what makes it work. In that slippage lies the key to a new, modernist understanding not just of art in the age of mechanical reproduction, but of subjectivity itself. That kind of slippage is one that I have explored elsewhere in terms of 'passing'.3 Passing has conventionally been understood, especially in the United States, as a social practice whereby an individual assumes an identity that does not by rights belong to him or her.4 Most commonly, it refers to light-skinned African Americans living, or at least socialising, as white, which is how modernists would have understood the term. More contemporary usage expands the concept to include many different kinds of identifications across apparently distinct identity boundaries. The term is often deployed in a pejorative sense, as passing is likely to be associated with impersonation, appropriation or deception. Metaphorical uses of the term (for example, as in 'he's passing as a feminist') might seem to elide the particular historical conditions that motivated passing in its first cultural sense, such as laws against miscegenation, segregated public spaces and community-sanctioned violence. Even in its original historical meaning, however, passing was far more complicated than the notion of adopting a fraudulent identity would suggest. Passing was not just a response to rigidly imposed racial boundaries; it exposed those boundaries - social, legal, corporeal - as cultural, discursive and permeable. …

Why ontology matters to reviewing environmental education research

This paper responds to a keynote paper presented by William Scott at the 2007 World Environmental Education Congress held in Durban, South Africa. The keynote address reviewed 30 years of environmental education research. In this response to William Scott's paper I contemplate the way in which environmental education research may enable reflexivity in modernity and develop knowledge that can serve as cultural mediator between individual and society. Through emphasizing ontology, I consider the reality of global knowledge production in relation to the way in which ontology may influence the reasons how and why we come to do particular forms of research, providing an ontological reference for the ever‐expanding pluralism that characterizes the field of environmental education research. The paper comments on various aspects of the Scott paper, but presents an argument for not only valuing pluralism, methodological experimentation and ‘reaching out’, but for embracing the cosmopolitan implications of wider ontological referents of environmental concerns in environmental education research. The paper argues that research in environmental education ought to become ontologically defensible at both local and global scales.

Cautionary comments on an ethnographic tale gone wrong

Greg Scott's paper, “‘They got their program, and I got mine”: a cautionary tale concerning the ethical implications of using respondent-driven sampling to study injection drug users’ (Scott, 2008) is seriously flawed by (1) a near complete lack of context in assessing ethical implications of respondent-driven sampling, (2) ignoring the ethnographer's impact on what is observed, (3) a seemingly bedrock belief that the intimacy of ethnographic interviews produces truth, and (4) a misreading of power relationships. Some scenarios depicted in the paper appear inauthentic and the consistency of reported hustles strains credibility. The paper fails further by not situating respondent-driven sampling within the broader array of word-of-mouth recruiting methods and by ignoring advantages RDS may confer both in improving the quality of data and in anticipating the possibility of coercive recruiting.

Welch, Dunlap and Nasser have now left the building

In 1994 consumer company Scott Paper was tired, bloated and more importantly, it was losing money hand over fist. Enter “Chainsaw Al” (a.k.a. Al Dunlap). This cost cutting, job slashing turnaround specialist earned his nickname as a result of his ability to cut out the dead wood and revive the fortunes of flagging organizations. Sure enough, Scott Paper’s stock price began to rise and within 18 months it was involved in a major takeover deal. Liking what it saw, appliance manufacturer Sunbeam Corporation approached Dunlap in 1996 to become its CEO and in the beginning it appeared that “Chainsaw Al” was once again working his stock price magic.

Changing Attitudes toward Worksharing: Evidence from Quebec

This paper evaluates five recent experiences of worksharing in Quebec since 1994: Bell Canada, Alcan, Scott Paper, Sico, and the Ministere de l'environnement et de la faune. Based on survey evidence showing that desired work hours tend to approximate actual work hours, previous studies have raised doubts about the likelihood of successful worksharing initiatives. However, in the cases we have studied, participation rates in voluntary worksharing programs were high, especially where workers' sacrifice (lost wages) was not great and where workers had privious experience with reduced and flexible worktime. Worksharing initiatives were less successful when they were mandatory. The programs studied point to the importance of labour-supply responses in policy design. Governments have a role to play in designing policy that makes worksharing more attractive to workers and then changes their attitudes toward it. Our findings are consistent with the recommendations of the federal government's Advisory Group on Working Time.

最近の紙パルプ国際市場動向

1. Entering 1990 s, world's pulp and pulp and paper market tightened with prices getting firm everywhere in the world, although there were some differences in degree of firmness depending upon areas. From mid-1990 s, however, the market began to soften due to stagnant economic climate and adjustment of speculative demand. As a result, paper manufacturers were forced to curtail production to balance inventory. The sluggish market bottomed out in late 1996, but the tempo of recovery has been rather slow.2. In the meantime, there have been some trends worthy of attention. Among them are changes in supply sources. During the fifteen-year period from 1980 through 1995, production share of North America dropped by 5.2 percent from 41.1 percent to 35.9 percent, and that of Europe was up only 0.8 percent point from 25.6 percent to 26.4 percent, whereas in Asia, it increased by as much as 10.4 percent from 17.5 percent to 27.9 percent. That Japan's production share remained almost unchanged, or from 10.6 percent in 1980 to 10.7 percent in 1995 to be exact, means other Asian nations, Korea, Indonesia and Thailand in particular, expanded a sizeable volume of production capacity during the period.Along with the fast-growing economy in East Asian countries, the industry in Korea, Indonesia and Thailand have been accelerating capacity expansion and it is almost certain that Asia become one of the three largest paper-producing regions in the world comparable to North America and Europe in the year of 2000.The other noticeable trend is concentration of paper manufacturers. A number of mergers among the big paper companies have taken place over the years to be internationally competitive and to be better prepared for the ever-stringent regulation for environmental protection. Consequently, ranking positions of paper companies change every year. In Europe, for example, mergers among the paper manufacturers are in progress to have a competitive edge in the EU market. Stora, SCA and MoDo in Sweden and UPM-Kymmene, Enso Gutzeit and Metsa-Serla became now oligopolistic through mergers and restructuring. In the U.S., International Paper bought out Federal Paperboard and Kimberly-Clark merged with Scott Paper. Likewise, two big paper companies were created in Japan through mergers ; Nippon Paper Industries (merger between Jujo Paper and Sanyo-Kokusaku Pulp) and Oji Paper (mergers between New Oji Paper and Honshu Paper).

814 PB 225 ADAPTABILITY OF ELITE SYCAMORE AND SWEETGUM PROVENANCES TO FIELD NURSERY PRODUCTION AND ESTABLISHMENT FOLLOWING BARE-ROOT TRANSPLANTING

Growth and post-transplant establishment of half-sib seedlings from two elite sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) mother trees (Westvaco Corp.) and seedlings from a bulk seed lot from elite sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) trees (Scott Paper Co.) were compared to that of seedlings from a native (Cookeville, TN) sycamore tree and a commercial source of sweetgum seeds. Seedlings were grown under standard field nursery conditions for two years, dug hare-root in autumn, and transplanted to another site to simulate landscape planting. Growth of elite seedlings during production was increased by 11 to 22% in height and 10 to 118 in caliper compared to that of conventional seed sources. Growth differences were maintained following transplanting. The primary lateral root number at transplanting was increased by 2 to 3 on elite sycamore seedlings compared to conventional seedlings. The number of pruning cuts required to eliminate multiple leaders tended to be less for elite seed sources. Survival did not differ among seed sources within a species.

Effects of the Antitakeover Provisions of Pennsylvania Act 36: A Survey of Empirical Studies

Pennsylvania's Act 36, restricting changes in corporate control and shareholder rights, is one of the strictest takeover laws in the United States. As most investors view a free market for corporate control as a mechanism that keeps management from deviating too far from shareholder wealth-maximization, it is not surprising that some, including the California Public Employees Retirement System (CalPERS) and individual members of the United Shareholder Association (USA), are sponsoring resolutions asking Pennsylvania companies to reincorporate in other states. A shareholder presented a reincorporation proposal to the Aluminum Co. of America (Alcoa) at its May 17, 1991 meeting. CalPERS submitted a proposal (later withdrawn) to have Scott Paper reincorporate in Delaware.1 PPG Industries considered a reincorporation proposal at its meeting on April 18, 1991. Pennsylvaniaincorporated companies should expect to see an increase in such proposals in the 1990s. Further, a letter regarding the harm the new law would cause to Pennsylvania companies, signed by 42 prominent scholars, was sent to various Pennsylvania state officials, including the governor, in January 1990.2

Pay plans: Scott paper aims for a return to common sense and simplicity

Employment Relations TodayVolume 19, Issue 2 p. 177-183 Feature Pay plans: Scott paper aims for a return to common sense and simplicity Roger L. Bobertz, Roger L. Bobertz Roger L Bobertz is staff vice president for corporate compensation and benefits for Scott Paper Company in Philadelphia.Search for more papers by this author Roger L. Bobertz, Roger L. Bobertz Roger L Bobertz is staff vice president for corporate compensation and benefits for Scott Paper Company in Philadelphia.Search for more papers by this author First published: Summer 1992 https://doi.org/10.1002/ert.3910190208 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume19, Issue2Summer 1992Pages 177-183 RelatedInformation

Performance measurement for world class manufacturing: A model for American companies, by Brian H. Maskell. Cambridge, MA: Productivity Press, 1991

Human Resource ManagementVolume 30, Issue 3 p. 419-423 Book Review Performance measurement for world class manufacturing: A model for American companies, by Brian H. Maskell. Cambridge, MA: Productivity Press, 1991 Stephen P. Sakai, Stephen P. Sakai Stephen P. Sakai is currently Manager of Business Systems, Processes, and Planning for Scott Paper Company in Philadelphia. He received his B.A. from the University of Washington (in accounting), and an M.B.A. from the University of Puget Sound. During his career with Scott Paper, he has held numerous positions in manufacturing accounting, including the Controllership of a manufacturing facility. Since joining the Corporate Staff Group, he has held several positions in planning involving work with the design and implementation of a new performance reporting system for manufacturing operations, new business performance measures, new incentive systems, and business process redesign and improvement. He is currently involved with the development of strategic customer alliances.Search for more papers by this author Stephen P. Sakai, Stephen P. Sakai Stephen P. Sakai is currently Manager of Business Systems, Processes, and Planning for Scott Paper Company in Philadelphia. He received his B.A. from the University of Washington (in accounting), and an M.B.A. from the University of Puget Sound. During his career with Scott Paper, he has held numerous positions in manufacturing accounting, including the Controllership of a manufacturing facility. Since joining the Corporate Staff Group, he has held several positions in planning involving work with the design and implementation of a new performance reporting system for manufacturing operations, new business performance measures, new incentive systems, and business process redesign and improvement. He is currently involved with the development of strategic customer alliances.Search for more papers by this author First published: Autumn (Fall) 1991 https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930300308 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume30, Issue3Special Issue: Performance Measurement and ManagementAutumn (Fall) 1991Pages 419-423 RelatedInformation

Developing and Implementing Marketing Strategies

In this volume the author describes various marketing strategies for increasing sales including: market penetration, product and market development, diversification and acquisition. Stefflre draws upon his own experience as a consultant for such companies as General Foods, the Coca Cola Company, the Scott Paper Company, Procter and Gamble, General Mills, Syntex, Miles Laboratory, Halston Fragrances, and Distillers Corporation, Ltd. While the book deals with external strategies in the marketplace, it stresses the need to consider internal realities of the organizations and their participants. His many examples illustrate that while decisions are justified by benefits to the organizations, often decisions are made by considering benefits to the decision makers.

The radiation grafting of vinyl monomers to cotton fabrics—II Diethylphosphatoethyl methacrylate to cotton flannelette for fire retardancy

Cobalt 60 γ and electron beam radiation were used to graft diethylphosphatoethyl methacrylate, pure and in 90:10 methanol solution, to cotton cloth. This monomer, with an 11.64% phosphorus content, was especially developed by the Scott Paper Co. to develop fire retardancy. A simple pad and squeeze application followed by direct irradiation under a nitrogen atmosphere was used. Although excess monomer could be removed by washing with water, no solvent for the polymer was found so only the total “add-ons” could be measured. With 60Co irradiation, total polymerization was obtained with more than 1 Mrad but with electron beam irradiation only about 50% conversion was obtained even with 10 Mrad. No acceleration in the rates could be achieved with the viscous pure monomer as opposed to in solution. Yields adequate to impart reasonable fire retardancy could, however, be obtained with about 3 Mrad with electrons. No noticeable degradation of the polymer occured at the doses used.

Effects of Timber Harvesting on Marten in Maine

The influence of timber harvesting upon marten (Martes a. americana) was studied in sprucefir-hardwood forests in the Moosehead Lake Region, Maine, during 1974-77. Partial harvesting and commercial clear-cutting were examined. In the partially harvested forest, basal area was reduced by about 40%. In the commercial clear-cut forest, 50% of the forest was clear-cut and 25% was cut selectively. Density of adult, resident marten averaged 1.2/km2 in the undisturbed and partially harvested forests, but was 0.4/km2 in the commercial clear-cut forest. Home range lengths were longest in the commercial clearcut forest. In undisturbed forests, marten preferred softwood-dominated mixed stands. In the partially harvested forest, tracks were found in all cover types in proportion to the occurrence of the cover types. Marten rarely used the 0to 15-year-old clear-cut areas, but the associated lightly cut hardwood stands and islands of uncut softwoods were heavily used. Of the more common foods eaten by marten, meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus), ground nesting birds, and raspberries (Rubus idaeus) were more abundant in the harvested forests, whereas red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi) numbers were not affected by logging. Harvesting methods that maintain a residual stand of 20-25 m2/ha basal area in pole and larger trees provide adequate habitat for marten. Clear-cuts up to 15 years old are poor marten habitat. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 43(4):850-860 Marten are generally associated with the climax coniferous forest communities of North America (Marshall 1951a, de Vos 1952). The marten's decline in its eastern range has been attributed to destruction of such forests by logging and fire (Aldous and Mendall 1941, Bergerud 1969, Forbes 1970, Dodds and Martell 1971). Timber harvesting continues to be a dominant force in establishing and maintaining seral plant and animal communities in the eastern marten's present and former range. I studied the effects of partial timber harvesting and commercial clear-cutting on a population of marten in the Moosehead Lake Region of Maine during 197477. The findings provide a foundation on which to plan management practices that affect the eastern marten. I am indebted to M. W. Coulter for his guidance during the study and assistance in preparation of the manuscript. Scott Paper Company and the Boise Cascade Corporation provided the study area and access to cover maps and aerial photographs.

Fibrous webs with improved bonder and creeping adhesive: Grossman, S.R. (Scott Paper Co, USA) US Pat 4 063 995 (20 December 1977)

Fibrous webs with improved bonder and creeping adhesive: Grossman, S.R. (Scott Paper Co, USA) US Pat 4 063 995 (20 December 1977)

Comment on Clifford Scott's Paper

Comment on Clifford Scott's Paper

The debate between psychiatry and the law. The forty-eighth Maudsley Lecture, delivered before the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 15 November 1974.

The reprinting by the Institute of Psychiatry, on its fiftieth anniversary, of Dr. Peter Scott's paper (1) describing Maudsley's work as a pioneer in criminology reminds us of the prominent part Maudsley played in the debate between psychiatrists and lawyers which has been in progress for nearly a century and a half, with, for much of that time, little satisfaction for either side. It is a classic example of the difficulties of inter-disciplinary communication. My only qualification to be the Maudsley Lecturer is that I happen to be doubly qualified in law and medicine, and, as Chairman of the Institute, a good deal closer to psychiatry than most lawyers. My qualities as an interpreter must therefore make good the intellectual deficiencies of which a glance at the list of my forty-seven distinguished predecessors makes me acutely conscious.

Discussion of Auditor's Loss Functions Implicit in Consumption-Investment Models

I would like to comment on problems of the accounting and auditing profession which Scott's paper illustrates. My comments deal primarily *with the issue of defining management, auditor, and investor responsibilities, and relating Scott's conclusions to this issue. As I understand Scott's paper, he makes a clear differentiation between an auditor's responsibility and an investor's risk. He calls our.attention, for example, to the fact that in the usual consumption investment model, the rate of return on assets is dependent upon all the sources of variability surrounding the client firm's economic performance. It is only one of these elements, the errors in net income or, alternatively stated, the errors in the valuation of the balance sheet assets and liabilities, for which the auditor is responsible. If I understand Scott's auditor's loss function, it is dependent upon this distinction in responsibilities. This is proper, and I would agree with such a distinction of auditor responsibilities from investor responsibilities. Unfortunately, in practical application, this distinction is not always clear. When the true of an asset as evidenced by its subsequent realization differs from the reported asset value, is the difference the result of an error or is it the result of the other variables in economic performance which determine the risky rate of return? When slow-moving inventory is disposed of, is the difference between the original carrying value and the subsequent proceeds realized due to auditor error or to economic conditions and management performance? Unfortunately, there is a trend today to require the auditors to assume a portion of the investor's risk. When a business fails, a common question asked is who are the auditors who (without the benefit of the 20-20 hind-