Scientific Research Organizations Research Articles

“The value-free ideal, the autonomy thesis, and cognitive diversity”

Some debates about the role of non-epistemic values in science discuss the so-called Value-Free Ideal together with the autonomy thesis, to the point that they may be assumed to be intertwined. As I will argue in this article, the two are independent from one another, are supported by different arguments, and ought to be disentangled. I will also show that the arguments against value-freedom and supporting a value-laden conception of science, are different from the arguments against autonomy, which support democratized science. Moreover, while some of the arguments against autonomy and for democratized science may actually be consistent with value-freedom, they conflict with some philosophical views about the internal diversity of well-designed epistemic communities. This article distinguishes the Value-Free Ideal and the autonomy thesis, as well as their antitheses, and investigates their relations to some of the socio-epistemological models of the social organization of scientific research. Its aim is to make explicit some incompatibilities between different normative frameworks developed in philosophy of science.

Rethinking the Three Rs: Growing Momentum Toward a New Gold Standard in Australian Research.

Recent years have seen increasing recognition of the scientific, economic and ethical benefits of the use of non-animal models in advancing preclinical research, giving reason to rethink the application and framework of the Three Rs. However, to benefit from the economic advantages of shifting to such alternative methods, and to realise Australia's drug development potential, legislative reform is essential. Such reform should be responsive to international regulations that encourage the use of animal-free methods, and be coupled with a corresponding re-evaluation of current Three Rs frameworks and principles. If these supportive changes, and the recommendations from the 2023 Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Futures Non-animal models report, are implemented concurrently - with government support paramount- then a new gold standard for scientific research in Australia could be created in which the use of non-animal models and animal-free methods is the default.

Deficiency of Abca1 and Abcg1 mediated cholesterol efflux pathways in smooth muscle cells enhances vasoconstriction but does not affect atherosclerosis

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): VIDI grant from Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO). Rosalind Franklin Fellowship from the University Medical Center Groningen. Both to Marit Westerterp, PhD Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) regulate blood flow distribution and blood pressure via vasoconstriction mediated by α-adrenergic receptors (α-ARs). Plasma membrane cholesterol may affect α1-AR signaling, but consequences for SMC-mediated vasoconstriction are unclear. Cholesterol loading promotes SMC-to-macrophage transition in vitro, which may enhance atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. The cholesterol transporters ATP Binding Cassette A1 and G1 (ABCA1/ABCG1) are highly expressed by SMCs and mediate cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), respectively. The role of ABCA1/ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux pathways in SMC-mediated vasoconstriction and atherogenesis remains poorly understood. We generated mice with SMC-specific Abca1/Abcg1 deficiency on the low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) background by crossbreeding Abca1fl/flAbcg1fl/flLdlr-/- mice with Myh11-CreERT2 transgenic mice and feeding them tamoxifen-diet. To induce SMC cholesterol accumulation and atherogenesis, we fed Myh11-CreERT2Abca1fl/flAbcg1fl/flLdlr-/- and Myh11-CreERT2Ldlr-/- mice Western-type diet (WTD) for 16 weeks. Combined SMC-Abca1/Abcg1 deficiency increased vasoconstriction in aortic rings induced by the α1-AR agonist phenylephrine, with reversal by methyl-β-cyclodextrin, substantiating its cholesterol-dependency. Unexpectedly, SMC-Abca1/Abcg1 deficiency induced urinary bladder enlargement by >20-fold, resembling bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). This was reversed by the α1-AR antagonist tamsulosin, indicating its dependence on bladder neck SMC constriction. Moreover, SMC-Abca1/Abcg1 deficiency decreased SMC markers and increased macrophage- and fibroblast-markers in the bladder wall, enhancing collagen deposition, consistent with SMC transdifferentiation. However, after 16 weeks WTD, SMC-Abca1/Abcg1 deficiency did not affect atherosclerotic lesion size, fibrous cap thickness, necrotic core, collagen, or macrophage content, suggesting that SMCs in atherosclerotic plaques were not affected. This may be due to low Abca1/Abcg1 expression in intimal compared to medial SMCs. We uncover a new role of SMC cholesterol efflux pathways in suppressing α1-AR mediated vasoconstriction and bladder SMC transdifferentiation, decreasing BOO. Our data may provide a mechanistic link for the association between BOO and diabetes in humans, particularly because diabetes is associated with decreased cholesterol efflux. SMC-Abca1/Abcg1 deficiency did not affect atherosclerotic lesion size or plaque composition, presumably due to low Abca1/Abcg1 expression in intimal SMCs of atherosclerotic lesions, as shown in mice and humans.

On the Transformation of the Classical Model of Interaction between the State and Science at the Turn of the 21th Century

The change in the relationship between the state and science is clearly manifested at the present time (we are talking about a slowdown in the growth of funding and a change in its principles, precarious employment in science, the prevalence of technoscience, etc.). After presenting the most characteristic features, the article discusses what these changes are related to and how objective they are. Based on the analysis of statistical data and strategic documents of a number of states, the reasons for the ongoing transformation are revealed. It is emphasized that its risks have been presented in many futuristic concepts representing scenarios for the development of society (from the knowledge society to transhumanism), but have not received due attention. It is concluded that we are witnessing a transition from the classical model of the relationship between science and the state, which emerged during the scientific and technological revolution of the twentieth century, to a new model characterized primarily by the expansion of the number of stakeholders, the creation of new forms of innovative research organization, networking and internationalization of scientific research, new techniques for evaluating and stimulating scientific activity, expertise of scientific projects, including public.

SUBJECT-OBJECT DIRECTION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROBLEMS: METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF FORMULATION AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM

The article actualizes the methodological problem of specifying the directions of scientific researches in the specialty «Public Administration and Governance» in the third year of higher education. The relevant problem is considered through the prism of the absence of an officially approved standard of higher education at the educational and scientific level in the relevant specialty. Attention is drawn to the fact that the organization of scientific researches in the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance», in contrast to the researches carried out within the field of science «Public Administration» are carried out by applicants for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy without ensuring compliance of the content of qualification work with any directions of scientific research institutionalized at the state level. The article substantiates the fundamental difference between the methodological support of the applicant's choice of a scientific degree of subject-object direction of scientific research which is carried out in the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» and in the field of science «Public Administration». Attention is drawn to the fact of absence of officially institutionalized at the state level for the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» directions of organization of scientific research becomes the reason for actualization of risks of incorrect choice by the applicant for the degree «Doctor of Philosophy» of the focus of his scientific research. In contrast, a researcher who prepares a qualification work within the field of science «Public Administration», for example, the applicant for a doctoral degree in public administration, despite their conceptual maturity as a scientist, has a completely exhaustive list of research areas within the officially approved specialty passports. It is proposed to solve the problem of inconsistency of the researcher's previous research experience with the level of methodological support for the choice of the subject-object direction of scientific research through the prism of expanding (changing) the list of specialties within the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Management» and/or providing for separate specializations within the existing specialty. On the one hand, such a step, will allow to order the directions of scientific researches in accordance with the focus of attention of a particular field of knowledge, and on the other hand, it will contribute to improving of the quality of preparation and conducting of scientific research. The indirect result of expanding (changing) the list of specialties within the field of knowledge «Public Administration and Governance» may be its further development, for example, in the direction of ensuring correlation with the field of science «Public Administration».

Mapping Geothermal Indicator Minerals Using Fusion of Target Detection Algorithms

Mineral mapping from satellite images provides valuable insights into subsurface mineral alteration for geothermal exploration. In previous studies, eight fundamental algorithms were used for mineral mapping utilizing USGS spectra, a collection of reflectance spectra containing samples of minerals, rocks, and soils created by the USGS. We used an ASD FieldSpec 4 Hi-RES NG portable spectrometer to collect spectra for analyzing ASTER images of the Coso Geothermal Field. Then, we established the ground-truth information and the spectral library by analyzing 97 samples. Samples collected from the field were analyzed using the CSIRO TSG (The Spectral Geologist of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization). Based on the mineralogy study, multiple high-purity spectra of geothermal alteration minerals were selected from collected data, including alunite, chalcedony, hematite, kaolinite, and opal. Eight mineral spectral target detection algorithms were applied to the preprocessed satellite data with a proposed local spectral library. We measured the highest overall accuracy of 87% for alunite, 95% for opal, 83% for chalcedony, 60% for hematite, and 96% for kaolinite out of these eight algorithms. Three, four, five, and eight algorithms were fused to extract mineral alteration with the obtained target detection results. The results prove that the fusion of algorithms gives better results than using individual ones. In conclusion, this paper discusses the significance of evaluating different mapping algorithms. It proposes a robust fusion approach to extract mineral maps as an indicator for geothermal exploration.

Projections of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean using different tracking schemes under CMIP5 models

This research compares two different methods of tracing cyclones in the North Indian Ocean (NIO)- (i) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Direct Detection (CDD) and Okubo-Weiss-Zeta parameter (OWZ) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model data. Many CMIP5 models are evaluated against TC observations from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) and a statistical Generalised Additive Model for climate change projections in the past (1970–2000). Estimates of TCs' potential future occurrence in the NIO are evaluated using CMIP5 models (2070–2100). When compared to historical tracks, the geographic distribution of TCs generated by both detection techniques is consistent with what would be expected, and the frequency of TCs in the models is, with a few exceptions, consistent with observations. Generally, the OWZ plan results in more TCs per unit time than the CDD scheme. Though there are significant differences between the two tracking techniques, a small number of models have TC counts that are virtually similar. Compared to the CDD plan, the OWZ scheme generally has higher performance in the NIO area.

The Correlation between Dimensions of Sustainability Literacy: The Case of British and Turkish Students

The acquisition of the competencies of sustainability literacy through education requires an understanding of how sustainability literacy is shaped. In this connection, in the current study, the interaction between the following dimensions of sustainability literacy was investigated; SA (sustainability attitude), SB (sustainability behavior) and SK (sustainability knowledge). The study was conducted as a survey study on university students in the UK and Turkey within the context of a project entitled “Ecological Literacy Education” and supported by TUBITAK (Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Organization). The participants (n:1023) of the study are students attending several departments of Plymouth University in the UK and Mugla Sitki Kocman University in Turkey. The data were collected by using the Scale of Sustainability Literacy and analyzed using AMOS version 24. Although it was understood that there were mutual and positive correlations between the dimensions of sustainability literacy, it was revealed that the correlations between some sub-dimensions of these dimensions showed variation. The results of the study are expected to contribute to revealing the interaction between the dimensions of sustainability literacy in more detail and accordingly to the effectiveness of sustainability education.

Comparing the output of measured and GEANT4 simulated X-ray tubes

Monte Carlo simulation codes that model particle interactions with matter, including GEANT4, can be used to support the development of novel X-ray tubes and instruments for applications in industry and research. Based on our knowledge, simulations of the output of transmission-geometry X-ray tubes have not yet been conducted in GEANT4. Simulations of reflection-geometry tubes are scarce, with a limited number of studies investigating the capability and accuracy of GEANT4 in this domain. Therefore, the aim of this work is to benchmark GEANT4 for the characterisation of X-ray tubes with industry applications, using for the first time a range of X-ray tubes geometries and high voltages. In this work, GEANT4 is benchmarked against experimental measurements performed at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, with both transmission and reflection X-ray tubes. High voltages between 17 kV and 42.5 kV for tungsten, molybdenum, gold, and silver targets are investigated. The measurements have been performed with a MXR packaged X-ray tube (reflection) and Magnum X-ray tubes (transmission) and a fast silicon drift detector (SDD). Our study shows that GEANT4 predicts the bremsstrahlung continuum output of transmission and reflection X-ray tubes, in agreement with the experimental measurements. The Penelope physics models, distributed with GEANT4, and the GEANT4 X-ray fluorescence data libraries ANSTO HF, based on the Hartree-Fock approach, exhibit the best agreement against experimental measurements. Depending on the high voltage, target and X-ray line agreement was found to vary between 10% and 300%. Differences between GEANT4 and experimental data are more significant for lower voltage X-ray tube measurements and are most likely due to limitations in the ionisation electron cross-section and/or atomic relaxation data libraries used. As next steps, it is recommended to validate GEANT4 against other, independent experimental measurements to corroborate the results of this work. In addition, it would be useful to repeat the same study with other general purpose Monte Carlo codes for radiation physics to compare their capability against GEANT4 in this application domain.

Некоторые проблемные вопросы организации выполнения научных исследований в области медицины катастроф

Summary. The objectives of the study are to analyze and give a general assessment of the organization of scientific research on the problems of disaster medicine, including within the framework of dissertation works carried out mainly by specialists of the Disaster Medicine Service (QMS) of the Russian Ministry of Health; outline the main directions for its further improvement. Materials and methods of research. Research materials – regulatory, program and methodological documents regulating the procedure for organizing scientific research on the problems of disaster medicine in 1994–2020: all (116) dissertation works defended in the dissertation council in the specialty 05.26.02 “Safety in emergency situations (medicine) disasters)”, which operated in 1996–2020. at the All-Russian Center for Disaster Medicine “Zashchita” (VTsMK “Zashchita”); data from expert assessment cards on the research topic, filled out by the teaching staff of the departments: disaster medicine, mobilization training of health care and disaster medicine, disaster medicine and life safety of educational organizations of higher medical and additional professional education of the Ministry of Health of Russia; scientific works and publications devoted to the study of problematic issues in disaster medicine. When carrying out the study, the following methods were used: methods of content analysis and expert assessment; statistical, analytical, bibliographic methods and field observation method. Research results and their analysis. The results of the study are presented, characterizing the state of the organization of scientific research on problematic issues of disaster medicine, including within the framework of dissertations carried out by specialists from medical organizations subordinate to the Ministry of Health of Russia. Reasonable proposals were made to improve the organization of scientific research in disaster medicine.

Multi-element geochemical analyses on ultrafine soils in Western Australia – towards establishing abundance ranges in mineral exploration settings

In this study, we present summary statistics for multi-element soil geochemistry across Western Australia based on over 74 000 soil samples using the UltraFine+ ® method that extracts and analyses the clay (<2 μ m) fraction of a soil sample. This method is a critical advancement for the detection of mobile element signatures for soil geochemical mineral exploration surveys in cover. However, existing estimates of background metal abundances acquired with other methods and on different sample media do not readily provide context for these analyses, as recovery from the fine fraction differs to that of whole-sample analysis. We therefore present herein the geochemical results for 52 elements, including precious, base and critical metals, as well as commonly associated pathfinder elements for Western Australian samples analysed during several research projects by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). This dataset is separated by tectonic unit into the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane and the Youanmi Terrane in the Yilgarn Craton, the Pilbara Craton and Sylvania Inlier, the Gascoyne, Lamboo and Aileron Provinces, and the Bryah and Earaheedy Basins to provide exploration-relevant context in these areas. We discuss some of the general trends observed for 12 of these elements, as well as some considerations for the use of these data in comparison to other geochemical soil surveys and with regards to mineral exploration settings. The samples presented in this study are not evenly distributed across Western Australia and limited information is available to correlate whether lithology at depth is mineralized or barren. However, in the absence of other systematic datasets using the <2 μ m-size fraction, these data present a suitable first-pass resource of element abundance ranges in areas of mineral exploration interest using the UltraFine+ ® method in some of the mineral-endowed areas of Western Australia. Supplementary material: Supplementary data A, UltraFine+ ® Soil Sampling Guide; B, UltraFine+ ® analyses results for available samples in Western Australia; C, Summary statistics of UltraFine+ ® analyses by simplified tectonic units; Supplementary Figure 1, Comparison of elemental mean values and uncertainties for ultrafine reference materials QC 320 and QC 422; Supplementary Figure 2, Violin plots of Ni, Cd, Mg and Au by simplified tectonic unit; Supplementary Figure 3, Location of soil samples in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane analysed via UltraFine+ ® , and those collected as part of the NGSA and GSWA regolith programme; Supplementary Figure 4, Comparison of W, Al, Mg and Ca results from UltraFine+ ® , NGSA and GSWA analyses in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6919933

The impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on green innovation and innovation modes: empirical evidence from Chinese listed enterprises

Under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), promoting green innovation in enterprises has been the central focus of the developmental strategy for China and countries along the Belt and Road to ensure sustainable development in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to the environment and development. This paper examines the driving factors and heterogeneous mechanisms of the BRI in green technology innovation, especially in collaborative vs. independent innovation modes, utilizing a multi-period difference-in-difference model (DID) and micro-level panel data of Chinese listed enterprises spanning from 2007 to 2021. We find that the BRI has significantly stimulated the number of green innovations of participating enterprises, primarily through the adoption of collaborative innovation mode, and the BRI policies are more likely to induce green innovation behavior of enterprises with high research and development (R&D), high quality of environmental information disclosure, and non-state-owned enterprises (SOEs), as well as in heavy-polluting industries. The implementation of the BRI has led to increased support from the government, financial institutions, and scientific research organizations to the participating enterprises, which helps alleviate their financial constraints and enhance patent transformation efficiency, and thus facilitate green innovation. These results are robust across different regression specifications. This study contributes to the existing literature on BRI’s environmental impact and green innovation with firm-level evidence, and has important policy implications for the Chinese government when promoting green innovation and internationalization of Chinese enterprises.

East Australian Current velocity, temperature and salinity data products

The East Australian Current (EAC) is the complex, highly energetic western boundary current that flows along the east coast of Australia. The EAC and its associated turbulent eddies dominate the marine climate of the Coral and Tasman Seas and the eastern Australian continental shelf. Here we present a series of consistent EAC data products that combines in situ temperature, salinity and velocity observations from the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) EAC mooring array and North Stradbroke Island reference site. The EAC data products are produced from over 1000 individual instrument files collected during six 18-month deployments in the East Australian Current (EAC) off Brisbane, Australia at 27 °S between 2012–2022. The mooring individual instrument files are combined, interpolated onto a common vertical, temporal (hourly and daily) and spatial grid. The ITCOMPSOM method is used to fill missing data in the time series. These data product can be used to investigate intra- and interannual EAC variability and boundary current dynamics.

Transformation of the Team Role Model of Scientific Schools Into a Markov Chain

The modern paradigm of performing scientific research is steadily improving. One of the directions of its development is the substantiation and organization of team interaction of scientists working on solving a certain scientific problem. The complexity of the tasks to be solved, the need to ensure continuity in scientific research, and the complexity of projects require the introduction of new project management approaches, even in the organization of scientific teams aimed at obtaining unique results.The provisions considered in the study are relevant for the development and organization of scientific research. Moreover, examples of best practices for the success of project teams, considering the types of roles of participants, can be transferred from the field of project management to the field of organization of scientific research. The presented tools will make it possible to move from qualitative ideas about the activities of scientific teams to quantitative assessments of the effectiveness of the researchers work. The use of modeling tools to demonstrate the necessity of each role listed in the scientific school's organizational structure as a "Belbin's team," emphasizing the most crucial ones that influence its growth, and the potential to combine specific project roles without sacrificing project quality are what make this research innovative from a scientific standpoint.

Ecological groups of reptiles found in Bukhara region

Any environmental problems observed around the world, especially, anthropogenic factors have an impact on nature, including the number and bioecological characteristics of reptiles. In particular, the expansion of the types and scale of human economic activity and its increasing impact on environment require the organization of in-depth scientific research of the diversity of reptile species, the ecology of their distribution and the organization of protection. Since the second half of the last century, issues related to environmental protection and conservation of biodiversity have become of universal importance in terms of their scale and fedtscheukoi, Agama Lehmanni, Ophisaurus apodus, Eryx miliaris, Echis carinatus, Testudo horsfieldi, Phrynocephalus mustaceus, Gymnodactylus caspius, Natrix tesselata, Vipera ursini, Phrynocephalus interscapularis Eremias velox, Eremias grammica.

Ethnographic Observations of the Wartime Everyday Life of the Population of Southern Ukraine: Post-Expedition Reflections

Based on field materials, an attempt has been made to analyze the state of self-awareness among modern residents of the former centre of freedoms of the Zaporizhzhian Army, which included parts of the present-day Dnipropetrovsk and Kherson regions. The transformations taking place in this socio-cultural space and their influence on self-identification processes are traced from an anthropological perspective. Examples of russian imperial attitude towards the cultural landscape of the southern Naddniprianshchyna in different historical periods are provided. Parallels are drawn with the testimonies of the renowned traveller and ethnographer, Alexander Afanasyev-Chuzhbinsky, who, in the mid‑19th century, exploring the region and noted negative trends regarding the economic practices of the new owners of Zaporizhzhia lands. It is argued that a similar destructive impact on nature and culture was the practice of constructing large dams on the Dnipro River during the Soviet period, which generated a distinct conflict between russian imperial and Ukrainian worldviews. Through the prism of the author’s collected testimonies during expeditions to the places of the Cossack Great Meadow visited by A. Afanasyev-Chuzhbinsky, contemporary events during the russian-Ukrainian war are comprehended. The focus is on the issue of the new genocide and ecocide brought by the occupiers to the south of Ukraine as a result of the explosion of the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Station. The study reveals family strategies for preserving cultural memory concerning the former landscape and the role of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks in modern processes of self-identification, through which not only the indigenous inhabitants but also participants of new waves of migration mentally assimilated the Zaporizhzhia heritage. Consequently, the military component of the cultural landscape of the Southern Naddniprianshchyna under the new conditions of the russian-Ukrainian war is capable of indirectly influencing the Ukrainian society. All of this calls for active protective measures regarding the cultural heritage and further comprehensive organization of scientific research in various fields of natural and socio-humanitarian sciences in order to preserve the values of the region and the development of Ukraine as a whole.

Automation of the Formation of a Mathematical Formulation of Kinetics for Multistage Chemical Reactions and Numerical Solution to a Direct Problem

Introduction. The basis for research, analysis and mathematical optimization of any chemical process is an adequate mathematical model that takes into account the kinetics of the object. Kinetic analysis is a challenge in chemical technology, since it allows for optimizing synthesis processes and predicting their efficiency. Numerous chemical processes involve several stage reactions. For successful design and optimization, a mathematical model that describes each stage is needed. Creating such a model manually can be time-consuming and costly, since it requires processing a large amount of information. The modern level of automation makes it possible to accelerate the obtaining of a mathematical formulation of the kinetics of multistage reactions. In this case, working with data is greatly simplified, and the probability of making mistakes is reduced. The resulting mathematical model can be applied for further analysis and optimization of the process. The paper considers the industrial reaction of catalytic reforming of gasoline, which occupies an important place in the modern scheme of oil refining, since it is a source of high-octane components of commercial gasolines and individual aromatic hydrocarbons. This process is characterized by the participation of a large number (up to 300) of various hydrocarbons, a change in the number of moles, and non-isothermality in it. Mathematical modeling of such processes involves detailing the stages to the required level. The detailing of up to 173 stages is considered. In this setting, automation of the formation of a mathematical formulation of kinetics for catalytic reforming of gasoline has not been carried out before. Therefore, the presented work aimed at implementing effective numerical methods and algorithms for automating the building of a mathematical model taking into account kinetics, thermodynamics, and changes in the number of moles.Materials and Methods. The mathematical formulation of the kinetics of multistage reactions was developed on the basis of the mass action law. The kinetic parameters values were taken from literary sources. The direct kinetics problem was solved using algorithms: the Gear method, the Runge-Kutta method of the 4th order, and the scipy.odeint() method of the Python language. The automation concept was implemented using the IDEF0 methodology. The software was written in the Python programming language.Results. A new software was created to automate the process of forming a mathematical model, taking into account the kinetics, thermodynamics, and the volume of the reaction mixture. The program results were presented by the example of catalytic reforming of gasoline. The model implemented the possibility of taking into account the intermediate heating of the mixture in the reactor cascade. Numerical values of temperature changes corresponding to industrial data were obtained.Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained through modeling chemical transformations in the cascade of gasoline catalytic reforming reactors confirmed the exothermic nature of the reaction. The developed software product provides displaying changes in the concentrations of reactants, as well as temperature variations in the reactor, and it can be used in scientific research organizations for the analysis of multistage catalytic processes. The results of the reaction kinetics modeling will be used in the subsequent optimization of the process conditions in production.

Creation of a Scientific System for Analyzing the Scientific Activities of a University as a Source of Innovation in the Production of Medicines

Introduction. The creation of new medicines and their introduction into production depends, in particular, on the organization of scientific research in pharmaceutical universities. The ability to fully utilize all the material, financial and human resources available to a university determines the possibility of effectively generating pharmaceutical innovations. This, in turn, is possible if there are methods of scientific analysis of the process of scientific activity of a university.Aim. Creation of methods for scientific analysis of the process of scientific activity of a university, allowing, on the basis of regularly collected information about the scientific activity of departments, to identify areas for improving the organization of scientific research.Materials and methods. The study used logical, analytical-synthetic research methods, modeling, and the method of expert assessments. The scientific reports of the Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy (PSFA) departments for 2019 were studied.Results and discussion. A model of the functioning of the scientific activities of a university has been developed using the example of PSFA, reflecting the degree of interaction of individual departments with each other. Original methods for assessing the effectiveness of individual departments were developed based on the ratio of material, financial, and human resources invested in the work of the departments, and the scientific and practical output obtained as a result of scientific activities.Conclusion. The created model for organizing the scientific activities of the university made it possible to identify departments as “generators” and “successors of scientific research”, as well as the phenomenon of imbalance or lack of interaction between departments. Original methods for assessing human resources and scientific output of the department have been created. To evaluate the work of the department, a rule was formulated for the balance between the resources invested in the work of the department and the scientific result obtained, as well as the balance between the scientific output itself, expressed in scientific publications, and the practical output, expressed in received patents, grants and implementation acts.

Становление Северо-Кавказской историографии в 20–30-е гг. ХХ в.: от первых работ по истории науки к организации научных центров

In the historiography of the 20–30s of the XX century, the problem of the development of scientific centers, as well as the formation of scientific intelligentsia in the regions, began to take shape as an independent direction. In the North Caucasus, this problem was organically connected with the study of the natural productive forces of national regions and with the tasks of their economic development, which was determined by the course of the Soviet power. During these years, the first publications on the history of the organization of scientific re-search in the region began to be published. The scientific centers established in the North Caucasus planned their work on the basis of maximum connection with the economic, commercial and cultural needs of the na-tional regions. The prospective plans of research institutes included topics that were most relevant to the prac-tice of socialist construction in the national regions during the period under study.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT STATE OF FUNCTIONALITY OF THE SYSTEM OF SCIENTIFIC AND SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES OF SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE

In the conditions of Ukraine's aspiration to join the European Union, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the systems of the existing research institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine requires special attention.
 The article deals with the peculiarities of the functioning of the systems of scientific and scientific and technical activity of scientific institutions of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine in the context of European experience, perspectives of legislation and normative regulation regarding the state of the organization of scientific research in the field of military science. The approach of foreign scientific institutions regarding the main issues of the organization of scientific and scientific and technical activities, the use of various models of organization and conducting research, issues of quality control of scientific products, and its comprehensive evaluation is presented. Some aspects regarding the peculiarities of the functioning of the management systems of subjects of scientific and scientific and technical activity, the main principles and approaches to the creation and development of national systems of scientific research in the field of military science are considered.
 The main problematic issue is the imperfection of the legislative and regulatory framework, the organizational structure of research units, the personnel structure and the complex system of their support.
 In this context, it is of interest to further study foreign approaches and methods of evaluating scientific and scientific and technical activity, taking into account the best approaches for domestic scientific institutions, the possibility of integrating global scientific and educational experience into the reality of domestic scientific activity.
 It is promising to develop well-founded recommendations for improving the efficiency of the existing system of scientific institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.