Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus Research Articles

Bonding characteristics to dentin walls of class II cavities, in vitro

Objectives: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that bond strengths to intact class II cavity wall surfaces are lower than those measured on corresponding flat surfaces isolated by cutting away the rest of the cavity walls. Methods: Class II (MOD) cavities were prepared in extracted human third molars and then divided into two groups: Intact cavity bonding group or flat surface group. All prepared surfaces were acid-etched and bonded with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus adhesive system and restored with Z100 resin composite. After storage in water for 2 days, the teeth were divided mesio-distally into two equal halves. One half was vertically serially sectioned, while the other half was horizontally serially sectioned to yield a series of 0.5 mm thick slabs. Each slab was trimmed into an hour-glass outline with the narrowest cross-sectional area at the region of interest (i.e., axial resin-dentin interface). Results: The mean bond strengths obtained in the cavity bonding group were significantly lower ( p<0.05) than those of the flat bonding group. However, within either group, there were no significant consistent differences among the various regions. Significance: The large flat surfaces used in most laboratory bonding studies may overestimate the bond strengths that can be achieved in complex cavities prepared and restored under clinically relevant conditions.

Bond strength of composite to dentin using conventional, one-step, and self-etching adhesive systems

Objectives: This in vitro study compared the dentin bonding performance of eight adhesive systems using a microtensile bond strength test. Methods: Thirty bovine teeth were ground to 600-grit to obtain flat root-dentin surfaces. Two conventional adhesive systems (Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus, OptiBond FL), four one-step adhesive systems (Scotchbond 1, Asba S.A.C., Prime and Bond NT, Excite) and two self-etching adhesive materials (Clearfil Liner Bond 2 V and Prompt L-Pop) were evaluated. Each bonding system was applied according to manufacturer's instructions and followed by composite (Z100) application. Immediately after bonding, the teeth were prepared for microtensile testing. Bond strength to dentin was measured using a Vitrodyne V-1000 universal tester. There were 14 replicates for each material. Fractured specimens were further observed by SEM. Results: Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus exhibited significantly ( p<0.05) higher bond strength values (30.3±9.4 MPa) than all other materials. The bond strengths of the other materials were (from highest to lowest): Opitbond FL (22.4±4.3 MPa); Scotchbond 1(18.9±3.2); Clearfil Liner Bond 2 V (18.9±3.0); Prime and Bond NT (18.3±6.9); Asba S.A.C. (14.4±2.9); Excite (13.8±3.7); and Prompt L-Pop (9.1±3.3). Statistical comparisons frequently overlapped, but Optibond was significantly ( p<0.05) greater than Asba, Excite, and Prompt L-Pop; whereas, Scotchbond 1 was only significantly ( p<0.05) greater than Prompt L-Pop. Asba, Excite and Prompt L-Pop were not significantly different. The fracture modes were mostly adhesive. Conclusions: The conventional adhesive systems produced higher bond strengths to root dentin than most one-step adhesives and one self-etching adhesive; with the exception of one material in each respective system.

In vitro evaluation of two adhesive systems used with compomer filling materials

To evaluate and compare the in-vitro shear bond strength, microleakage and dentine-restorative interface of a self-etching/self-priming dentine bonding agent with a three-component dentine-bonding agent. For shear bond strength (SBS) testing 30 non-carious human molars were used of which 15 were tested with Non-Rinse Conditioner (NRC)/Prime&Bond NT (PBNT) and Dyract AP and 15 were tested with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SBMP) and F2000. For the microleakage evaluation cavity preparations were made on the facial surfaces of 30 non-carious human premolars of which 15 were restored with NRC and PBNT with Dyract AP and 15 were restored with SBMP and F2000. The dentine-restorative interface was examined through a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM). The mean SBS of PBNT and SBMP were 12.8 and 18.1 MPa, respectively. The microleakage scores showed NRC/PBNT leaked on the dentine side in 13 of the 15 specimens examined. On the enamel side two of the 15 specimens showed microleakage. With SBMP no microleakage was observed on either enamel or dentine sides. The CSLM images show clear resin tag and hybrid layer formation for both the materials examined although SBMP showed better and deeper penetration into the dentine with longer resin tags. SBMP showed resin tags measuring about 150 mm while the hybrid layer measured about 5 mm. The length of the resin tags as well as the thickness of the hybrid layer for PBNT were 20 mm Pounds and 2 mm Pounds, respectively. The acid-etch technique of SBMP produced higher bond strength and no microleakage when compared with the self-etching/self-priming 'non-rinse technique' of NRC with PBNT. Thus it can only be speculated that SBMP should be the superior in the clinical situation.

Influência do eugenol na microdureza da resina composta utilizando sistemas adesivos atuais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, in vitro, se a utilização do cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol exerce influência na microdureza da restauração de resina composta (Z100) realizada com dois sistemas adesivos (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus® - sistema que remove o "smear layer", e o Clearfil Liner Bond 2® - adesivo que promove o tratamento do "smear layer", sem removê-lo totalmente). Para isto, foram utilizados 40 molares humanos hígidos que foram divididos igualmente em 4 grupos. Para cada adesivo havia um grupo controle (sem óxido de zinco e eugenol) e outro onde foram realizadas e removidas as restaurações provisórias com cimento de óxido de zinco e eugenol. Após sete dias de armazenamento em estufa a 37ºC, os dentes foram cortados e mediu-se a microdureza da resina composta na região a 0,3 mm da interface dente-restauração em um microdurômetro SHIMADZU HMV 2000, com ponta penetradora Knoop de 50 gramas por 45 segundos. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente pela ANOVA (alfa = 1%), e verificou-se não haver diferença estatisticamente significante na microdureza da resina composta entre os grupos estudados.

Influence of disinfectant solutions on the tensile bond strength of a fourth generation dentin bonding agent

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different disinfectant solutions on the tensile bond strength of a fourth generation dentin bonding agent. Forty non carious human molars were selected. Teeth were embedded in acrylic resin and ground until the exposure of a flat superficial dentin surface. Teeth were randomly divided in 4 groups and treated as follows: Group 1 - 2.5% NaOCl for 40 seconds; Group 2 - 2% chlorhexidine for 40 seconds; Group 3 - 1.23% acidulated fluoride for 4 minutes; and Group 4 - control (without disinfectant solution). Following treatments, Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus® (3M) was used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After that, the test specimens were built with composite resin (Z100®-3M), using a standard Teflon matrix. The specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at a temperature of 37ºC. The tensile strength test was performed using a Mini Instrom testing machine. The mean values obtained for each group, in MPa, were: Group 1 - 7.37 (± 2.51); Group 2 - 11.25 (± 4.65); Group 3 - 9.80 (± 3.11); and Group 4 - 10.96 (± 3.37). The results were submitted to statistical analysis using the ANOVA test, and no statistical significant differences among the groups were found. It can be concluded that the different disinfectant substances used in this research do not adversely affect dentin adhesion.

Human pulp reaction to dentine bonded amalgam restorations: a histologic study

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the human pulp response to Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus (SMPP) bonding agent in non-exposed Class V cavities. Methods: SMPP was placed in 24 of 40 cavites according to manufacturer's instructions and the cavities were restored with amalgam. The remaining 16 cavities were capped with a calcium hydroxide formulation (Dycal) sealed with zinc-oxide eugenol, and restored with the amalgam. After extraction at 10 and 35 days, the teeth were fixed, sectioned and stained for light microscopy. Results: All Dycal-capped teeth, at both 10 and 35 days, exhibited no pulp inflammation and no demonstrable bacteria. Six cases sealed with SMPP at 10 days showed no pulp inflammation or stained bacterial profiles. The remaining six teeth demonstrated mild to moderate inflammatory pulpal responses and five out of these six cases exhibited stained bacterial profiles. Nine out of 12 teeth showed no inflammatory pulp responses at 35 days, the remaining three cases exhibited mild to moderate pulp inflammation without stained bacteria. Conclusions: None of the teeth sealed with SMPP presented severe inflammatory pulpal reactions histologically. SMPP did not exhibit significant deleterious effects on the human pulp tissue during the test periods.

Avaliação da infiltração marginal de restaurações de amálgama: mercúrio versus gálio

As restaurações de amálgama sofrem hoje uma série de questionamentos em relação a presença de mercúrio na sua composição e ligas alternativas foram desenvolvidas para a substituição desse material. Neste estudo avaliamos a infiltração marginal de duas ligas de amálgama (com mercúrio e com gálio) conjuntamente com dois sistemas adesivos (PAAMA e Scotchbond Multi-Uso Plus) em cavidades de classe V (margens em esmalte e cemento). Foram utilizados dentes humanos que após serem restaurados foram termociclados (500 ciclos, 5ºC-55ºC, 15 s em cada banho) e inseridos em corante (azul de metileno) e então desgastados e avaliados. Os escores foram compilados e submetidos a análise estatística (teste de Kruskal-Wallis com significância de 1%). Baseados nos resultados encontrados, pode-se concluir que houve diferença significante entre os adesivos utilizados, sendo melhor o sistema Scotchbond Multi-Uso Plus, não havendo diferença estatística entre as ligas de amálgama e nem entre as paredes.

Resin shear bond strength to porcelain and a base metal alloy using two polymerization schemes

Statement of problem. Fractures in ceramometal restorations can occur and need to be repaired because replacements are not an economic solution.Purpose. This study evaluated the shear bond strengths of 4 porcelain repair systems (Metabond C&B [ME], Silistor [SI], Clearfil Lustre [CL], and Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus [SQ]) to a base metal alloy and porcelain in relation with the polymerization shrinkage of a visible light-cured composite superstructure and compared with the ceramometal bond strength (Vita VMK 68).Material and methods. Thirty-two samples were prepared for each bonding system: 16 for resin-metal bond strength test, and 16 for resin-porcelain bond strength test. For each group, bonding agent was applied to 8 substructures and the resin superstructure was polymerized onto the bonding agent; and for the remaining 8 specimens, prepolymerized resin superstructures were bonded with bonding agent. All specimens were subjected to 500 cycles between 5°C and 55°C with 20 seconds dwell time. Tests were performed in a mechanical testing machine with a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed.Results. All materials showed an increase in shear bond strength when prepolymerized resin superstructures were used. However, the effect of polymerization shrinkage of resin superstructure was statistically significant only for CL group (P<.05). The highest metal-resin bond was obtained from ME group with prepolymerized resin superstructures (35.27 ± 2.40 MPa), and the lowest value was obtained for the SI group in which resin superstructures were polymerized in situ (8.71 ± 1.03 MPa). The highest porcelain-resin bond was obtained from SC group with prepolymerized resin superstructures (20.71 ± 1.13 MPa) and the lowest was obtained from SI group (9.99 ± 1.52 MPa).Conclusion. Higher bond strength values were obtained with prepolymerized resin superstructures compared to in situ polymerized superstructures. Metabond C&B provided the best results for both prepolymerized and in situ polymerized resin superstructure preparation techniques at the failures where metal was exposed. The best results in situations in which the fracture is limited into porcelain were obtained with the use of Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus material. However, a variety of in vivo and in vitro tests are required before a final judgment is made.

Dentin shear bond strength of compomers and composites

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths and fracture characteristics of two compomers bonded with a single step bonding agent with two modern composites, a microfil and hybrid, bonded with a fourth generation bonding agent. Methods: Freshly extracted human third molars were sectioned parallel to the occlusal surface to expose midcoronal dentin, prepared with 320-grit surface finish, and bonded (N=11 samples/group) following manufacturer's directions with the compomers (Dyract, DeTrey Konstanz, Germany or Compoglass, Vivadent, Schaan Liechtenstein) or the dentin bonding agent SMP+ (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus, 3M Dental Products, St. Paul MN) with Silux Plus or Z100 (3M Dental Products, St. Paul, MN). The samples were tested using a single plane lap shear bond strength test at 5 mm/min until failure. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA with Scheffe multiple comparison testing. Fracture surfaces of the debonded surfaces were examined using SEM to determine the failure mode of each specimen. Results: Bond strengths for the compomers were 12.7±2.9 MPa for Dyract and 8.9±4.1 MPa for Compoglass and were not significantly different. Bond strengths for the dentin bonded composites were significantly stronger than the compomer Compoglass, but were not different from one another, despite the use of different composites. The averages values for SMP+/Silux Plus and SMP+/Z100 were 15.7± 4.5 MPa and 15.2±5.6 MPa, respectively. SEM analysis showed that all materials exhibited mixed failure patterns. Compoglass specimens exhibited 5 of 11 failures classified as adhesive, while each of the other materials showed only 1 of 11 adhesive failures. Significance: Compomers have undergone rapid development over the last several years, but their bond strengths have not yet reached the same level as modern dentin bonded composites. Difference in composite filler type and amount had little influence on the bond strength determined in this work.

Effect of dentin primers on the morphology, molecular composition and collagen conformation of acid-demineralized dentin in situ

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two commercial primers and distilled water on the morphology, molecular composition and collagen conformation of acid-demineralized dentin in situ. Methods: Dentin specimens etched with Scotchbond Etchant were imaged by tapping mode AFM and analyzed by MIR-FTIR spectroscopy. They were then primed with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus Primer, Scotchbond 1 Adhesive or distilled water and imaged and analyzed again. The chemical modifications induced on the uppermost 2 μm of primed dentin were studied after water and original primer subtraction. The conformational changes of type I collagen at this region were evaluated by deconvoluting the amide I band components. The absorbance ratio A n(1655/1627) was used to semiquantitatively assess, on a relative basis, the extent of collagen denaturation. Results: All the priming treatments swelled the collapsed dentin collagen left after etching. No evidence of primary bonding was found after priming treatments, while approximately 50% of the conditioned dentin collagen appeared denatured. Treatment with distilled water did not change the status of denatured collagen, however, application of the commercial primers refolded the α-helix to ≈95% of the extent found on the native reference dentin. Significance: The dynamic response of dentin collagen to demineralization and priming treatments reveals the critical role of some primers in rapidly restoring the conformational status of acid-denatured collagen. Implementation of reactive adhesive groups in α-helix recovery may provide an associative means of modifying the mechanical properties of the demineralized collagen based on the extent of their intermolecular bonding.

In vitro permeability and scanning electron microscopy study of acid-etched and ground enamel surfaces protected with dental adhesive coating.

Clinical procedures, such as acid etching and reshaping of the teeth supporting removable partial dentures by grinding off some enamel surface, increase the permeability of dental enamel. Teeth take several months in vivo to partially recover from such damage. In the meantime, the tooth is more susceptible to carious decay. To prevent this the ground or etched enamel should be effectively protected. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and a two-chamber diffusion cell the authors studied the influence of adhesive resin applied to the ground and acid-etched enamel surfaces on the diffusion of spin label TMAPO (2,2,6-6 tetramethyl-4-acetamido-piperidine-1-oxyl) molecules through the enamel. The enamel permeability was measured in samples exposed to 1-min etching with 37% phosphoric acid, in samples etched for 5 min, and in samples ground with a diamond bur. Next, all the treated enamel surfaces were coated with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus(R) dental adhesive system and the permeability measurements repeated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the porosity of enamel surfaces. The adhesive resin film covering the etched or ground enamel surfaces was found to decrease significantly the diffusion through dental enamel. This finding confirms the clinical value of dental adhesives used to protect ground or accidentally acid-etched enamel surfaces. SEM analysis showed that adhesive resin covers the porous surface of the acid-etched and ground enamel tightly.

Effect of moist vs. dry bonding to normal vs. caries-affected dentin with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus.

Recent research in dentin bonding demonstrated the superiority of moist bonding over dry bonding on normal dentin, but it is unclear if this technique is also superior in bonding to caries-affected dentin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the SEM appearance and bond strength of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SMPP) to normal vs. caries-affected dentin bonded under moist vs. dry conditions, with and without polyalkenoic acid in the primer. Extracted carious human third molars were ground down by means of 600-grit SiC paper until the carious dentin no longer stained with caries detector solution. The flat surfaces were then primed, bonded, and built up with resin composite. After soaking in water for 1 day, the teeth were serially sectioned vertically into 5 or 6 slabs 0.7 mm thick. The bonded caries-affected areas were isolated by means of an ultrafine diamond bur to create an hourglass configuration with a cross-sectional area of 0.9 mm2. Bonded normal dentin was isolated the same way. Each specimen was attached to a Bencor device and tested in tension to failure. SMPP bonds to dry, normal dentin were only half as strong (21+/-10 MPa, x +/- SD) as those made to moist, normal dentin (42+/-9 MPa, p<0.01). There was no significant difference between bonds made to normal vs. caries-affected dentin by means of the moist technique (42+/-9 vs. 48+/-4 MPa, respectively). Removal of the polyalkenoic acid from the primer lowered (p<0.05) the bond strength of SMPP to caries-affected dentin (38+/-8 MPa). The benefits of moist bonding extend to caries-affected dentin. The polyalkenoic acid in the SMPP primer contributes to the high bond strength that can be achieved to caries-affected dentin.

Dentin Bond Strength: Influence of Laser Irradiation, Acid Etching, and Hypermineralization

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of ND:YLF laser irradiation (1.31 J/cm2; 250 mJ per pulse), acid etching, and hypermineralization on the shear bond strength (SBS) of the Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (3M Dental Products) bonding system. Previous studies had shown that the pretreatment of the dentin substrate with laser irradiation can influence the SBS. Sixty bovine incisors were selected and stored at -18 degrees C. Dentinal buccal surface was exposed and radiographs were taken to control dentin thickness. The specimens were separated into 2 groups: (1) the control, which was kept in distilled water at 4 degrees C; (2) the hypermineralized, which was kept in hypermineralizing solution at 4 degrees C for 14 days. Each group was divided into 3 subgroups according to the type of dentin pretreatment used: M (acid etching + primer + bond); AL (acid etching + primer + bond + laser); and LA (laser + acid etching + primer + bond). A standard composite resin cylinder (Z100-3M) was bonded to the dentinal surface and the SBS performed on an Instron machine (500 Kg load cell at 0.5 mm/min), followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) determined that the pretreatments influenced the SBS values (p < 0.05): AL (9.96 MPa), M (7.28 MPa), and LA (4.87 MPa). The interaction between the group and pretreatment factors also influenced the SBS (p < 0.05). The highest values were obtained for the interaction control/AL (11.64 MPa). The results suggested that dentin treatment with laser after the application of the adhesive system is efficient in achieving higher bond strength and is promising as a possible new adhesive substrate.

Influence of eugenol-containing temporary cement on efficacy of dentin-bonding systems.

Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) cements are widely used as temporary filling materials. However, eugenol has earlier been shown to have a detrimental effect on both resin composites and dentin-bonding systems. The aim of the present in vitro study was to examine whether ZOE cement would also reduce the efficacy of relatively new dentin-bonding systems. This was done by determination of gap formation around resin composite fillings in dentin cavities and of bond strength of resin composite to enamel and dentin. The tooth surfaces involved were either freshly cut, or had been exposed to a ZOE cement (IRM) or to a non-ZOE cement (Cavit) for 7 d before application of a dentin-bonding system (Gluma CPS or Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus) and a resin composite (Z100). Gap formation was assessed in a light microscope on 20-min-old fillings and expressed as wall-to-wall contraction (the width of the maximum marginal gap in % of the cavity diameter). Bond strength was measured in shear on 1-d-old specimens. The mean values of wall-to-wall contraction were 0.06-0.09% with Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus and 0.20-0.24% with Gluma CPS. The mean values of bond strength to enamel were 22-25 MPa for Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus and 20-23 MPa for Gluma CPS, and to dentin were 20-22 MPa for Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus and 13-14 MPa for Gluma CPS. The use of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus resulted in higher bond strength to dentin and less wall-to-wall contraction than did Gluma CPS. No differences were found in either wall-to-wall contraction or in bond strength between the three groups for either dentin-bonding system. Thus, the ZOE cement did not influence the efficacy of two relatively new dentin-bonding systems.

A fluid filtration and clearing technique to assess microleakage associated with three dentine bonding systems

Objectives: The aims of this in vitro study were to (a) measure fluid flow through teeth restored with one of the dentine bonding systems and a resin composite restoration; (b) measure the distribution of a silver tracer through the same teeth, and make a comparison with fluid flow; and (c) investigate the effect of thermocycling on both measurement types. Methods: Coronal segments of 30 premolars, randomly allocated to three equal groups, were assessed by fluid filtration. Each group was restored with a resin composite restoration in conjunction with Fuji Bond LC (FBLC), Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus (SMP+) or Prime&Bond 2.1 (P&B2.1). Fluid filtration rates were measured in the intact crown and then after cavity preparation, conditioning, dentine bonding, restoration and at 2 and 24 h, 1 week and 1 month following restoration. Six specimens from each group were thermocycled at 1 week. After final filtration measurements the specimens were perfused with silver nitrate and cleared before scoring tracer penetration. Results: No significant differences ( P>0.05) in fluid filtration rates were found amongst the different bonding systems or at any restoration stage. Thermocycling was not associated with any significant ( P>0.05) increase in fluid filtration. Final fluid filtration and tracer distribution showed a weak and not statistically significant correlation ( P>0.05). The penetration of silver stain indicated a failure of the restorations to seal the cavity and demonstrated a possible pathway by which in vivo post-operative sensitivity could occur. Conclusions: Although not statistically significant, conditioning of the cavity increased the dentinal permeability but this effect was variable. Thermocycling had no statistically significant effect on microleakage.

Avaliação da interação entre resina composta e diferentes adesivos dentinários

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência à tração de quatro diferentes sistemas adesivos. Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus, 3M (Grupo 1), Prime &amp; Bond 2.0, Dentsply (Grupo 2) ProBOND, Dentsply (Grupo 3), PAAMA 2, (Grupo 4) foram usados com a resina composta Glacier (SDI). Um grupo sem a utilização de qualquer sistema adesivo serviu como controle (Grupo 5). Cinqüenta espécimes foram divididos em cinco grupos com dez espécimes cada. Uma matriz de aço inoxidável com 6,0 mm de diâmetro e 1,0 mm de profundidade foi usada para se obterem dois discos de resina composta. A resina composta foi inserida em uma metade da matriz em pequenas porções e fotopolimerizada por 40 segundos. Os adesivos foram então aplicados na superfície dos discos de resina, seguindo a instrução dos fabricantes. A segunda parte da matriz foi colocada em posição e preenchida com a resina composta. Após uma hora, a matriz foi adaptada em um dispositivo especial na máquina de ensaios Kratos para determinar a resistência de união, a uma velocidade de 0,05 mm/min. Os resultados, expressos em kgf, foram: Grupo 1 (3,99 ± 1,47), Grupo 2 (4,24 ± 2,00), Grupo 3 (3,84 ± 0,88), Grupo 4 (4,33 ± 1,23) e Grupo 5 (4,21 ± 1,38). Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste estatístico ANOVA a um critério. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p &lt; 0,05) na resistência à tração entre os grupos. Baseado nos resultados deste estudo, pode-se concluir que não houve influência dos diferentes sistemas adesivos na resistência de união da resina composta.

Evaluation of micro-tensile, shear and tensile tests determining the bond strength of three adhesive systems

Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine bond strength between dentin and three adhesive systems, by means of micro-tensile, shear and tensile tests. Methods. Extracted human molars were embedded in acrylic resin and had the dentin exposed on three of their smooth surfaces. On each surface a specimen was prepared to be submitted to either micro-tensile, shear or tensile bond strength testing. For shear and tensile tests, after adhesive application, a cone 3 mm high and diameter of 3 mm in the small surface was built with composite resin. The shear test was performed with a chisel. Tensile testing was made by pulling the resin cone via a metallic clamp. For micro-tensile testing, composite approximately 5 mm high was placed over the entire exposed dentin. Then, using a diamond disk perpendicular to the bonding interface, `sticks' with 0.25 mm 2 rectangular cross-sectional area were obtained and subjected to tensile force. Results. All tests ranked the adhesives in the same order. Mean values obtained by the micro-tensile test were not statistically different. For shear and tensile tests, Single Bond gave higher bond strength than Etch&Prime 3.0 ( p<0.05). Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Plus originated bondings that were statistically similar to both Single Bond and Etch&Prime 3.0. Comparing the three tests, a higher mean ( p<0.05) and a smaller coefficient of variation were found with the micro-tensile test. Significance. The one-bottle adhesive system obtained higher bond strength values than the self-etching adhesive upon shear and tensile strength tests. Depending on the test applied, differences among materials may not be disclosed.

Avaliação da citotoxicidade de dois sistemas adesivos

Avaliamos a citotoxicidade in vitro de dois sistemas adesivos (Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus e Clearfil Liner Bond 2) utilizando fibroblastos NIH-3T3. Culturas celulares confluentes entraram em contato com os sistemas adesivos completos e com seus componentes individuais ("primer" e adesivo). As substâncias foram aplicadas sobre lamínulas de vidro e, a seguir, introduzidas nos cultivos celulares. Adicionalmente, testamos a citotoxicidade da resina composta (Z100); do cimento de hidróxido de cálcio (Hidro C) e do ácido fosfórico. Como controle utilizamos culturas que receberam lamínulas de vidro sem substâncias. Com exceção do ácido fosfórico, que permaneceu por 20 segundos, todos os materiais foram deixados por 24 horas, período após o qual determinamos a porcentagem de viabilidade celular pelo método da exclusão de células coradas pelo azul de trypan. Os dados dos diferentes grupos foram submetidos a análise estatística (ANOVA e teste de Tukey). Foi possível observar que todas as culturas tratadas apresentaram menor porcentagem de viabilidade celular em relação ao grupo controle, com exceção das culturas tratadas pelo Ca(OH)2, que apresentaram valores similares de viabilidade celular. A aplicação da resina composta, do ácido fosfórico, do "primer" e do adesivo do sistema adesivo Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus empregados individualmente levaram as culturas a apresentar viabilidade celular similar àquela do grupo do Ca(OH)2. Os dois sistemas adesivos, bem como o "primer" e o adesivo do sistema Clearfil Liner Bond 2, quando aplicados individualmente, causaram citotoxicidades similares, levando a porcentagens de viabilidade celular menores do que aquela encontrada com o Ca(OH)2. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos efeitos citotóxicos causados pelos diversos componentes dos dois sistemas adesivos testados.

Influência do "primer" sobre o esmalte na resistência ao cisalhamento de sistemas adesivos

A proposta deste estudo foi comparar a adesão ao esmalte de dois sistemas adesivos de frasco único com sistemas que usam "primer" e "bond" separadamente, com o objetivo de verificar se a força de adesão da resina composta ao esmalte é influenciada pela presença do "primer" de dentina sobre o esmalte. Foram avaliados quatro sistemas adesivos: ONE STEP (Bisco), PRIME &amp; BOND (Dentsply), SCOTCHBOND MULTI-PURPOSE PLUS (3M) e PROBOND (Dentsply). Molares humanos foram seccionados no sentido ocluso-cervical e divididos em 5 grupos de 9 espécimes cada. Os sistemas utilizados seguiram as orientações do fabricante, com exceção do Grupo IV, que recebeu apenas o "bond" do PROBOND. Uma matriz de teflon cilíndrica (3 mm de diâmetro) foi fixada nas superfícies para limitar a área. A matriz foi preenchida com resina composta Z-100 (3M). Após a termociclagem, foi utilizada uma máquina de teste Wolpert. Os resultados sofreram análise de variância e teste Tukey. A presença do "primer" de dentina sobre o esmalte, quando não recomendada pelo fabricante, diminui a força de adesão da resina composta ao esmalte.

Microtensile testing of dentin adhesives

Objectives. This study was conducted in order to compare the microtensile and shear bond strengths of five commercial dentin adhesive systems. Scotchbond Multipurpose with maleic acid (SM), Scotchbond Multipurpose with phosphoric acid (SP), Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (SBP), Clearfil Liner Bond System (CL), and Prime and Bond (PB) were tested. Methods. Thirty extracted unerupted third molars, in groups of six teeth per adhesive system, were prepared for microtensile testing. The specimens were tested following a 24 h incubation at 37°C in normal saline. Shear bond testing was performed on 35 additional teeth, using seven teeth per adhesive system. After testing, the fracture sites were observed using light microscopy and a scanning electron microscope to determine the type of failure involved. Results. The microtensile test results (mean±SD) were SM, 24.6±7.2 MPa; SP, 28.8±11.8 MPa; SBP, 22.7±6.5 MPa; PB, 25.5±9.4 MPa; and CL, 36.8±10.0 MPa. A Bonferroni post-hoc test showed significantly ( p<0.05) greater strength for CL compared to SM, SP, SBP, and PB. The shear bond strength test results were SM, 19.4±4.4 MPa; SP, 24.5±8.4 MPa; SBP, 15.3±4.9 MPa; PB, 23.2±7.1 MPa; and CL, 24.8±3.5 MPa. No statistically significant differences were found among the shear bond strength test results. The shear bond test produced significantly more failures within dentin and composite than the microtensile method. Significance. It is concluded that the microtensile test produced a more definitive assessment of adhesive bond strength than the shear bond test. Microtensile testing showed CL to be significantly stronger than SM, SP, SBP, and PB ( p<0.05).