Scientific Intelligentsia Research Articles

ИНДИГЕННЫЙ ПОВОРОТ В УГРОВЕДЕНИИ

The article is devoted to the indigenous turn in Ugric studies, which refers to the cardinal changes that have occurred in Siberian ethnological and anthropological knowledge under the influence of the rapid entry into the humanities the Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi) representatives, who are studying their culture “from the inside”. What is the specificity of this kind of research? What place do they occupy in the general scientific ethnographic field? What are their social functions and priorities, advantages and/or limitations? The article aims at searching for answers to these questions. The object of analysis is the Ob-Ugric Institute of Applied Research and Development, in which today the main research forces of the ethnic scientific intelligentsia of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug — Ugra are concentrated. While considering the history of the institute creation, attention is drawn to the fact that the Ugric indigenous science formation was facilitated by all-Russian trends of regionalization, the activities of ethnically oriented public organizations in the okrug, as well as individual representatives of Russian and foreign science. The article highlights the contribution of the first leaders and employees of the institute (“founders”) to its scientific basis. In conclusion, the author brings up for discussion the problem of dialogue constructing during fieldwork. It is concluded that emphasizing the uniqueness of indigenous researchers as carriers of their native language and culture and upholding the independence of scientific centers created in Western Siberia occurred in the general context of global trends of indigenization and destigmatization. Emerging tendencies towards isolation are being overcome as northern/indigenous science becomes more established and equal dialogues are built in broader scientific contexts.

Становление Северо-Кавказской историографии в 20–30-е гг. ХХ в.: от первых работ по истории науки к организации научных центров

In the historiography of the 20–30s of the XX century, the problem of the development of scientific centers, as well as the formation of scientific intelligentsia in the regions, began to take shape as an independent direction. In the North Caucasus, this problem was organically connected with the study of the natural productive forces of national regions and with the tasks of their economic development, which was determined by the course of the Soviet power. During these years, the first publications on the history of the organization of scientific re-search in the region began to be published. The scientific centers established in the North Caucasus planned their work on the basis of maximum connection with the economic, commercial and cultural needs of the na-tional regions. The prospective plans of research institutes included topics that were most relevant to the prac-tice of socialist construction in the national regions during the period under study.

From the structure of the scientific text to the 1950s-80s bard song genesis

The main purpose of this article is to clarify some controversial questions about the genesis of the bardic songs. This cultural phenomenon is seen as a system of "author-listeners". It has already been noted that the macro-structure of the dialectical opposition "private-universal" manifests itself much more often in bardic song than in other cultural directions. The hypothesis that the bardic song originated in the scientific intelligentsia is put forward in this article. In order to confirm the hypothesis, a brief analysis of scientific texts in the context of the identification of "private-universal" structures is carried out. As a result, it is shown that the structural rhythm "private-universal" is originally characteristic of the scientific tradition. Its presence is an invariable factor across all cultures. Moreover, it is also an integral part of the style of scientific thinking. This way of thinking affects the whole social community and defines the bardic song of listeners and authors. The mechanics of the emergence of this cultural phenomenon have been the subject of research. The verification of the results was carried out by applying the scientists number dynamics in the country to the creation dynamics of the bard songs. Once linked to the structural analysis results, the identified correlation was converted into a dependency rank. Thus, the hypothesis of how the Bard's Song got started was confirmed.

The "Columbus of his Nation": The Visit of Emin Bey to the United States

Abstract: Placing Emin Bey, the first Ottoman envoy sent to the United States, at the center of analysis, this article examines the visit of an Ottoman naval officer, a member of the nascent Ottoman "scientific intelligentsia," and his efforts to challenge the pre-existing American perceptions of the Ottoman Empire in the antebellum era. The first section of this article discusses how Ottoman military reforms paved the way for the emergence of a new kind of "engineer officer" like Emin Bey. The second section expounds on the surprising impact that Emin Bey's visit made on American society. It analyzes how an Ottoman naval officer offered an opportunity through which American citizens reevaluated their diplomatic, social, and cultural institutions as well as those of the "Orient". The final section focuses on the legacy that Emin Bey left behind him, after completing his visit in the United States.

Social reality in the perspective of temporalism: In search of methodology

The article aims at linking social reality with the category of temporality in the conceptual perspective based on some modifications of modernity as culture. The author explains and applies the epistemological means of the temporal turn and presents the agent-subject interpretation of social reality in a new way. The article focuses on the potential of the temporal discourse which is poorly articulated in contemporary works but is immanently inherent in the sociological science. The survey methodology provides variables related to the past and making demands on memory and the ability to reconstruct events, and also projective questions implying the respondent’s ability to extrapolate patterns from the present to the future. The author summarizes the issues of time in her early and recent works and concludes that there is the temporal turn in the studies of social problems, social policy and social reality. The idea of integrating temporality and sociality results in the new components of the proposed analytical approach which emphasizes the agency of the scientific intelligentsia and updates the intellectual-educational and temporal content of the concept and thesaurus of social reality. The relevance and fundamental nature of the proposed approach are determined by the intersection of the temporality of the social life of individuals and groups with the sociological reflection of the fundamental categories and concepts of time in the academic discourse. Post-non-classical reality allows to conceptually explicate the temporality of inclusive-bifurcation sociality which explains institutional and microsocial problems of communities as non-linear worlds. The scientific-practical meaning of the proposed approach is that the concept of temporal social reality results in the study of modifications of value-symbolic and institutional characteristics of the discourse of the scientists’ role as agents of post-non-classical reality.

Педагогический образ И. Я. Яковлева в произведениях К. Петрова «Таэр» и М. Трубиной «Детство»

The aim of the study is to determine the typological features of a teacher’s image in Chuvash literature. The article analyses the image of the enlightener I. Ya. Yakovlev and identifies the artistic means of creating pedagogical characters. At the same time, this image is considered in the cultural-historical and national context. So, analysing the prose works of K. Petrov (“Taer”) and M. Trubina (“Childhood”), the authors of the article reveal the features of a literary hero and his connection with the personality of Yakovlev. Cultural and historical documents are involved in the work to determine the relationship of the character with his prototype, with the life and moral convictions of the Chuvash enlightener. Among them, first of all, it is necessary to mention the “Spiritual Testament to the Chuvash People”. The scientific novelty of the study is associated with the special role of the teacher in the humanization of the society and the aesthetic features of his representation in literary work. This problem in the Chuvash literary criticism is little studied and requires rigorous research. As a result, it was proved that the image of I. Ya. Yakovlev is quite fully depicted in all genres of Chuvash literature. He acts as the organizer of the Chuvash teacher’s school, an enlightener, and a teacher. Very often he is portrayed as the main “educator” of the Chuvash creative and scientific intelligentsia.

Formation and Creation of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijani SSR (1920–1945) in the Works of Azerbaijanian and Foreign Scientists

In this article the author examines the historiography on the problem of formation and creation of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR in 1920-1945. The aim is to summarise the available literature on the subject, to analyse the works on the history of the foundation and the first years of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan and to show the development of the research interest in this field. This article examines the works of Russian, Soviet, and international historians of science. Soviet historiography was based on communist methodology. Soviet publications were characterised by the use of a large number of published documents and statistical materials. The issues of the development of science, the scientific intelligentsia, scientific personnel, research work; the activities of public organizations of the intelligentsia; the organization of science in various branches and periods of the development of Soviet society were actively studied. Particular attention was paid to the system of Party and state management of science, policy in the field of its organisation, the attitude to the old scientific intelligentsia, the composition of scientific employees and the conditions of their work were analysed, and changes in their socio-political position were noted. During the Perestroika and post-Soviet periods, the tasks of studying the history of the organisation of science in the USSR expanded, new documents were introduced into academic circuit, many facts, events and names were restored, and the methodology and methods of research were improved. The author shows that post-Soviet Azerbaijani historiography of the formation and establishment of the Academy of Sciences, although it inherits the Soviet one, in many ways offers not only new approaches to understanding the history of its foundation, but also a new research topic. By the quantity and quality, time range, geography of publications by Azerbaijani, Russian and international historians, it can be argued that the problem of the formation of the Academy of Sciences is one of the areas of Azerbaijani historical scholarship.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ О ХРАМЕ КАК ОБЪЕКТЕ ИСТОРИКО-КУЛЬТУРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XIX — НАЧАЛЕ XX В. (НА МАТЕРИАЛАХ ЕНИСЕЙСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ)

On the basis of published and unpublished archival documents, publications in local periodicals, works of church researchers, the article shows the process of forming ideas of the scientific and church circles about the preservation of monuments of temple architecture in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. (on the materials of the Yenisei province). At that time, the temple was perceived not only as a sacred material object, but also as part of the spiritual heritage of many generations. The mechanism of inheritance was based on the collective responsibility of the inhabitants to their descendants. The idea is being formed that the temple, like other objects of cultural heritage, has universal significance and historical value, and therefore should be protected by the joint efforts of the state and the parish. The authors emphasize that before the revolution in the Yenisei province, as elsewhere, there appeared representatives of the church and scientific intelligentsia, who were actively involved in the collection, description, systematization and museumification of monuments of church antiquity. The article concludes that this process was significant not only for the local community, but was also part of the global and Russian trend of preserving the cultural heritage of mankind. At the same time, the interests of the state and the church, while preserving religious objects, largely intersected, which was reflected in the activities of church-archaeological societies and museums. Through the efforts of such devotees as I.V. Figurovsky, D.I. Evtikhiev and others in the Yenisei Siberia collected information about ancient temples, artifacts, documents, prepared a number of publications. This information is relevant even today, as it is often the only evidence of objects and sacristies lost during the Soviet period of history.

Жанрово-видовые особенности книги воспоминаний Е. Б. Халезовой. Часть 2. Генеалогия и история семьи

The article presents the second part of a comprehensive study of the book of memoirs by E. B. Khalezova as a work of non-fiction and a historical source. The goal is to show how the history of the family-related community of the Russian scientific intelligentsia is reconstructed in a memoir-autobiographical text. The significance of such works for the study of the history of the Russian family and the dynamics of family forms is determined. According to a number of literaryn characteristics, the work correlates with the family chronicle genre. It contains historical and biographical information about the Starynkevich and Borneman families, who were of noble origin. The history of parental and reproductive families is based on the biography of the prominent scientist I. D. Borneman-Starynkevich and the autobiography of her daughter. With all the differences, both families can be attributed to the type of “maternal family”. This source contains valuable information on the history of the families of the Russian intelligentsia. It also contributes to the understanding of how various communities called “family” change during a person's life and in the course of global and local historical processes.

TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION AND SCIENCE IN THE PROFESSIONAL SPACE OF THE UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENTSIA OF THE EARLY SOVIET PERIOD

The article studies the problems of the transformation of the language practices of the university intelligentsia of the Kazan province / Tatar ASSR in the 1920s-1930s. The forms and practices of changing the communicative space of the university intelligentsia of the early Soviet period are considered. A number of fundamental questions have been raised about the effectiveness and consequences of the policy of the Soviet government in the field of socio-cultural transformations. Since the study of language practices is based on a phenomenological idea of socio-cultural transformations, and on the analysis of a number of archival documents, the article presents a number of communicative practices of the intelligentsia itself, as well as forms of change in the language professional space by the authorities. The paper concludes that the scientific intelligentsia, under the pressure of external circumstances, was forced to take an active part in the formation of a new language and change itself.

The use of agencies by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR to control academic historical science in Soviet Ukraine (1953)

One of the working methods of the state security bodies of the Ukrainian SSR, which were then part of the combined Ministry of Internal Affairs with the scientific intelligentsia, namely with the employees of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, was revealed. Through the agent, who worked in this structure, state security officials tried to influence the personnel of the Institute and the main areas of its scientific activity. The agent's report was summarized and thoroughly analyzed. In his reports, a description of the state of work on the main research of the Institute’s scientists was provided, with the corresponding assessments characteristic of the era of Stalinist dominance, and, as a rule, a negative description of the Institute’s leading scientists and managers. Attention is focused on several main aspects: the agent work of state security agencies among the scientific intelligentsia and the state and development of historical science in the republic at one of the turning points in its history, because it was in the middle of 1953 that the issue of the main directions of further political, ideological and social development of the state was resolved.
 A new important historical document from the Branch State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine, which had not been published before, has been introduced into scientific circulation. Biographical materials on the names of the leading historians of Ukraine who worked at that time were added: O. K. Kasimenko, F. P. Shevchenko. Their characteristics in the indicated generalization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR and modern assessments of the scientific activity of these scientists were compared. It is emphasized that, in general, O. K. Kasymenko and F. P. Shevchenko supported progressive positions in historical science, taking into account the extent to which it was possible under the conditions of the totalitarian regime in the USSR regarding the history of Ukraine. Considering the current wartime, when ideologues of the aggressor state are constantly searching for “historical roots” in their claims to Ukraine, while referring to the alleged “achievements of historical science”, the topic, related to revealing the influence of totalitarianism on historical science, and turning it into a tool imperial policy, acquires undeniable relevance.

Критические настроения позднесоветской научно-академической интеллигенции в историческом и социокультурном контексте

The article deals with investigating into the conditions of the critical attitude spread among scientists and academicians during the period of 1960s–1990s towards some aspects of domestic and foreign state policy of that time. At the same time, the motives for such a criticism seem not to be obvious, since the social status and well-being of the scientific and academic intelligentsia, as well as its public prestige, was one of the highest among the socio-professional groups of Soviet society. To perceive criticism of Soviet scientists as a form of struggle against the regime does not seem entirely correct, since the critically thinking Soviet scientists did not seek to popularize their socio-political ideas and attract supporters from other social groups. On the contrary, the discussion on “complex” political and socio-economic aspects of the Soviet society took place within closed communities. In addition, the Soviet scientific intelligentsia of that time, unlike the pre-revolutionary intellectuals, did not idealize people; they did not have a sense of “guilt” towards it, as well as the idea of selfless “serving the people”. Soviet scientists perceived themselves as an elite, even aristocratic group, and this idea found expression in the science-fiction novel “Hard to Be a God” by the Soviet writers Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. The main character of the novel is the historian Anton, who was sent to the Arkanar Kingdom on an alien planet and assumed the role of an aristocrat named Don Rumata. He masterfully uses a sword, enjoys phenomenal success with women and contributes to the progress of local humanity. The Soviet intellectuals of that time constructed their own elite professional and social identity using the practices of prestigious consumption and behavior and pursuing specific socialization strategies that were alternative to the official Soviet norms and rules of behavior. The self-identification of scientists as an elite group within the Soviet society was based on the social conditions for the development of science in the USSR in the 1950s–1960s such as a high level of prestige of scientific and academic activities, high expectations from science as well as creating relatively autonomous scientific centers (“Academic Town” or ZATO (‘closed administrative-territorial formation’) – closed towns with secret research installations). Such settlements were quite independent from the local and regional authorities being subordinated directly to Moscow. Besides, secrecy of closed cities or facilities limited the possibilities of the direct control and interference from regional party and state authorities in the activities of scientific institutions and scientists.

Соціально-побутові умови та продовольче забезпечення науково-педагогічних працівників СРСР у 20-х рр. ХХ століття

У статті розглянуто один із актуальних напрямів в історичних студіях щодо особливостей соціально-побутових умов та продовольчого забезпечення науково-педагогічних працівників СРСР у 20–30-х рр. ХХ століття. Мета роботи полягає у висвітленні діяльності російських центральних та місцевих органів влади з покращення соціально-побутового, матеріального та житлового забезпечення наукових та педагогічних працівників, зокрема створення та діяльність ПетроКУБУ та ЦеКУБУ. Методологія дослідження включає принципи наукової об’єктивності, історизму, системності, а також методи аналізу та синтезу, узагальнення, історико-порівняльний, історико-типологічний. Висновки. Характеризуючи становище вчених у 20-х рр. ХХ ст., необхідно зазначити, що наукова інтелігенція, як і загалом радянське післяреволюційне суспільство, знаходились у складній суспільно-політичній та економічній ситуації. Наукова інтелігенція належала до тих верств суспільства, які особливо гостро відчули погіршення якості життя. Закриття низки вищих навчальних закладів і факультетів, затримки з виплатою заробітних плат, що і без того знецінювалися через розгул інфляції, позбавляли науковців стабільного доходу. Цей важкий у побутовому плані період співпав у часі з болісною трансформацією соціальної структури населення країни, що зачепило і наукову інтелігенцію. Матеріальне становище вчених було досить хитким, характеризувалося відсутністю житла, низьким рівнем заробітної плати, відсутністю умов для проведення науково-дослідної роботи, завантаженістю партійно-політичною роботою. Змінилося й ставлення до вчених та їх ролі в житті суспільства, побутувала думка про неприпустимість керівної ролі інтелігенції в будь-якій галузі народного господарства та культури, зведення становища представників інтелігенції до рядових виконавців. До того ж радянське керівництво розуміло, що науковий потенціал країни потрібно зберегти для будівництва соціалістичного суспільства. Тому одним із головних був пошук можливостей порятунку вчених від вимирання і надзвичайного виснаження. Влада починає вибудовувати співпрацю з інтелектуальною системою, залучаючи її на свою сторону, створюючи для неї сприятливі умови для життя та роботи.

Political Euphemisation: a View From Social Philosophy

Introduction. In conditions of a dosed democracy, the radically thinking scientific intelligentsia uses a special way of presenting material – political science euphemization and Aesopian language to express sufficiently sharp criticism of the existing system of authority. In politics, euphemisms are used to hide the true content of an article or book in order to mislead the reader. Research Methods. In the process of research the dialectical materialistic and synergistic methods were used, which made it possible to draw objective, scientifically grounded conclusions about the possibility and need to overcome the shortcomings in the ineffective applications of scientific achievements, about the need to stimulate the activity of young scientists, and take a set of measures to overcome the poverty of a part of the population. Of particular concern is the process of the formation of a modern system of education for a whole generation of people, whom academician V. B. Betelin called simulacra. Discussion and Conclusion. The expected effect of a critical analysis of the phenomena of euphemism and the use of the Aesopian language in scientific research and scientific communities, overcoming the non-interference of scientists in politics is the desire of state structures, branches of government to activate the policy of improving the educational system, strengthening the fundamental function of the state – to teach, heal and protect their citizens. Simulacrum is a term that is rarely used by our domestic philosophy, since this particular emerging generation of people is a matter of a possible future. Nevertheless, it requires close attention.

The Relations between Soviet Government Entities and Scientific Institutions in the Context of a Postmodern Approach to History

The article examines and analyzes the state structures of Soviet Ukraine in the 20s and 30s of the twentieth century, which were responsible for the organization, support and control in the field of culture and science of the country. In line with the postmodern transformations of this chronological segment, the system of state structures and their influence on the activities of semi-independent scientific organizations have been reconstructed. In view of postmodernism as a philosophical current, the nonviolent resistance of the scientific intelligentsia to proletarian culture, forced by the Soviet nomenklatura with a mass, uncompromising character, is revealed. The political processes around state structures and scientific organizations are reproduced in historical retrospect. The activity of scientific organizations of the above historical period is investigated and an attempt is made to reproduce their organizational and social network. The article proves that the evolution of modern society is due to the complex influence of a set of important trends and factors that determine the progressive development of its economic, political, social and spiritual spheres. The relevance of the study is due to modern transformation processes in a post-communist society focused on democratic, liberal European values. With the spread and development of liberal views in Ukrainian society, we are increasingly seeing the emergence of private scientific institutions, which are the prototypes of scientific organizations of the previous century. As a result, their internal activities and connections with other organizations are of great interest today, not only among scientists, but also among business representatives. This necessitates a more in-depth development of this problem, taking into account the evolution of the theory and practice of social and public administration of various forms of ownership of organizations and enterprises.

Ukrainian Intelligence in 1917-1921: Formation of Civil Position

The article analyzes the activities of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in 1917-1921. The author aims to determine the achievements and losses received by the Ukrainian scientific intelligentsia during 1917-1921. Attention is paid to their contribution to the development of science and culture of the period when the regimes in the Ukrainian lands were constantly changing and power passed from one to another. At the same time, the policies of these regimes differed radically depending on the foreign policy orientation and program principles of their leaders. At the same time, the Ukrainian intelligentsia reacted differently to the change of government. It was made an attempt to divide representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia into groups in accordance with their ideological and ideological orientation. The impact of political changes on key branches of science and culture is explored. It is determined that, on the one hand, the position of scientific institutions was unsatisfactory while cultural branches were revived and developed actively.
 The article is written using the principle of systematization, methods of comparison and generalization, structuring and analysis. The scientific novelty of the study is justified by the determination of the factors that influenced the formation of scientific and cultural interpretations of the future existence of the Ukrainian intelligentsia during the Ukrainian revolution on the basis of analyzed historiography and archival materials, as well as identifying major achievements and errors in this information and worldview. The author emphasizes the importance of further scientific research of the problem, because today, despite a certain existing block of work on the topic, there are issues that need further study and reinterpretation.

О региональных особенностях развития русской сибирской фольклористики начала ХХ в. (предоктябрьский период)

The article is devoted to a little-studied episode in the history of Russian folklore studies as a science — the development of folklore and ethnographic research in Siberia in the early 20th century (pre-October period). For the first time in Russian folklore studies the article examines the process of development of folklore studies in Siberia and evaluates the contribution of scientific, educational and other institutions, public and private initiatives that predetermined the specifics of the development of scientific thought in the region on the basis of the interpretation of qualitative and quantitative (statistical) data of bibliometric analysis of publications/sources. The pre-October period was the most significant and productive in the pre-revolutionary history of Russian-Siberian folklore science as a whole: at that time a layer of local scientific intelligentsia was formed, a network of organizations, institutions and structures was organized to promote the development of science in the region, conditions and prospects for the development of local university education appeared, the process of collecting, processing and storing folklore texts, their subsequent publication and popularization continued; the analytical study of folklore and the formation of new relevant scientific topics and research directions were intensified. The development of folklore studies in Siberia led to the recognition of the scientific significance of the activities of Siberian folklorists at the Russian level. The article demonstrates that in the pre-October period, the process of professionalization of Siberian folklore studies as a science was not fully completed, but was only just outlined. The transformation of Siberian local folklore studies into a “big science” would be carried out later and would become the leading trend in the development of Russian Siberian folklore since 1923.

REVISITING THE TRAINING OF SCIENTIFIC PERSONNEL IN DAGESTAN IN 1950S: A GENDER ASPECT

The modern rapidly developing world is filled with highly scientific technological discoveries, constantly improving technological equipment. The attention paid by society to the quality of human resources, their experience and knowledge, as well as high qualifications plays an important role. The era of information technology requires an appropriate approach and adaptation of the science personnel potential. This determines the relevance of the research and the importance of understanding and generalizing the Soviet experience in the training of scientific personnel. After all, the high level of training of scientific personnel and a strong scientific school in the Soviet state was the result of ongoing qualitative reforms in the field of science and education. In this context, the creation and further activities of the Dagestan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in which the training of scientific personnel began in 1946 is of undoubted scientific and practical interest. The determining factor for the development of Dagestan science was the creation of the Dagestan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, designed to solve the most complex scientific problems. The branch was formed on the basis of the first institution of science in the Republic, the Dagestan Research Institute, opened back in 1924 in Makhachkala as an integrated, multidisciplinary research center, which took over the functions of organizing survey work in all areas. The main purpose of the research is to highlight various aspects of the training of scientific personnel and the involvement of women in science in 1950s, based on the analysis of a wide range of diverse sources and monographic studies. The article aims to show the formation of the scientific intelligentsia in the Republic and to celebrate the first mountain girls who got the opportunity to study in graduate school for further seeking the degree of Candidate and Doctor of science. Analyzing the available material, the author has come to the conclusion that in Dagestan, the training of scientific personnel among women until the 1950s was practically not carried out. In subsequent years the dynamics changes towards an increase in a number of girls among graduate students.

«Созидательное устройство совместной жизни»: путь семьи ученых-геологов

The autobiographical tale of geologists, the Negrutsa spouses, “The Path of Love” (2002) is an informative source on the history of Russian geology, the everyday life of field researchers, and the social history of the family. The main significance of the book is that it is a socio-anthropologically valuable autodescription of a married family belonging to the scientific intelligentsia and to a certain professional group. The work contributes to the study and understanding of the processes of the formation of Soviet urban families in the second half of the twentieth century. The content of the book is considere in the context of the problems of marriage choice, matrimonial relations, the organization of extended kinship communities, family crises and conflicts, the relationship between professional and family aspects of life. The Negrutsa family belonged to the type of married families, whose unity is based on the personal interaction of husband and wife and is supported by immanent values. At the same time, the married family is influenced by the traditions of parental families, which in this case differed significantly in socio-cultural properties.

Russian Logics and the Culture of Impossible: Part I—Recovering Intelligentsia Logics

This article reinterprets algorithmic rationality by looking at the interaction between mathematical logic, mechanized reasoning, and, later, computing in the Russian Imperial and Soviet contexts to offer a history of the algorithm as a mathematical object bridging the inner and outer worlds, a humanistic vision that we, following logician Vladimir Uspensky, call the “culture of the impossible.” We unfold the deep roots of this vision as embodied in scientific intelligentsia. In Part I, we examine continuities between the turn-of-the-twentieth-century discussions of poznaniye—an epistemic orientation towards the process of knowledge acquisition—and the postwar rise of the Soviet school of mathematical logic. Establishing this connection allows us to explain, in Part II, the role of the algorithm in disciplinary dynamics between mathematical logic and cybernetics and a characteristic understanding of programming, not as a narrow skill, but as a matter of consciousness.