Scientific Positions Research Articles

Morphological Research Directions at Neuroscience-Related Institutes of the German Max Planck Society, 1948–2002

This article explores the continuation of the pathological morphology research program at neuroscience-related institutes from the Kaiser Wilhelm Society after World War II. It covers the research tradition in the brain sciences, which can be described by an emphasis on gross anatomy, the functional implications of morphological substrates, and the analysis of neurohistological research paths of the human brain in comparative contexts. To enable examination of the assimilation processes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society’s legacy, the decisions and developments of the newly created Max Planck Society in Germany and its early brain science facilities will be assessed for the time period from 1948 to 2002. Pertaining to these overall developments in the Max Planck Society, a persistence of the “morphological paradigm” (microanatomy, pathology, comparative anatomy, etc.) can be identified as lasting until the 1960s. The newer “functional paradigm” (neurophysiology, electroencephalography, cybernetics, and behavioral studies) only became more visible when the first generations of the scientific leaders left their positions in this national research society. It is of note that many directors and scientific members, including Detlev Ploog (1920–2005), Dieter Lux (1924–1995), Georg W. Kreutzberg (1932–2019), Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt (1927–1992), Hans Thönen (1928–2012), Manfred Eigen (1927–2019), Erwin Neher (b. 1944), Hartmut Wekerle (b. 1944), Albert Hertz (1921–2018), Bert Sakmann (b. 1942), and Wolf Singer (b. 1943) were part of the American Neuroscience Research Program as associates, members, conference chairs, or trainees. Likewise, they joined the Society for Neuroscience early on, after it had emerged from the Neuroscience Research Program’s steering committee in 1969. This article seeks to clarify the context of the reorganization of the brain research-related Max Planck Institutes during the postwar period after World War II. Its trajectory includes the location of the institutes, their previous involvement in applied research, and personal continuities in scientific leadership positions, contributing to debates during the first decades of the Max Planck Society. The lens of pathological brain research emerges here as an important viewpoint to aid the understanding of the continued impact and concerns over the dominant morphological approaches in postwar West German neurology and psychiatry.

Being a woman or being a mathematician: Self and external perceptions of female early career researchers in a mathematical cluster of excellence

In Germany, equality between men and women in mathematics, particularly in scientific leadership positions, is far from being achieved. This is despite to different equality measures implemented over the last few decades. Grounded in sociology of knowledge, interaction theory, and field theory, this article analyzes possible causes and mechanisms that maintain gender differences in a mathematical cluster of excellence in which gender equality is formulated as a goal and implemented in various measures. Based on 65 semi-structured interviews, the focus is on the self-perceptions of female early career researchers as mathematicians, as well as the (gendered) attributions they have to deal with by (male and female) scientists in leadership positions against the background of the specific culture in a mathematical cluster of excellence. We highlight the tensions that female early career researchers identify in being regarded as women when they want to be perceived and recognized first as mathematicians. We shed light on how this tension is connected to the discipline and (re)produced by scientists in leadership positions in their patterns of interpretation about equality (measures).

Disparities in Global Authorship and Data Source in the Pediatric Blood and Cancer Journal 2011-2021: Realities and Strategies for Improvement.

Research expands knowledge and improves outcomes. Research is needed in all settings, but most often occurs in high-income countries (HIC) compared to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Publication in scientific peer-reviewed journals and authorship position are important for academic/clinical advancement. We explored the current state of global authorship and data source distribution for publications in the Pediatric Blood and Cancer (PBC) journal. LMIC-affiliated author inclusion and position in selected article categories of the PBC (2011-2021) were recorded. Articles with at least one LMIC-affiliated author (first-listed affiliation) and 5% of exclusively HIC-authored articles were verified. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Of 4504 articles reviewed, 593 (13%) included at least one LMIC-affiliated author (517/593 [87%] as first author and 488/593 [82%]) as senior author. In a subset of articles with LMIC-sourced data, 148/675 (22%) included exclusively HIC authors. Within the LMIC-sourced data subset, 81/675 (12%) articles were mixed HIC/LMIC affiliation and 446/675 (66%) were exclusively LMIC-affiliated. The frequency of LMIC-affiliated authors as first or senior author within HIC/LMIC-affiliated collaborations was 31/81 (38%) and 9/81 (11%), respectively. As more than 80% of children live in LMICs and the WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer is increasingly engaged across LMICs, all researchers/clinicians must justly be given an opportunity to conduct, write, publish, and be recognized for their research. PBC is uniquely poised to promote equitable publishing practices and opportunities for professional recognition by drawing on emerging best practices for equitable authorship, including potentially restructuring authorship guidelines and requirements.

Digital Footprints and Evidence: The Need for a Theoretical and Normative Definition in the Context of Digitalization

Introduction: the paper analyzes the scientific positions of understanding footprints and evidence processed exclusively in digital form, their nature, and their relationship with generally accepted categories. The current discussion allows for developing a unified approach to understanding the nature of digital footprints and their interpretation in the science of criminalistics, criminal procedure, and other branches of legal science. The study aims to examine the most influential scientific perspectives on comprehending the fundamental nature of digital footprints and evidence, with the goal of subsequently incorporating these understandings into the criminal law sciences and legislation. The author analyzes the controversial issues of the nature of digital footprints and evidence, clarifies some judgments, and identifies potential solutions. Methods: the dialectical, systemic, and logical methods (general scientific) were used in the course of the study. Among the specific scientific research methods, the formal legal and generalization methods prevailed. Results: based on the results of the conducted research, the most general theoretical positions on understanding the essence of trace and evidentiary information in the digital (electronic) environment are highlighted. The information on the main approaches to understanding this category is summarized, and some additions to the domestic legislation are proposed in order to eliminate existing contradictions. Conclusions: the use of data created and processed in electronic form as orienting and evidentiary information is an objective necessity. The available scientific views on the problem under consideration have studied its essence quite comprehensively, operate in various terms, and, in the author’s opinion, require the development of a conceptual construct, including those enshrined in the legislation to optimize criminal proceedings.

Evolution of the Concept of Traumatic Experience: Cultural Aspect

The purpose of the article is to conduct a cultural reflection to clarify the peculiarities of the evolution of the concept of traumatic experience, to outline the specifics of its conceptual and semantic deployment in the European socio-cultural space. The research methodology includes general scientific principles of systematisation and generalisation of the problem under study, which allowed to identify and scientifically substantiate existing theories, conceptual approaches to understanding the content of the concepts of ‘trauma’, ‘traumatic experience’, ‘trauma of modernisation’, ‘trauma of social change’. The purpose and objectives of the article led to the use of an axiological approach, which allowed identifying the interdisciplinary nature of the theories under consideration, revealing personalised scientific positions and their cultural context. The use of the analytical method allowed us to identify conceptual foundations for further scientific perspectives on the problematisation of traumatic experience, namely, to clarify the role and significance of cultural/creative practices in processing traumatic experience by studying the evolution of this concept within the framework of the formation of trauma studies as an independent field of scientific knowledge and to make an attempt to develop algorithms for their practical implementation in the discourse of applied cultural studies. The scientific novelty lies in the cultural analysis of personalised scientific positions on the evolution of the concept of ‘traumatic experience’, in view of the specifics of its conceptual and semantic deployment in the European socio-cultural space. Conclusions. The conceptual and semantic development of the concept of traumatic experience unfolds against the dynamic change in the European general socio-cultural context caused by the outbreak and course of the First World War. Already during the war and after its end, on the basis of the empirical experience gained in the treatment of numerous traumas and mental disorders, scientific understanding of their nature, the specifics of traumatic experience manifestations began, and practicing military doctors, psychiatrists and psychologists developed recommendations for its experience, overcoming, and processing/working through. The evolution of the concept of traumatic experience in the discourse of classical psychoanalysis developed in the unity of epistemological and hermeneutical theory of experience, playing a leading role in explicating trauma and traumatic experience in the sphere of interest of various social sciences and humanities, from art history and cultural studies to sociology and political science. By expanding the subject field of studying trauma and traumatic experience, Freud laid the foundation for a methodological principle that is called interdisciplinary and becomes one of the basic ones for further studying trauma and traumatic experience against the broad background of a holistic picture of human existence in society and the world of culture.

Technological scenarios of posthumanism: which [built] environment towards sustainability

Abstract Human kind has always been an explorer and technological innovation over the centuries is been implemented thanks to his thirst for novelty. Technological progress today clashes with the limitations of available resources and environmental impacts. The acceleration in the introduction of technological innovations determines rapid obsolescence of human artifacts and the need for continuous replacement, reducing the useful life of products. Having exhausted the physicality of planet Earth, human exploration now continues in two directions: on the one hand, the colonization of Space, on the other, the construction of new virtual worlds (Metaverse) and new physical and cognitive capabilities (biotechnology and artificial intelligence). However, these explorations are the source of considerable energy consumption (e.g., of space flights and data centers) and contribute to climate change, increasing the critical issues regarding the sustainability of lifestyles. Technological and scientific progress, after having changed the natural environment, today comes to change human nature (posthumanism), and consequently the living environment of human kind. The research is approached through the comparison of different philosophical and scientific positions (literature analysis), transferring some general considerations to the building sector. What next generation built environment will be?

Создание, продвижение и распространение знаний на основе научно-исследовательской деятельности в области международно-правовой науки (на примере международного трудового права)

The article is devoted to the analysis of the reflection of the provisions of Art. 5 of the 1998 World Declaration on Higher Education for the 21st Century on the need to advance knowledge through scientific research in the fields of natural sciences, humanities and the arts and disseminate their results using the example of the science of international labour law. The views of mainly domestic authors are examined in a historical perspective from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day on the place of international labour law in law, examples of scientific positions of representatives of the science of public international law, private international law, and labour law are given.

CONCEPTS AND SIGNS OF LEGAL ORDER: THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS

The article analyzes the content of the concept and the main features that characterize legal order as a socio-political and legal phenomenon. The main trends and views of scientists and scholars regarding the definition of the essence of the legal order are characterized. It was established that legal order should be considered as a settled state of public social relations that ensure the proper functioning of the state, its structures, public formations and citizens. At the same time, taking into account the pluralism of the opinions of leading scientists, the distinction between the concepts of « legal order», «public order», and «public safety» has an important theoretical and law enforcement significance. At the same time, the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine is currently significantly transforming approaches to determining the essence of legal order, especially in the areas where hostilities are conducted. Based on the analysis of scientific positions of researchers, regulatory and legal background and other empirical elements studied within the scope of the subject and object of research, the author’s position regarding the features characterizing the legal order. At the same time, a prominent place is given to ensuring legal order in the areas where hostilities are conducted. The perspective of further scientific research is the need to conduct thorough research on the maintenance of legal order in the areas of hostilities and in the de-occupied territories of Ukraine.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF «KEY COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE SPECIALISTS»

The study conducts a systematic theoretical analysis of the concept of «key competencies of future specialists» in line with the ideas and provisions of modern foreign and domestic regulatory documents, scientific positions of leading scientists in the subject area, and methodological materials of practicing teachers. The purpose of the article is to identify the theoretical foundations of the interpretation of the concept of «key competencies of future specialists» in the educational and professional contexts of training in institutions of pre-university and higher education by means of generalization, comparison and synthesis of leading scientific positions. The article analyzes the interrelationships and dependencies of the concepts of «competence approach», «competence», «key competence»; the scientific approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to the systematic classification of groups of personal competencies (key – over subject, inter-subject; subject – acquired in the course of studying a particular discipline). The conclusions are drawn that competencies are a dynamic combination of knowledge, understanding, skills, abilities and abilities. The development of competencies is the goal of educational programs. Competencies are formed in different academic disciplines and assessed at different stages. Scientists argue that the competency-based approach, along with specific knowledge and skills, includes abilities, readiness to learn, readiness for professional activity, social skills, etc.; all these qualities are formed in the process of professional training. Modern employers are increasingly prioritizing the requirements for graduates of higher and higher education institutions to have systemic, intellectual, and communication skills, the ability to self-organize and organize the activities of employees, and the ability to reflect on their own activities, so society's requirements for the educational activities of vocational schools are constantly growing. The main features of the key competencies of future specialists are: multifunctionality (allowing to solve various problems of everyday professional or social life); supersubjectivity and interdisciplinarity (can be applied not only in the process of education, but also at work, in the family, in the political sphere); multidimensionality (including thought processes, intellectual skills, creative discoveries); determining the need for intellectual development of the individual (abstract thinking, critical thinking, self-reflection, recognition of one's own position).

Legal nature of postponement of execution, change or establishment of the method and procedure of execution of a decision in civil proceedings

This article is devoted to the general theoretical analysis of the legal nature of such a legal phenomenon as the postponement of execution, modification, or establishment of the method and procedure of executing a decision in civil proceedings, viewed through the lens of proposed doctrinal definitions of this cross-sectoral legal institute. It is determined that in modern civil proceedings, issues of postponement and installment of execution, modification, or establishment of the method and procedure of executing court decisions are among the aspects that determine the effectiveness and fairness of justice. Attention is drawn to the fact that, under certain circumstances, postponement of execution, modification, or establishment of the method and procedure of executing a decision is more justified and rational during the execution of a court decision. It is precisely these measures ‒ postponement, installment of execution, modification, or establishment of the method and procedure of execution ‒ that allow for balancing the interests of all participants in the enforcement proceedings, as well as creating the possibility for the actual execution of the court decision in the future. The article examines scientific positions regarding the legal definition of such concepts as postponement and installment of execution, modification of the method of executing court decisions, and modification of the procedure for their execution. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that postponement, installment of execution, modification, or establishment of the method and procedure of execution are primarily aimed at ensuring the timely, complete, and impartial execution of a decision, and thereby, the actual restoration of violated rights, freedoms, and interests of individuals. Consequently, by their legal nature, these measures are more about balancing the interests of the parties in enforcement proceedings, with the aim of ensuring the full execution of the court decision and achieving the ultimate goal of judicial protection ‒ the restoration of the violated right.

COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE PHENOMENON STUDY AS A PRIORITY FOR ENSURING INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES

Objective. The purpose of the article is a critical analysis of the main approaches to collective intelligence as a priority for ensuring the innovative development of enterprises and the proposals development in the context of its effective use. Methodology. The development of a theoretical and methodological approach to the study of collective intelligence should be based on the business structures practical activity, the theory of collective intelligence phenomenon of individuals and their development in innovative activities; theories of organizational and competitive advantages; motivation, creativity and innovation. General and special methods are used: dialectical cognition; deductions and inductions; generalization and scientific abstraction; synergies; morphological analysis; competence, dialectical and synergistic approaches. Results. A scientific position has been created regarding the collective intelligence effective use as a priority for ensuring the innovative development of enterprises. An analysis of collective intelligence status essence and subject, the causes, mechanisms and consequences of its formation was carried out. It is shown that in contrast to the technocratic approach, which mixes collective intelligence with concepts of artificial intelligence, neural networks, big data, etc., it can be understood from a humanistic perspective as an integral set of human consciousnesses. A new understanding of the essence of the category “collective intelligence” is proposed. The issue of collective intelligence integration with computer systems and technologies framing is considered. The author emphasizes people-centeredness, which plays an important role in the intellectual and innovative activity of economic entities. The scientific novelty. The methodological foundation of collective intelligence nature is developed. The conceptual approach to the application of collective intelligence in order to ensure the innovative development of enterprises is substantiated. Measures for the development of collective intelligence are proposed, which gives the research practical value. Practical significance of the obtained results. The results of theoretical developments and practical recommendations of the author can be used to ensure the innovative development of enterprises due to the development of enterprises collective intelligence and their network associations.

Systemic View of the Role of Higher Educational Institutions in the Great Reset

The Great Reset is a concept proposed by the World Economic Forum to rebuild the global economy sustainably following the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasising stakeholder capitalism, greener practices, and more equitable social contracts. However, most of the literature focuses on the role of business and government actors in the Great Reset. At the same time, research that considers the role of higher education institutions (HEIs) is lacking. However, HEIs have the significant capacity to support various aspects of the Great Reset. In this work, we examine different mechanisms by which HEIs could bring change, such as fostering the growth of workforce skills, promoting entrepreneurship and innovation, participating in community development and others. A survey on a sample of university professors, postdoctoral researchers, and research assistants has been conducted with the goal of evaluating the degree to which HEIs have played a role in influencing economic recovery after COVID-19, leveraging the industry 4.0, enhancing regional development, revitalising global cooperation, formulating sustainable business models, restoring environmental well-being, and restructuring social contracts, skills, and employment opportunities. A two-step cluster analysis has been conducted, indicating that HEIs played different roles in the Great Reset process, being the Leaders, Followers and Laggers. We found a significant difference between the various groups of respondents according to their scientific field, position, and region regarding the perception of the role played by their HEIs in influencing economic recovery after COVID-19. The position of the respondents contributed to their perception of the role that their HEIs participated in the process of the Great Reset, with the assistant professors perceiving the most often that their HEIs are Leaders. Additionally, the scientific field and region of the HEI also impacted their role in the Great Reset, with the HEIs from technology and countries outside of Europe being the Leaders most often. On the other hand, Followers and Laggers were equally from social sciences and other fields and European countries.

GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY: SECURITY FACTORS AND CURRENT TRENDS

The issue of ensuring global food security remains one of the leading and decisive issues for all countries in the world, without exception. The implementation of the goals of sustainable development, which have become a strategic priority for society, has separated the problems of overcoming hunger and ensuring the health of the population as key and the main priority for the further existence of humanity. The article examines the essence of the category "food security" from various scientific and methodological positions and conducts a comprehensive review of the prominent trends that accompany the aspects of solving the issue of achieving food security on a global scale. The main elements of the agro-food system as a resource base for ensuring global food security are separated: 1) a sufficient amount of safe, high-quality food; 2) healthy nutrition of the population; 3) inclusive distribution of income and expenses of the population; 4) prevention of climate change, sustainability and conservation of biological resources. A set of key factors influencing the possibilities of ensuring global food security has been identified: population size, science and technology, climate change, imperfect global food distribution mechanisms, problems of gender inequality, urbanization processes, and inclusive gaps between the living conditions of the population, the growing scale of political and military conflicts The model's architecture, which contains the essential characteristics of achieving global food security, is outlined. Critical trends for achieving global food security were identified and assessed. Among them: the relative stability of the problem of world hunger, in particular, in individual world regions; increasing the level of dependency, hunger, and gender inequality; the growth of inclusive gaps in the economic availability of food; increase in the level of urbanization of the population; the health problem of a large part of the world's population and the strengthening of the trend of healthy eating. Ukraine, a significant player in the global agri-food market, holds substantial potential to combat the world's hunger crisis. The key to unlocking this potential lies in resolving the ongoing military conflict within Ukraine's borders and restoring the country's agricultural resources and production capabilities through sustainable development.

Right to work under martial law: Legislative aspect in Ukraine

The right to work is one of the fundamental human rights guaranteed by international documents and the constitutions of most countries, including Ukraine. However, the conditions and restrictions relating to the right to work under martial law may change. Due to the constant threat to Ukraine’s independence, as well as to the lives and health of its citizens, the regulation of labour relations is substantially different from peacetime, which requires scientific substantiation. The purpose of this study was to outline the key provisions of labour law relating to the person’s exercise of the right to work according to the social and legal vector of the state’s activities under the legal regime of martial law. The study demonstrated the significance of ensuring stability and security under martial law but emphasised the temporary nature of restrictive measures. The importance of maintaining a balance between the interests of employers and employees was substantiated, as well as the development of labour legislation to accommodate the specifics of the situation during a military conflict. Human rights may not be violated in either peacetime or wartime. On the contrary, the state should create conditions for the free development of labour and the fulfilment of human potential. Based on formal legal analysis of wartime legislation of Ukraine, comparison of various regulatory documents and scientific positions, the study highlighted the problematic aspects of observance of the constitutional right to work. The relevant conclusions were formulated, outlining the legal ways to achieve the balance of interests of employer and employee and proposals for improving the legislation were identified. The recommendations proposed in this study may be used by the legislator to improve the current labour legislation of Ukraine

The principle of proportionality of measures to enforce decisions and the volume of claims under decisions in enforcement proceedings

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the principle of proportionality of measures of forced execution of decisions and the volume of claims on decisions in enforcement proceedings. It is determined that the principle of proportionality of measures of forced execution of decisions and the volume of claims on decisions in enforcement proceedings finds its manifestation in a number of provisions of legislation. The article cites these provisions of the legislation on enforcement proceedings and analyzes them. It is pointed out that the essence of the principle of proportionality of measures of compulsory execution of decisions and the volume of claims on decisions is always associated with the need to ensure and respect the rights of the debtor. However, in the author’s opinion, this principle should also reflect another important aspect of enforcement proceedings – sufficiency of enforcement measures for the actual execution of the decision. This side should also be enshrined in the content of the principle of proportionality of measures of forced execution of decisions and the volume of claims under the decisions. It is concluded that the principle of proportionality of measures of forced execution of decisions and the volume of claims under decisions should not be considered narrowly enough. Scientific positions concerning the legal regulation of the principle of proportionality of measures of forced execution of decisions and the volume of claims under decisions are studied. The opinion is supported that in the legislation on enforcement proceedings it is necessary to formulate a separate article devoted to the content of the principle of proportionality of measures of forced execution of decisions and the volume of claims on decisions. Separate aspects of determining the criteria of proportionality of measures of compulsory execution of decisions and the volume of claims under decisions and judicial practice have been studied. On the basis of the analysis it is concluded that an important general criterion of proportionality of measures of forced execution of decisions and the volume of claims on decisions is the criterion of legality of the executor’s actions developed by the judicial practice of the Supreme Court. The criterion of proportionality should be the focus of the executor’s actions to ensure the fulfillment of the final court decision.

Purpose and principles of state regulation of non-bank financial services markets

The need for stable development and effective use of non-banking financial services market tools, as well as the imperfection of the current legislation in this area characterize the unconditional relevance of the topic of this article. The purpose of the article is to determine the purpose of state regulation of non-bank financial services markets, to define the concept of the principles of state regulation of professional financial activity, and to highlight and analyze the main principles of such regulation. It is noted that one of the main elements of state regulation of non-bank financial services markets is the purpose of such regulation. In view of the analyzed scientific positions and legislative provisions, it is concluded that the main goal of state regulation of non-banking financial services markets is: 1) ensuring transparency, reliability and openness in the markets of non-banking financial services; 2) coordination of activities of state authorities on the functioning of non-bank financial services markets; 3) protection of rights, legitimate interests and satisfaction of socio-economic needs of consumers of non-banking financial services; 4) prevention of abuses and violations in the markets of non-banking financial services. It is proposed to define the principles of state regulation of professional financial activity as the main ideas, basic principles, and general provisions of the implementation by the Regulators of a set of measures to regulate, control and supervise the activities of non-banking organizations and other participants in the markets of non-banking financial services in order to create favorable conditions for their functioning. , preventing and countering abuses and violations in the markets of non-banking financial services and ensuring the protection of the legitimate interests of clients. The main principles of state regulation of professional financial activity are highlighted: the principle of legality; principle of commensurability (proportionality); the principle of guaranteeing the rights and legitimate interests of participants in the financial services market (in particular, the rights of consumers); the principle of assessment by the Regulators of transactions, operations, circumstances and events taking into account their economic and factual content; the principle of mandatory licensing of professional financial activity; the principle of exclusivity of professional financial activity.

Aspects of studying timbre in scientific discourse

Statement of the problem. Timbre is one of the central categories of modern musicology. Studies of timbre are multi-vector and multi-faceted, which is due to the compositional practice of the XX–XXI centuries. In Ukrainian and foreign musicology, questions arise as to what timbre is, what its significance is in a modern composition, as well as how to analyze those timbre organization. After all, the emotional descriptiveness and general impressions of the recipient from the sound cannot be a reliable tool for analyzing timbre (in particular, its semantics) and timbre organization. In scientific works related to acoustic music, the toolkit of analysis has been developed, but it is not a finally formed closed system, but needs further clarification and addition. This article is devoted to the consideration of various aspects of timbre research and the systematization of the tools for the analysis of timbre organization. Recent research and publications. Theoretical basis of the article consists of the Ukrainian and foreign sources devoted to timbre: articles and thesis by O. Zharkov (2002; 2017; 2020), P. Boulez (1987),Yu. Ishchenko(2012a; 2012b), D. Smalley (1994), D. Klebanov (2019), R. Kashyrtsev (2022), S. Korobetska (2003), H. Kosenko (2018), H. Savchenko (2023), C. Saitis, S. Weinzierl (2019), M. Pashkovskaya (2023). Also, the article by S. Larson, L. Van Handel (2005) became the theoretical basis for the formulation the opposing pair of principles of timbre organization “timbre inertia / timbre activity”. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purposes of the article are: 1) to systematize the research vectors in the study of timbre that have developed today in Ukrainian and foreign musicology; 2) to highlight the principles of timbre organization of instrumental works. The article uses: a systematic and analytical research method to analyze and generalize the various aspects of the study of timbre in modern musicology; comparative one that considers the scientific positions in the understanding of timbre as a complex phenomenon; functional one substantiating the need for analytical tools when determining timbre organization and semantics; and typological – for identifying and classifying the analytical toolkit. The scientific novelty of the study consists in: 1) substantiating the universality of the semantic pair of principles of timbre organization “timbre integration / timbre differentiation (disintegration)”; 2) introduction into scientific circulation of the semantic pair of timbre organization principles “timbre inertia / timbre activity”. Results and conclusion. In the course of the presentation of the material of the article, the main areas of research into the phenomenon of timbres in modern musicology were summarized and structured. A couple of timbre organization principles “timbre integration / differentiation (disintegration)” have been defined, which can be applied in the analysis of timbre semantics in acoustic music. Another binary opposition of “timbre inertia / activity” principles is proposed to be introduced into scientific circulation, and the content of new concepts is defined. Finally, the significance of the examination of timbre organization when studying the timbre semantics is substantiated.

The influence of management decisions on the process of procurement for public needs

The author considers the issues of defining procurement in the Russian Federation and analyzes certain scientific legal positions devoted to the genesis of the institute of procurement for public needs. The author analyzes the opinions of scientists on the issue of division into stages and classification of these stages of procurement for public needs at which management decisions are made. Based on the analysis, the author attempts to formulate a definition of procurement for public needs. The author analyzes the fact of the influence of a managerial decision on the procurement process for public needs, proposes a classification of the stages of managerial decision-making in procurement, analyzes the relationship between managerial decisions and the results of procurement. According to the results of the study, the author justified the opinion that the adoption of each of the management decisions directly affects both the implementation of the subsequent stages and the result of the procurement for public needs as a whole.

Factors in the formation of information culture(socio-philosophical aspect of the problem)

In this article, the author offers a socio-philosophical analysis of the factors contributing to the formation of information culture. This research perspective seems extremely relevant and requires serious scientific under-standing. It is obvious that the main characteristic of modern society is its information content, which creates new horizons in the space of identification, the formation of a new cultural field, and the definition of new contours of communication. In this regard, it seems very important to identify and designate the main factors that determine the nature and value of the new information culture. In this article, the author, relying on exist-ing scientific research in this problem space, offers his own view on this problem and outlines his own system of these determining factors. The author in this article uses extensive historical and philosophical material, indicating the difference in approaches to this problem in different philosophical schools and concepts. The article also proposes to trace the logic of the influence of active digitalization processes on the formation of the information field and, accordingly, on the formation of a new information culture. The author quite clear-ly outlines his opinion regarding the influence of information and digital culture on the formation of a per-son’s identification code in modern conditions, and speaks about the positive and negative aspects of this phenomenon. The article also proposes to comprehend the state of information literacy, the status of an in-formation-literate person. To solve his research problem, the author uses a rather original methodological and methodological complex, which made it possible to fully outline the author’s scientific position on this issue.

Fraudulent act: essence and legal regulation

The article examines current issues of science and practice regarding the definition of the essence, signs and legal regulation of a fraudulent transaction as one of the types of contracts in civil law. The importance of the category of “deeds” for civil law is emphasized. Modern scientific positions on understanding the essence of the “fraudulent act” categories are defined and analyzed. The author's vision of the understanding of the above-mentioned category is proposed, under which, in a general sense, a transaction is defined where the debtor (as one of the parties) performs dishonest actions in order to avoid fulfilling his or her obligation to the creditor. The necessity of forming a unified approach to defining the essence of the category of fraudulent transaction is emphasized. The principles of civil legislation, which are violated as a result of the conclusion of a fraudulent transaction, and the court practice on this issue are defined. The essence of the violation of the principle of good faith when concluding a fraudulent transaction is clarified. The need to make appropriate changes to the current civil legislation of Ukraine in order to standardize judicial practice and eliminate existing legislative gaps is emphasized. The judicial practice is analyzed and a review of court decisions regarding the fraudulent transaction and its essential conditions is carried out. It has been established that private law instruments should not be used by participants in civil transactions to avoid paying a debt (money, damages, damage) or to execute a court decision on debt collection (money, damages, damage) that has entered into force. The article notes that a fraudulent contract can be both paid and unpaid. A paid fraudulent contract has its own specifics and features that distinguish it from another fraudulent contract (for example, a free one). The right to evil is singled out as a sign of a committed fraudulent act. Further prospective directions of scientific research on certain issues of fraudulent transactions have been established.