Scientific Style Research Articles

Teaching methods of creating scientific style texts for master students

Teaching methods of creating scientific style texts for master students

FEATURES OF TEACHING RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: SCHEME OF STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC TEXT

Features of teaching Russian as a foreign language to students from the former republics of the Soviet Union and other countries, difficulties of learning Russian as a foreign language and some ways of overcoming them are considered in the article. One of the priority areas of work with students from other countries when considering the scientific style of the modern Russian language at the university is the stylistic analysis of the scientific text of the specialty. The article provides an approximate scheme of stylistic analysis of a scientific text (on the example of a medical text of a scientific and educational substyle) for use in classes in Russian as a non-native, Russian as a foreign language, which includes the lexical, morphological and syntactic levels of the Russian language and also the stylistic features of a scientific text.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ УЧЕБНИКОВ А.П. КИСЕЛЕВА

The article examines the life and work of mathematician and educator A.P. Kiselev, whose textbooks were used in Russia for more than 50 years. Based on an analysis of Kiselev’s works, the key pedagogical features of his textbooks are identified, including rigorous presentation of material, scientific style, and a variety of practical exercises. Kiselev was among the first to introduce elements of mathematical analysis into secondary school mathematics curriculum. Kiselev’s textbooks defined the structure and content of school courses in arithmetic, algebra and geometry for many decades, and contributed to the systematization and unification of mathematical knowledge in secondary education. The author succeeded in combining fundamental mathematical knowledge with accessible presentation. His books embodied the principles of intra-subject (between arithmetic, algebra and geometry) and inter-subject (between teaching of mathematics, physics and drafting) continuity. A.P. Kiselev’s textbooks were in demand not only in the USSR, but also in other countries.

MULTI-WORD PREPOSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS OF THE TYPE PREPOSITION V, NOUN, PREPOSITION K IN TECHNICAL TEXTS OF SLOVAK NATIONAL CORPUS

The article deals with multi-word prepositional expressions in technical texts of Slovak National Corpus of the type: preposition v + noun + preposition k. Data are collected from the subcorpus prim-10.0-public-prf that comprises texts of the popular scientific style, scientific articles, studies, encyclopaedias. It is expected that the highest frequency of multi-word prepositional expressions would be in this subcorpus of technical texts because of informing; announcing new information, results; introducing new approaches and discussing. From the frequency list of multi-word prepositional expressions of the above mentioned patterns, 15 expressions were identified to fulfill criteria for multi-word prepositions, i.e. vo vzťahu k(u), v protiklade k(u), v prístupe k(u), v pomere k(u), v opozícii k(u), v kontraste k(u), v smere k(u), v relácii k, v kontrapozícii k, v protipóle k, v kontrapunkte k, v protismere k, v súvzťažnosti k, v nepomere k, v súvislosti k. The expressions were classified and analysed according to three groups using lexico-semantic approach, i.e. neutral relationship, comparing relationship and opposite relationship. Development of terminology on multi-word prepositional expressions in the Slovak morphology is included.

Технология проектного обучения лингвистов в ходе изучения курса «Русский язык и культура речи»

The research aims to summarise the practical experience of organising group project activities for the students of the National University of Science and Technology MISIS pursuing a degree in training programme 45.03.02 Linguistics (the programme specialisations “Translation and translation studies” and “Theory and methodology of teaching foreign languages and cultures”) in the course “Russian language and speech culture”. The researchers discuss the notion of “project-based technology”, provide their own definition for the notion of “information research project”, propose an algorithm for the implementation of two information research projects aimed at studying the theoretical foundations of functional stylistics and forming the skills of stylistic text analysis, “Functional styles of speech” and “Analysis of the grammatical language means used in the scientific style”, describe the criteria for evaluating the projects, present the results of the students’ reflection on the outcomes of the projects. The scientific novelty lies in developing a step-by-step implementation of project-based teaching technology and formulating the criteria for evaluating the projects completed by the students within the framework of the academic discipline “Russian language and speech culture”. As a result, the effectiveness of using project-based technology in the above-mentioned training course was demonstrated.

Involvement of High School Students of General Secondary Education Institutions in Environmental Projects: Theoretical and Methodological Approaches and Practical Implementation

The article considers certain stages of formation of educational and research skills of high school students of secondary education institutions in the implementation of environmental projects. The purpose is to analyse the specifics of attracting high school students of general secondary education institutions to the implementation of environmental projects. The main methods of research were methods of systematization, statistical processing, analysis, observation, induction, deduction, and synthesis used to solve scientific and methodological problems. Results. It is established that the goal of an environmental project makes it possible to choose a range of tasks that should be implemented by a high school student, namely: the object of research and the method of achieving the final result. In accordance with the set goal, the project objectives are determined. The solution of each task is a stage of research. Tasks determine the content of the study, methods, and results obtained. They can include the formulation of a problem, the identification of new facts, the establishment of new connections, a new formulation of a known problem, original conclusions and recommendations for the implementation of the obtained experimental data. The proposed scheme is a model for conducting research on determining water quality in aquatic ecosystems. The diagram shows three stages of step-by-step research. The first one is aimed at selecting the object of research (the main selection of criteria and objects of research is revealed). The second stage is the selection of methods for conducting the experiment. The criteria for selecting experimental sites are disclosed and, accordingly, identifiers for conducting an experiment and implementing an environmental project are given. The third stage is aimed at analysing the results of the study, formulating appropriate conclusions and planning the next stages of the study. The main stages in the formation of scientific research are considered from the formation of the topic, research tasks to the discussion and formation of conclusions of an environmental project. Conclusions. In the process of implementing environmental projects, which is aimed at search activities, high school students improve their ability to perform mental actions, operate in practice with all the acquired skills and abilities. The implementation of eco-projects develops logical and ecological thinking, forms a scientific and practical style of thinking, intuition, and develops interest in natural science. Scientific literature can’t provide deep and thorough knowledge, practical skills and abilities if the acquired theoretical knowledge is not combined with research activities. During their own observations, high school students are convinced that there are close connections between living organisms and the surrounding component, i.e. the environment.

Linguistic and methodological support of developing academic writing skills of phd medical students

The article presents the linguistic and methodical support of the process of mastering the skills of English-language academic writing by students of the third (educational and scientific) level of higher education "Doctor of Philosophy". The work is focused on the development of linguistic methodological support for the formation and development of skills related to English-language academic writing for medical purposes. Pedagogical resources for the formation of the necessary skills are based on multi-genre written discourses of various formats. The set of educational texts and tasks was developed in accordance with structural-semantic and genre-compositional features using certain language models and structures of a scientific and professional nature. The presentation of linguistic material is carried out with the help of certain language models and structures in various communicative situations in the form of persistent non-phraseological turns. The aim of the work is to investigate the predominant learning strategies used in English-language medical discourse, with the ultimate goal of developing supporting materials that will be useful to graduate students in achieving the necessary functional and discursive competence. Materials and methods. The study is based on a learning model that includes linguistic and methodological support for English-language academic medical writing and strategies for teaching English-language academic writing. This model involves the use of pedagogical resources as the basis of learning and the use of genre and functional approaches as an integrated component of the complex methodical support of the process of forming English-language academic writing skills of postgraduate medical students and developing their discursive competence. The research used the method of formal analysis, structural and comparative methods. Conclusions. The development of educational and methodical materials was carried out in two planes: linguistic and methodical, in particular, speech schemes for the organization of information in various types of educational texts were selected in accordance with the genre varieties of written forms of the scientific English-language style, and appropriate methodological recommendations for their assimilation were developed

GENRE SPECIFICITY OF PATENT DOCUMENTATION

The article is devoted to the actual problem of genre features of patent documentation. The relevance of the issue is related not only to the importance of further accumulation of knowledge in the field of functional stylistics and text linguistics but also to the tasks of improving inventive and patent-licensing work. Patent documentation is considered as a type of scientific and technical literature that combines the properties of two functional styles: scientific and technical and official and business. The article analyzes the directions of linguistic studies of patent documentation, in particular, the comparison of the patent genre with other genres of scientific literature. The article provides a comparative analysis of the description of the invention as a structural component of a patent and a scientific article. It is noted that with the scientific style, the description of the invention and the entire text of the patent combine such socio-cultural functions as the fixation of technical knowledge, which is objectified in the form of texts and the implementation of the exchange of knowledge with the help of patent documents; the patent combines the common function of intellectual property protection with the official business style. Special attention is paid to the description of the invention, which is a text with a dual functional and stylistic function, and the formula of invention, which is a part of the description, a short verbal expression of the essence of the invention. The main function of the formula is legal. Based on the intentional-functional approach, the article represents the linguistic features of the patent not as a set of separately taken components in the form of archaisms, clericalisms, and terms, but as a model consisting of interdependent elements.

Немецкие дискурсивные маркеры в текстах различных функциональных стилей

The aim of the study is to determine the functions of German discourse markers in texts of various functional styles. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the functions of German discourse markers in texts of various functional styles have been described for the first time. As a result, it has been shown that discourse markers are found in the scientific, publicistic, literary and colloquial styles. In the texts of the colloquial style, several functions of discourse markers are manifested: the linking function, which is expressed through the establishment of causal relations and additive relations; the function of signaling the transition to another topic of conversation; the function of mitigating the categoricity of what is being said; the function of explaining what was said earlier. It is quite obvious that discourse markers are involved in the structuring of an oral text. In scientific and publicistic texts, discourse markers serve to structure the information, ensure text coherence and also organize the line of reasoning. In literary texts, discourse markers perform not only the structuring function, but also develop rhetorical relationships in combination with rhetorical means to achieve communicative goals.

"Ukrainian scientific word usage" tutorial - application of the ukrainian language way of thinking tools

Problem. For four centuries the attempts were made to take away the language from Ukrainians by various means. The structure and logic of the Ukrainian language was destroyed during the Soviet period. Ukrainian language was completely assimilated to the Russian language. A language of Ukrainian-language stickers for Russian words has been created. The features of such an artificial Ukrainian language of the Russian way of thinking, which prevailed in the Ukrainian SSR have remained to this day. Therefore, it is important and timely to restore the structure of the language. Goal. The purpose is to acquaint the reader with the contents of the "Ukrainian Scientific Vocabulary" tutorial, which develops the principles of Ukrainian vocabulary according to the current standards of Ukraine. Methodology. Solving the tasks is based on observing the five main rules of word usage in accordance with the property by which the Ukrainian language, unlike Russian, is able to distinguish the names of actions, events, as well as their consequences, not by verbs only, but also by verbal nouns. Results. A number of words, word combinations and sentences are proposed in accordance with the latest standardized rules, which contributes to the improvement of the Ukrainian scientific style of speech and thinking. Originality/Novelty. The use of words and word combinations in accordance with the five main rules of word usage contributes to the restoration of the language structure and the development of the Ukrainian way of thinking. Practical value. The use of words and word combinations in accordance with the five main rules of word usage facilitates the perception and understanding of the text in use.

Integrative and Modular Approach to teaching International Engineering Students.

Given the fact that teaching communication in academic and academicprofessional spheres is especially relevant for students studying Russian, the description of different approaches, their essence and features seem to be an important step in the linguistic and didactic comprehension of the problems of Russian language teaching practice. The aim of the study is to define the characteristics of the methodological term “Russian language for special purposes” (LSP), to present the history of the origin of the term and to compare it with the terms “scientific style of speech”, “speciality language”. The article defines the methodology of subject-language integrated learning (CLIL), finds the correlation of this approach with LSP teaching. It is proved that the concept of «integrative approach» does not contradict the concept of teaching foreign students in Russian language courses for special purposes. They are united by a single goal of teaching foreign students educational-professional communication. The problems considered in the article include description of the peculiarities of the terms “Russian language for special purposes”, “speciality language”, “scientific style of speech”, “subject-language integrated teaching”; comprehension of the essence of these concepts, as well as how the achievements formulated by different authors can be used by teachers in practical classes in Russian as a foreign language The article comes to the following main conclusions that the most adequate and modern term denoting the language teaching of specialists in a certain sphere in the world and domestic linguistics today is considered to be “Russian language for special purposes” (LSP). At the same time, the methodological and linguistic and didactic experience that has been acquired in the domestic science and teaching practice can be used in order to increase the effectiveness of teaching. Also, some features of subject-language integrated teaching are successfully introduced into teaching practice, as its concept does not contradict the concept of LSP teaching.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ НАУКОВО-ТЕХНІЧНИХ ТЕКСТІВ

The article outlines the main theoretical differences when translating the scientific and technical texts. Differences during the translation of texts of this type are summarized. Various styles of language functioning are presented and structural features of the scientific and technical style are revealed. The authors' attention is focused on the importance of using the scientific and technical style. Scientific and technical style refers to the book type of language, which serves both written and oral speech. The bases of the language functioning of scientific and technical texts are standardization, syntactic completeness of the statement, the presence of analytical constructions, the frequent use of clichéd structures, (mainly the nominal nature of the morphological components of the sentence), an extensive system of connecting elements, etc. Not only does translation of technical documents require essential knowledge on translation but it also takes into account the national nature of the instruction texts in the original language. The translator is bound to develop a certain style, while adapting the instruction to the standards of the recipient and trying to remain unique in the industrial market. This aspect is especially relevant when translating the instructions from English to Ukrainian. An important focus is made on certain quality rules of scientific and technical texts translation. There are three types of stylistic errors that deprive the text clarity: incorrect logical emphasis in a sentence, amorphousness of sentences, formation of poor connections between words. By overcoming these shortcomings, the translator is likely to achieve clarity in translation.

Polibio y el arte de la guerra: propuesta de identificación de algunos pasajes de su Tratado de táctica perdido

Polybius and the art of war: proposal for the identification of some passages from his lost Treatise on tactics – Polybius retains in his Histories traces of an expert in military historiography, a genre that he had previously cultivated, probably in early youth years. From testimonies such as Aelianus Tacticus (I 2) including Polybius among the writers of military genre, the author’s own testimony regarding a lost treatise on Commentaries on military tactics (Ὑπομνήματα περὶ τὰς τάξεις, IX 20, 4) can be agreed, even though only the title has been preserved. Nevertheless, the place in which this bibliographical citation is found and the prevailing scientific style, in addition to application of intertextuality criteria, encourages us to propose, furthermore, the chapters from 12 to 20 in book IX as indirect evidences of this lost handbook. Likewise, chapters of book X dealing with the issue of signals on fire (X 43-45), would support the hypothesis that a meaningful part of the treatise is preserved in both consecutive books.

Complex sentences of heterogeneous subordination with one conditional component in the scientific style of the Russian language (based on texts of mathematical works)

In the scientific style of the Russian language, of particular interest are multicomponent complex sentences of heterogeneous subordination. They allow decomposing a complex idea into components and conveying it to the addressee intelligibly, which is very important in the texts of mathematical works. However, such constructions cannot be considered as a “mechanicalˮ coupling of different sentences – it is an integral communicative unit that has a single modality in which the dominant syntactic connection can be distinguished. The most productive construction in the scientific style is a three-component complex sentence of heterogeneous subordination, where the main part is combined with a component of an indivisible structure (object, attributive, pronominal-conjunction correlative clauses) and one conditional clause. In the text of mathematical works, where the course of logical reasoning is of great importance, the conditional part helps to identify the connection between two situations, to clearly structure scientific thought, and it contributes to the implementation of the text-forming function of such constructions. The material for the study was the works of famous mathematicians of the 20th – 21st century, the authors of a number of scientific papers and textbooks in the field of algebraic and differential topology, the presentation style of which is considered classical in the scientific community. The article explores various cases of combining a conditional and a component of an indivisible structure in one complex sentence. Structural and semantic features of constructions with prepositive, interpositive and postpositive conditional components are considered. The most pronounced conditional semantics is manifested in the first case; while in the latter case, the conditional clause acquires an additional, restrictive connotation. The subordinate part of the indivisible type loses its independence, becomes like a semi-predicative unit and closely merges with the main part. In a complex sentence, two organising centres are created – in the main clause and in the conditional clause. Thus, it turns out that the multicomponent syntactic construction is in a state of equilibrium, where the complex main clause is balanced by the conditional subordinate part. Such a division coincides with the actual division of the sentence and is easier for the reader to perceive.

Some peculiar features of military articles headlines in English press

This article focuses on some lexical and stylistic peculiarities in the headlines of the military articles in English. At the beginning of the article it describes the main functions of the headlines of newspaper articles and their aims in modern printed and electronic publications. The author mentions nominative and informative, evaluative, advertising and esthetic functions which are not isolated, but interconnected in the newspaper headline as a media text. Further the text of the article deals with stylistic analysis, the author considers scientific and technical functional style together with official and business one, at the crossroads of which the style of writing the headlines is. Characteristic features of both styles are given. Official and business style gives military texts and headlines corresponding language character, logic, exactness, clarity, objectivity, concreteness, austerity. At the same time scientific and technical style is united with headlines by the usage of terminology, connected with warfare. In this research the morphological, syntactic, lexical, grammatical features of building headlines in the military articles in English are analyzed using the examples of headlines taken from The Guardian, The New York Times, The Telegraph, The Washington Post, The Times. The article also explains the attraction of military headlines by the usage of such unusual language structures as stylistic devices. Some stylistic devices are mentioned and defined, such as alliteration, speech and language epithets, metaphor, allusion. Examples of them are given. These are language constructions which help to make the headline interesting and memorable.

FORMATION OF THE ABILITIES AND SKILLS OF WORKING WITH SCIENTIFIC TEXTS IN THE LANGUAGE TRAINING PROCESS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS IN THE CLASSES OF THE COURSE «UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (BY PROFESSIONAL DIRECTION)»

The formation of abilities and skills of work with scientific texts in the process of language training for higher education students is an actual problem of modern pedagogy, as bachelor’s mastering of technologies to work with these texts allows to develop the scientific competence of the future specialist. At the classes on the educational discipline «Ukrainian language by professional direction» the main attention is paid to the formation of abilities and skills of higher education graduates to interact freely in the sphere of professional communication, and to create primary and secondary scientific texts on a specialty profile. The purpose of this article is to describe the technology of drawing up the secondary scientific texts (plan, theses, abstract) to form the abilities and skills of higher education graduates in the analytical-synthetic processing of original text. Research methods applied: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature (to clarify the key concepts of the study), systematization (in order to identify existing scientific approaches to solving the problem), theoretical generalization (to formulate the final provisions and conclusions). The article considers the signs of scientific text (integrity; connectivity; consistency; information-format, logical, estimated saturation), which is important in the process of compression of the primary text, i.e. reduction of the volume of written without loss for its content. The compression of scientific text provides maximum reproduction of the content with a smaller number of language means. The article analyzes the peculiarities of the compression stages of secondary scientific texts. The appointment of different types of plan (expanded, interrogative, nominal and quote) is outlined. The types of theses (chosen by the quote author from the first place and handed over by his own words the most important of his provisions) were considered, the difference between the plan and theses was confirmed. Specific features of different types of abstract (informative, indicative, overview) are described. The text creation of these genres in scientific style according to the technology mentioned in the article helps to form the necessary abilities and skills of scientific and research activity in the higher education graduates.

Comparative Analysis of Stylistic, Lexical and Grammatical Features of English and Russian Technical Texts

Translation of scientific and technical literature has always been recognized as a highly challenging job. On the one hand, for making a competent translation, a person who is going to do it should have knowledge in the relevant field, and on the other hand, he or she should be familiar with the features of the scientific style and the lexical and grammatical components, which are different in different languages. The aim of this study was to generalize the stylistic, lexical and grammatical features of a scientific and technical text taking the English and Russian languages as an example. The generally adopted structure of technical texts is analyzed, and a collection of the most frequently encountered phrases and expressions for particular sections of the text both in Russian and English is given. Scientific texts are considered from the syntactic, grammatical and lexical points of view. It has been concluded that from the syntax point of view, the sentences are mostly complex in nature and contain subordinate constructions and verbal clauses. Signs of compression are often encountered, which are expressed by impersonal sentences in Russian and elliptical constructions in English. The predominance of passive constructions in both languages is noted. The lexical component is governed by commonly used, general scientific vocabulary and terms. In the texts there are metaphors and imagery that help more lively convey the essence of the term on the one hand, and on the other hand they add difficulty to translating the information. An important linguistic feature of terms in technical and scientific languages is the use of complex word combinations that allow information to be set out in brief and compact form. For brevity, some of them are transformed into abbreviations. In modern scientific literature, there is a tendency toward outlining information in the maximally compact form by using certain and grammatical tools.

The Language of the Linguistic Expert’s Opinion

The article is devoted to the language of linguistic expert’s opinion as one of aspects of language problem of forensic examination and as a part of general theoretical block in structure of modern forensic expertise. It is stated that the expert’s opinion is a heterogeneous procedural document by its style since it is combining elements of both official and scientific style of speech. A form and a content of constituent parts of the linguistic expert’s opinion are considered from perspective of language. These parts are: introduction, research part and conclusion. It is determined that compliance with principles of drawing up the expert’s opinion and responsible attitude of the expert to the choice of linguistic means when describing process of study will make this procedural document a strong argument when used as an evidence.

Features of Translating Scientific Texts into English

The theoretical significance lies in the fact that the article makes a certain contribution to the development of theoretical and practical aspects of translating humanitarian texts in the scientific style. The research aimed to address the following specific tasks, namely, to consider ways to achieve equivalence and adequacy in the translation of scientific texts in the humanities. An equally important task was to show and analyze translation transformations, in particular the methods of translating metonymies, abbreviations, metaphors, and phraseological units. It was noted that the difficulty in translation was caused by non-equivalent words, terms, and phrases, for which it was necessary to find a counterpart in the target language or at least to convey the meaning of the word so that the foreign reader could understand what was being said. The exact genre of the text was explained by the fact that, at first glance, the text is not a scientific one. It is noteworthy, that firstly, it is a text in the field of foreign language teaching, and secondly, it contains stylistic techniques, metaphors, metonymies, and phraseological units that are not typical of the scientific style of the Ukrainian language. In English, this is permitted. There is a problem with choosing the most appropriate translation technique for conveying the stylistic, lexical, and grammatical features of the text. The analysis of translation in the humanities has led to the following conclusions. Professional translation requires a good knowledge of the field of activity in which the translation is to be performed. Equally important is the knowledge of the source language and the ability to express one's thoughts competently in the target language. Moreover, when translating humanitarian texts, adequate, descriptive, metonymic, metaphorical, antonymic, and substitutional translations are often used. Accuracy, brevity, conciseness, clarity, literary quality, and equivalence are the main requirements for translating scientific humanitarian texts.

Scientific schools are alive by the standards of their creator: To the 120th anniversary of the birth of Academician M.A. Leontovich

This article is devoted to the life and work of the outstanding theoretical physicist, creator of world-famous scientific schools in radiophysics, plasma physics, and controlled thermonuclear fusion, Academician Mikhail Aleksandrovich Leontovich (1903–1981). His achievements in basic physics contributed to significant advances in applied research in many fields. The uniqueness of the scientific style and civic appearance of M.A. Leontovich, the lessons of his creative biography remain significant today, especially for young scientists, setting an example of selfless service to science.