Modern Science Research Articles

Deep empirical neural network for optical phase retrieval over a scattering medium

Abstract Supervised learning, a popular tool in modern science and technology, thrives on huge amounts of labeled data. Physics-enhanced deep neural networks offer an effective solution to alleviate the data burden by incorporating an analytical model that interprets the underlying physical processes. However, it completely fails in tackling systems without analytical solution, where wave scattering systems with multiple input multiple output are typical examples. Herein, we propose a concept of deep empirical neural network (DENN) that is a hybridization of a deep neural network and an empirical model, which enables seeing through an opaque scattering medium in an untrained manner. The DENN does not rely on labeled data, all while delivering as high as 58% improvement in fidelity compared with the supervised learning using 30000 data pairs for achieving the same goal of optical phase retrieval. The DENN might shed new light on the applications of deep learning in physics, information science, biology, chemistry and beyond.

A case study of Ayurvedic management of Ankylosing Spondylitis w.s.r. to Prabruddha Amavata

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a rheumatic disease with various skeletal & extra-skeletal manifestation which belongs to a group of rheumatic disease known as spondyloarthropathies (SPA) which shows a strong association with genetic marker HLAB27. It is an inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology characterised by prominent inflammation of spinal joints & adjacent structures leading to progressive & ascending body fusion of the spine. Inflammatory back pain & & stiffness are prominent features in the disease, whereas chronic aggressive condition/stage, there may be production of marked axial mobility or deformity along with pain. From the Ayurvedic perspective, Ankylosing spondylitis can fall under Prabruddha Amavata which may be effectively managed when intervention is started in its early stage. There is no specific satisfactory treatment in modern science for this disease. Few Ayurvedic medications, are found to be effective in the management of AS. Here a case of AS managed by Ayurvedic treatment approaches has presented. A criterion Assessment was based on BASFI index of total 2 both before & after treatment. Abhadya Churna, Panchatiktaka Ghrita Guggulu, Mahasudarshana Ghana Vati were used during treatment. Patient has showed good improvement on BASFI.

Manajemen Kurikulum Pesantren Modern dalam Mengintegrasikan Nilai Keislaman dan Sains di Pondok Pesantren Anwarul Huda Malang

The integration of Islam and science in the modern era is an important part in facing technology and globalization, so the management of the pesantren curriculum must adjust to this. This research aims to discuss the curriculum management of modern Islamic boarding schools in integrating Islamic values and science in the Anwarul Huda Islamic Boarding School Malang. The research method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The results of the research show that curriculum management at Anwarul Huda Islamic boarding school Malang starts from the VISION, MISSION and goals. After that, a management structure and programs were formed that integrated Islamic values and science. There are two officially Islamic boarding school programs, and the other is supportive. The official programs are: first, the regular program (special school classes) which is specifically for junior high school or MTS graduates to continue their MA in Islamic boarding schools based on Islam and modern science. Where students at MA are not only taught related to books and religion, but general knowledge and practice that are in accordance with national curriculum standards such as Physics, Biology, Technology and others. Second, a special program called madrasah diniah which is required for students, both in school or college, with a class level. The supporting program is the implementation of activities integrating Islamic and scientific values, for example making chips using modern tools, tempeh beans from original materials, mineral water that is guaranteed to be safe and original, and also maggot and worm cultivation which are all applied based on science and religious science so as to maintain halal and honesty.

Hypercomplex Numbers—A Tool for Enhanced Efficiency and Intelligence in Digital Signal Processing

Mathematics is the wide-ranging solid foundation of the engineering sciences which ensures their progress by providing them with its unique toolkit of rules, methods, algorithms and numerical systems. In this paper, an overview of the numerical systems that have currently found an application in engineering science and practice is offered, while also mentioning those systems that still await full and comprehensive applicability, recognition, and acknowledgment. Two possible approaches for representing hypercomplex numbers are proposed—based on real numbers and based on complex numbers. This makes it possible to justify the creation and introduction of numerical systems specifically suited to digital signal processing (DSP), which is the basis of all modern technical sciences ensuring the technological progress of mankind. Understanding the specifics, peculiarities, and properties of the large and diverse family of hypercomplex numbers is the first step towards their more comprehensive and thorough study, and hence their use in a number of high-tech intelligent applications in various engineering and scientific fields, such as information and communication technologies (ICT), communication and neural networks, cybersecurity and national security, artificial intelligence (АI), space and military technologies, industrial engineering and machine learning, astronomy, applied mathematics, quantum physics, etc. The issues discussed in this paper are, however, far from exhausting the scientific topics related to both hypercomplex numbers in general and those relevant to DSP. This is a promising scientific area, the potential of which has not yet been fully explored, but research already shows the enhanced computational efficiency and intelligent performance of hypercomplex DSP.

Text-Linguistic Approach to Modern Arabic Literature: Analysis of Short Story "Arkhas Layâlî"

Objectives: Text linguistic, a contemporary field of study within modern scientific disciplines, investigates the criteria determining whether a group of sentences constitutes an actual text. This research aims to contribute to story analysis and deep structure analysis of stories through text linguistic analysis. Methods: In this study, the descriptive analysis method has been employed to evaluate Yusuf Idris's story titled 'Arkhas Layâlî' (The Cheapest Nights), within the context of macro-structural framework in Modern Arabic Literature. The subheadings that aid in comprehending and delineating this structure include function, title, topic, keywords, topical sentence, schema, topic-changing markers, style, summary, conclusion sentence, and motif/theme. Under these headings, the deep structure of the text and how this structure is constructed have been examined. Results: As a result of the analysis, it has been observed that the narrative is internally consistent and establishes a sequential, smooth connection between sentences. The author has meaningfully established coherence relationships in the short story, successfully conveying the intended message within this coherence framework. Conclusions: This study is believed to provide a different perspective on text analyses of this nature and shed light on future research in this field.

Exploring the Legacy of Ancient India Cultural, Scientific, and Socio-Political Contributions to World Civilization

This study explores the remarkable achievements of ancient India, focusing on its enduring impact on global thought and practices. From the philosophical insights enshrined in the Vedas and Upanishads to the revolutionary scientific advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, ancient India emerged as a beacon of intellectual brilliance. Concepts such as zero, the decimal system, and advanced astronomical calculations influenced civilizations across Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, forming the foundation for modern science and technology. Culturally, ancient India introduced transformative ideas of spirituality, yoga, and meditation, which continue to inspire holistic health and mental well-being worldwide. The philosophical principles of dharma, karma, and non-violence, as seen in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, have resonated globally, shaping ethical and moral frameworks across cultures. The socio-political structures of ancient India, including democratic assemblies and the Varna system, offered models of governance and societal organization, albeit evolving over time.This exploration reveals how ancient India's legacy transcends time, fostering intercultural exchanges and providing timeless wisdom that addresses contemporary challenges, from sustainability to global harmony. By examining this rich heritage, we celebrate ancient India's unparalleled contributions to humanity's collective progress.

Cumulative experience meets modern science: Remarkable effects of TongXieYaoFang formula on facilitating intestinal mucosal healing and secretory function.

TongXieYaoFang (TXYF), a classical formula used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, is renowned for its efficacy in treating chronic abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Modern research suggests that fundamental relief from these symptoms depends on complete intestinal mucosal healing, which normalises gut secretory functions. Consensus between traditional and modern medical theories indicates that TXYF is particularly suitable for treating the remission phase of ulcerative colitis (UC). Unfortunately, its potential in the remission phase has not received sufficient attention, and its use has been largely limited to a supportive role during the acute phase. This study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of TXYF in promoting intestinal mucosal healing and enhancing gut secretory function during the non-acute damage phase, as well as to identify the underlying mechanisms contributing to its effects. A mouse model of dextran sulphate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis was optimised to specifically evaluate the effects of TXYF on mucosal healing during the repair phase. The effects of TXYF on murine colon function were assessed by measuring faecal pellet count and water content, and further evaluated through immunohistochemical analyses. The underlying mechanisms of action of TXYF were elucidated using mouse intestinal organoid cultures, intestinal stem cell (ISCs) transplantation, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Active components of TXYF were identified via LC-MS/MS analysis and integrated with network pharmacology for bioinformatics assessment. TXYF significantly promoted mucosal healing, as reflected by reduced disease activity scores, increased colon length, enhanced epithelial proliferation, and decreased histological damage. Furthermore, TXYF enhanced the recovery of critical intestinal functions, including barrier integrity, absorption, secretion, and motility. Notably, the improvement in the secretory function was particularly pronounced. Mechanistically, these therapeutic effects were mediated by the upregulation of the Atonal homolog 1/SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor/Mucin 2 pathway, which facilitates the differentiation and maturation of ISCs into goblet cells, thereby contributing to both mucosal repair and enhanced secretory function. Our study demonstrated that TXYF significantly promotes intestinal mucosal healing and enhances secretory function. These findings offer a solid basis for exploring the potential applications of TXYF in UC management during the remission phase.

A Review Study of Srotas CoArrelation between Modern Science

Srotas are terms in Ayurveda that refer to tiny channels within the body that carry out various functions such as the circulation of micronutrients, detoxification, and supply of nutrition. Each specific Srotas carries out distinct functions based on its location and distribution throughout different body regions. The anatomical and physiological aspects of Srotas are crucial for maintaining an individual's overall health, as any disruption in their anatomical alignment or improper physiological functions can result in various health problems. Conditions related to Srotas, known as Srotas vyadhi, can arise, therefore. infrequent respiration, excessive thirst, anorexia, Adhimamsa, Asthisula and accumulation of toxins, etc. Considering the physiological and pathological importance of Srotas present article described Ayurveda and modern perspective on Srotas and diseases related to malfunctioning of Srotas.

Ethnobotany in the digital age: Opportunities and challenges of traditional knowledge digitization

Digitization of traditional medicinal knowledge bridges the gap between ancient wisdom and modern science, ensuring the preservation and sustainable use of this invaluable cultural heritage. This paper reviews the importance of digitization, highlighting its role in preserving oral traditions, fostering global research collaboration, and promoting biodiversity conservation. It explores the integration of traditional knowledge with bioinformatics tools for drug discovery and sustainable harvesting practices. Furthermore, the review identifies key challenges, such as ensuring data accuracy, ethical concerns, and accessibility for marginalized communities, while proposing solutions through emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain. By leveraging global databases and tools like TKDL, BOLD, and GBIF, digitization creates a pathway for advancing traditional medicinal knowledge into a universally accessible, scientifically validated resource.

A literary study of avedhya sira W.S.R to urdhvajatrugata avedhya sira

The concept of Avedhya Sira, as delineated in classical Ayurvedic texts, represents a significant aspect of Ayurvedic anatomy, emphasizing non-puncturable vessels crucial for the sustenance of life. Among these, the Urdhvajatrugata Avedhya Sira, located in the head and neck region, plays a vital role in safeguarding sensory and motor functions, alongside the protection of Marma points. These structures correlate closely with modern anatomical entities such as carotid arteries, jugular veins, and cranial nerves. This literary study delves into the ancient descriptions of Urdhvajatrugata Avedhya Sira, drawing correlations with contemporary anatomical structures to underline their clinical relevance. The study explores the Ayurvedic classification of Sira, their physiological functions, and their embryological origins, establishing their importance in preventing injury that could lead to irreversible consequences such as sensory loss or neurological deficits. Integrating classical wisdom with modern science, this research contributes to a holistic understanding of head and neck anatomy and informs safer medical and surgical practices.

Organization of the data monitoring process within the framework of clinical trials

This article explores innovative methodologies for organizing the data monitoring process in clinical trials, with a focus on traditional, remote, and risk-based approaches, as well as the integration of digital technologies. Through a comparative analysis of monitoring models, the study highlights the advantages of combining these methods in multicenter projects to enhance data accuracy, security, and compliance with modern regulatory standards. The findings demonstrate that digitalization and centralized systems significantly improve monitoring efficiency and risk management, offering actionable recommendations for clinical researchers and project managers. The materials of the article are based on a comparison of different monitoring models. Their application in multicenter projects is being considered, and their compliance with modern regulatory requirements is being assessed. Special attention is paid to the stages of planning, execution, completion of monitoring, as well as the introduction of information technologies. The possibilities of using data management systems. The results confirm that the combination of methods using elements of digitalization helps to increase the efficiency of data analysis, and minimizes the risks that arise in the process of processing large amounts of information. Ensuring data security and adapting monitoring to the specifics of specific projects is of particular importance. This work is of interest to researchers, clinical project managers, and specialists involved in the development of digital solutions. The proposed recommendations are aimed at introducing relevant approaches that meet the requirements of modern science. Data monitoring remains an important element of clinical research. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to use methods that combine traditional practices and innovative solutions aimed at improving management and data processing technologies.

RASIONALISME VS EMPERISME DALAM PERSPEKTIF EPISTEMOLOGI MODERN

This article discusses the debate between rationalism and empiricism from the perspective of modern epistemology, aiming to uncover how both approaches have contributed to the development of science and technology. Rationalism asserts that knowledge is acquired through reason and logic, independent of sensory experience, as advocated by philosophers such as René Descartes and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. In contrast, empiricism emphasizes that knowledge arises from sensory experience, as articulated by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. Although these views are often considered opposing, Immanuel Kant attempted to bridge the gap by proposing that knowledge is the result of the interaction between reason and experience. In the context of modern science, both rationalism and empiricism are no longer viewed as separate poles but rather as complementary, especially in fields such as artificial intelligence and neurobiology. This article demonstrates that the synthesis of rationalism and empiricism provides a more holistic understanding of human knowledge, which is highly relevant to the advancement of science and technology in the modern era. This research employs a descriptive-analytical qualitative approach, examining literature related to rationalism, empiricism, and modern epistemology to analyze their contributions to the formation of knowledge

What the New Atheists (and, for That Matter, Creationists Too) Got Right

The reception of the so-called New Atheism in the 2000s in the intellectual community was harsh. Its main figures were accused of elaborating on a subject of which they were mostly ignorant. Criticism focused on the narrow way they described religion as a set of factual beliefs that compete with—and pale in the face of—modern science, instead of a life experience, an ethical orientation, an existential commitment, or a set of communal practices. In the spirit of S.J. Gould’s non-overlapping magisteria thesis, these critics contended that religion has little to do with factual assertions. This paper challenges this strict separation, arguing that many theistic traditions, such as Christianity, inherently make factual claims about the universe and history, intertwining their beliefs with cosmic realities. Following Ronald Dworkin’s posthumous distinction between the “science part” and the “value part” of religion, the paper underscores the philosophical legitimacy of religious factual claims, thus acknowledging the potential overlap between science and religion. In this sense, it argues that the New Atheists may have got wrong the meaning of religion in many people’s lives, but they got the “science part” right enough. In the same vein, it concludes that while creationists are most likely wrong in their account of the origin of life and biodiversity, their contestation in the factual domain cannot be discarded as a disfigurement of religion.

Attosecond microscopy - Advances and outlook

Abstract Attosecond microscopy aims to record electron movement on its natural length and time scale. It is a gateway to understanding the interaction of matter and light, the coupling between excitations in solids, and the resulting energy flow and decoherence behavior, but it demands simultaneous temporal and spatial resolution. Modern science has conquered these scales independently, with ultrafast light sources providing sub-femtosecond pulses and advanced microscopes achieving sub-nanometer resolving power. In this perspective, we inspect the challenges raised by combining extreme temporal and spatial resolution and then highlight how upcoming experimental techniques overcome them to realize laboratory-scale attosecond microscopes. Referencing proof-of-principle experiments, we delineate the techniques' strengths and their applicability to observing various ultrafast phenomena, materials, and sample geometries.

Theory‐Refuting Findings in Psychology: How Much Should They Matter?

ABSTRACTTo a naïve falsificationist, one theory‐refuting finding falsifies a theory. In contrast, sophisticated science philosophers have emphasised larger research systems that include theories and auxiliary assumptions. Theory‐refuting findings can be accommodated by blaming poor auxiliary assumptions, refining theories, improving auxiliary assumptions, or pronouncing that the benefits of the research system render theory‐refuting findings unimportant. Popper, Kuhn, Lakatos, and Laudan have proposed research systems, with many disagreements between them. The present thesis is that each proposal is subject to two caveats. None of these philosophers sufficiently considered the opportunity costs associated with ignoring theory‐refuting findings. Secondly, it is not clear that previous pronouncements about how research systems work in the hard sciences necessarily apply well to modern psychological science. The interaction of these issues suggests that theory‐refuting findings may have more potential for mattering in modern psychology than would seem apparent from sophisticated research system perspectives.

Nancy Jane Rothwell: Brain inflammation and the path to leadership

Breaking barriers in both the lab and the boardroom, Dame Nancy Rothwell has shaped modern British science in ways few others have. Beginning her research journey at the University of London, she made a pivotal move to the University of Manchester in 1987 – a decision that would forge an extraordinary partnership spanning over three decades. During her early career, she followed her scientific curiosity into the intricate world of fat cells with groundbreaking research that cracked open our understanding of how the body regulates its weight through thermogenesis and brown fat metabolism, providing crucial insights into obesity and cachexia. Then, in a bold pivot that would define the next phase of her career at Manchester, she turned her attention to the brain's inflammatory response in stroke and other neurological conditions, conducting pioneering research that bridged the gap between basic biology and clinical applications. Her scientific brilliance earned her Fellowship in the Royal Society, marking her place among Britain's most elite scientists. Her deep connection with Manchester deepened further when, without planning it, she found herself making history in 2010 as the University's first female President and Vice-Chancellor, steering one of Britain's largest universities through fourteen years of growth and transformation until 2024. Her leadership style, marked by the same curiosity and determination that drove her research, helped position Manchester as a global powerhouse in higher education. Now, as the University's Campaign and External Relations Ambassador, she sits down with Genomic Press to share what she has learned about science, leadership and why sometimes the best discoveries come from taking the road less travelled – offering readers a rare glimpse into the mind of someone who has excelled at both groundbreaking research and institutional leadership while helping build Manchester into a world-leading centre of academic excellence.

IMPORTANCE OF POSTUROLOGY AS PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL AND SPINAL DEFORMITIES

Posturology is a modern science of correct posture, which deals with the diagnosis, dynamic observation and disorder in body posture. The consequences of incorrect posture often lead to musculoskeletal and spinal deformities. The purpose of the research is to understand the importance of post-typology for the prevention of spinal distortions and the preparation of a rehabilitation program for musculoskeletal deformities. Material and methods: We used a documentary method and an empirical study. The functional study was conducted in the period 2022-2024 on the territory of Plovdiv and Haskovo regions. 488 individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 were studied, 49.8% (n = 248) females and 49.2% (n = 240) males. The diagnosis was made with special tests for spinal dysfunctions. A survey was conducted on physical activity, poor posture and overweight. Statistical methods were applied to process the results. Results: A kinesiological analysis of musculoskeletal and spinal deformities was performed. Improper posture during functional stress of the musculoskeletal system is widespread among the respondents in 52.2%, and after excessive loading, they report previous phenomena such as pain in 45.1%, numbness, etc. The thesis of insufficient motor activity and the need for a kinesitherapy program consistent with the findings of the functional examination is confirmed. Conclusion: Posturology provides an opportunity for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of common joint and musculoskeletal injuries due to the interrelationships with other body systems. Correct human posture is one of the signs of good physical development and health.

Multi-disciplinary research will be the key to stop, restore, and end MS.

The past 25 years have brought extraordinary advances in our understanding of MS pathogenesis and the subsequent development of effective therapies. Collaborative genetics efforts have uncovered the association of 236 common DNA variants with disease susceptibility and the first association with disease severity, paving the way to more effective therapies, particularly for progressive forms of the disease. In parallel, and in addition to established environmental disease triggers or modifiers, new collaborative work has revealed new associations with components of the gut microbiome. This research opened a new and exciting prospect for exploring the gut-brain axis, with the potential to also provide new pharmacologic targets and diet-based therapies. Finally, with the availability of massive amounts of information and unprecedented computer power, a new wave of artificial intelligence (AI)-based research is sprawling. These investigations will result in statistically powerful predictive models to identify individuals at risk even years before the disease is clinically apparent. Furthermore, using approaches like semantic representation and causal inference, some of these approaches will be explainable in biomedical terms, thus making them trusted and facilitating their implementation in the clinical setting. The common thread that characterizes all of these advances is multi-disciplinary collaboration among scientists in the form of formal consortia, working groups, or ad hoc partnerships. This may be the "secret sauce" of modern science and the best strategy to stop, restore, and end MS.

Toward Multi-Dimensional Separation of Nanoparticles in Tubular Centrifuges

The processing and preparation of particulate products is an important process in modern industry and science. The enormous potential for innovation in research and development is due to the complex interactions of solids with their environment. The aim of advanced particle production is to achieve high yields of narrowly distributed particle sizes, shapes or material compositions that provide advantageous product specifications. The integration of solid–liquid separation into these processes expands the process engineering scope in terms of product quality and efficiency. Designing these processes to accommodate a wide range of separation characteristics at small-particle-size scales is a major challenge. Taking these aspects into account, the present work aims to improve a dynamic simulation tool for tubular centrifuges that models the time- and space-dependent mass transport and thus, for the first time, can predict separation outcomes when processing both single- and multi-component systems. Utilizing an optical measurement technique, nanosuspension properties can be measured in real time during separation to support model validation. The simulation results align closely with experimental findings and offer plausible insights when addressing multi-dimensional property distributions of non-spherical particles. This study contributes to advanced modeling of separation experiments in tubular centrifuges in real time, taking into account multiple particle properties such as material density and particle form.

How grain structure evolution affects the kinetics of a solid-state reaction: a case of interaction between iridium and zirconium carbide.

This work investigates the solid-state reaction between iridium and zirconium carbide, resulting in the formation of carbon and ZrIr3-an intermetallic compound of great interest for modern high-temperature materials science. We have found a transition of kinetic regimes in this reaction: from linear kinetics (when the chemical reaction is a limiting stage) at 1500 and 1550 °C to 'non-parabolic kinetics' at 1600 °C. Non-parabolic kinetics is characterized by the thickness of the product layer being proportional to a power of time less than 1/2. The nature of non-parabolic kinetics is still an open question, which motivated us to develop a model of this kinetic regime. The proposed model accounts for the grain growth in the product phase and how it leads to the time dependence of the interdiffusion coefficient. We have obtained a complete analytical solution for this model and an equation that connects the grain-growth exponent and the power-law exponent of non-parabolic kinetics. The measurements of the thickness of the product layer and the average grain size of the intermetallic phase confirm the results of the theoretical solution.