Scientific Collectives Research Articles

Commun numérique de connaissance : définition et conditions d’existence

Le terme « commun de connaissance » utilisé pour décrire les projets de production collective de connaissance, notamment en ligne, renvoie aux travaux d’Ostrom & Ostrom. Parce que non rivale, la connaissance apparaît étrangère aux questions de régulation d’accès et d’exploitation des communs classiques, ou des collectifs plus traditionnels de collaboration scientifique. À l’aide de trois exemples de production collective en ligne (Debian, Georezo, Wikipedia), nous précisons ce qu’est la ressource partagée et en quoi celle-ci est rivale. Nous montrons ainsi ce qu’est le « commun numérique de connaissance » : un système sociotechnique de production de connaissances nouvelles. Cette analyse réduit, mais précise ce qu’est un commun de connaissance, et permet de proposer des hypothèses sur quand et comment un commun peut apparaître pour organiser la production de la connaissance, notamment scientifique. Codes JEL : H41, L17, O35

PROBLEMS OF ENSURING OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION BY ELECTRONIC RESOURCES PEDAGOGICAL PURPOSE

The article deals with the stage of digitalization of education, which requires the development of information and educational environment (IEE) of universities (including architectural and construction profile), which is understood as a set of conditions for the interaction of all categories of users (students, teachers, parents, administration of educational institutions, the public concerned) with information and methodological support of the educational process on the basis of the information system of the educational organization. The main component of IEE is new electronic resources for educational purposes. The approach within which these resources will be developed by students — future programmers within interdisciplinary design under the leadership of the skilled teachers and the methodologists who are a part of interdepartmental scientific collectives is offered. The proposed approach is aimed at improving students’ professional competencies in the field of programming, the development of information and educational environment of the University, which is declared by the state regulations, as well as the implementation of the social order of the society on the formation of information and communication competence of the modern user in any sphere of public production and private life.

The Perspective of the Instruments: Mediating Collectivity

Numerous studies in the fields of Science and Technology Studies (STS) and philosophy of technology have repeatedly stressed that scientific practices are collective practices that crucially depend on the presence of scientific technologies. Postphenomenology is one of the movements that aims to draw philosophical conclusions from these observations through an analysis of human–technology interactions in scientific practice. Two other attempts that try to integrate these insights into philosophy of science are Ronald Giere’s Scientific Perspectivism (2006) and Davis Baird’s Thing Knowledge (2004). In this paper, these two approaches will be critically discussed from the perspective of postphenomenology. We will argue that Giere and Baird problematically assume that scientific instruments (a) have a determined function, and (b) that all human members of a scientific collective have immediate access to this function. However, these assumptions also allow them to offer a clear answer to the question how scientists can collectively relate to scientific phenomena. Such an answer is not yet (explicitly) formulated within the postphenomenological perspective. By adding a postphenomenological touch to the semiotic approach in Actor-Network Theory, we offer an account of how different individual human–technology relations are integrated into larger scientific collectives. We do so by showing that scientific instruments not only help constitute scientific phenomena, but also the intersubjectivity within such collectives.

Ukrainian National P.I. Chaykovsky Music Academy as the Scientific Center of Europe

The main directions of scientific activity of the National P. I. Tchaikovsky Music Academy of Ukraine are revealed and characterized. Among the leading spheres of scientific work, the research, scientific-methodical and scientific-organizational, which develop in line with actual European tendencies and requirements of time, are allocated. The priority directions of scientific researches of the Academy are indicated. The attention is focused on the activities of the new advisory and consultative public body of the Academy – the Scientific-Analytical Council, whose purpose is to promote the implementation of state policy in the field of artistic education and science. The importance of the international image of the Academy for conducting numerous scientific and practical conferences on the basis of the NMAU. The international authority of the Academy is constantly growing due to the participation of students, postgraduates and lecturers in scientific conferences, seminars, contests and other events in many countries of the world, as well as participation in the events organized by the NMAU specialists from Austria, Belarus, the Netherlands, Greece, Israel, Italy, Russia, USA, Croatia, Czech Republic and others. It is extremely important for the popularization and dissemination of scientific ideas of musicologists and cultural scientists of the Academy in the world to be the entry of scientific editions of the Academy to the world’s science-computer databases. The importance of accelerating the process of registration of academic scholars of the Academy in the system of Google Scholar, which keeps track of personal profiles of scientists, profiles of scientific editions and scientific collectives, is emphasized. The work of two Specialized Academic Councils for the defense of candidate and doctoral dissertations (on specialties «Music Art» and «Culturology»), department of postgraduate and doctoral studies, Student Scientific Society has been analyzed. Effective coordination of these sections is the key to continuing the celebrated traditions of training highly skilled specialists in the artistic industry and ensuring the high scientific and creative potential of the NMAU named by P. I. Tchaikovsky.

Cutting Capability Assessment of Highly Porous CBN Wheels by Microrelief of Plane Parts from 06Cr14Ni6Cu2MoWТi-Sh Steel Using Artificial Intelligence System

The abrasive tools are the weakest element in the grinding process system, to which great attention is being paid by scientific and industrial collectives. Eleven highly porous wheels (HPWs) were tested: CBN30 (B76, B107, B126, B151) 100 OVK27-КF40; CBN30 B107 100 OVKC10-КF40; CBN30 B126 100(M, L) VK27- (КF25, КF40); LKV50 (B107, B126) 100 (M, O) VK27-КF40. Assessment of the surface topography was carried out by roughness parameters R a , R max , and S m (GOST 25472-82), which were considered random variables with their position and dispersion measures. Two artificial intelligence systems – fuzzy logic (FL) and neural networks (NN) – were used to analyze the HPW’s cutting capability (CC). In both cases, the best CC was predicted for grinding with CBN30 (B76 and B151) 100 OVK27-КF40 and LKV50 (B107) 100 OVK27-KF40. In the absence of a training process in FL modeling, the assessments for the wheels with a low CC were less reliable.

Scientific Collaborations: How Do We Measure the Return on Relationships?

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), the majority of which are zoonotic, represent a tremendous challenge for public health and biosurveillance infrastructure across the globe. Due to the complexity of zoonotic pathogens, it is essential that research and response to EIDs be a transdisciplinary effort. And while crisis and circumstance may be the initial catalyst for responding to an outbreak, we provide examples of how transdisciplinary scientific collectives, which are organized and solidified in advance of crises, can transform the way the world responds to outbreaks and in some cases could even prevent one from occurring (1). Current methods for assessing whether a cooperative engagement between countries is producing measurable and sustainable value is based on the ideas of return on investment and do not consider the inherent importance of relationships. In this article, we apply the idea of return on relationships (ROR) and propose a method for measuring ROR, using a system dynamics modeling framework commonly used in epidemiology. Tracking the numerous and diverse scientific collaborations that emerged from a training workshop for biosurveillance of bats held in Singapore in 2014, we apply a methodology for visualizing and measuring the relationship networks and outcomes that result. Additionally, the collaborative, multidisciplinary network that coalesced in response to the Hantavirus outbreak in New Mexico is 1993 is discussed as an example of the long-term benefits of ROR.

Affective Practices, Care and Bioscience: A Study of Two Laboratories

Scientific knowledge-making is not just a matter of experiments, modelling and fieldwork. It also involves affective, embodied and material practices ( Wetherell, 2012 ) which can be understood together as ‘matters of care’ ( Puig de la Bellacasa, 2011 ). In this paper we explore how affect spans and connects material, subjective and organizational practices, focusing in particular on the patterns of care we encountered in an observational study of two bioscience laboratories. We explore the preferred emotional subjectivities of each lab and their relation to material practice. We go on to consider flows and clots in the circulation of affect and their relation to care through an exploration of belonging and humour in the labs. We show how being a successful scientist or group of researchers involves a careful choreography of affect in relation to materials, colleagues and others to produce scientific results, subjects and workplaces. We end by considering how thinking with care troubles dominant constructions of scientific practice, successful scientific selves and collectives.

Scientific collectives in region-building processes (Reprint)

Abstract During the last 30 years, growing demand for science-based policy making has contributed to the mobilization of scientific cooperation alongside transnational political arrangements for addressing environmental issues. Following the contemporary trend toward regionalizing environmental policy and practice, many of these scientific joint efforts have focused on a regional scale. This article examines regional scientific cooperation in the context of the institutionalization of mountain regions in Europe. Such cooperation can be observed from the Pyrenees to Central Asia, albeit with a degree of variation that largely remains unexplored in scientific research. Sometimes scientific cooperation served to lay the groundwork of a mountain policy initiative, other times it appeared in its wake; some examples appear as loose networks of individual scientists, others are set up as formalized monitoring and observation centers; finally, some scientific joint efforts are formally linked to, or incorporated in a mountain policy initiative, while others are largely independent. The article proposes a new typology for understanding the interactions between regional scientific mobilization and regional policy making and provides up-to-date portraits of six main cases.

Scientific collectives in region-building processes

During the last 30 years, growing demand for science-based policy making has contributed to the mobilization of scientific cooperation alongside transnational political arrangements for addressing environmental issues. Following the contemporary trend toward regionalizing environmental policy and practice, many of these scientific joint efforts have focused on a regional scale. This article examines regional scientific cooperation in the context of the institutionalization of mountain regions in Europe. Such cooperation can be observed from the Pyrenees to Central Asia, albeit with a degree of variation that largely remains unexplored in scientific research. Sometimes scientific cooperation served to lay the groundwork of a mountain policy initiative, other times it appeared in its wake; some examples appear as loose networks of individual scientists, others are set up as formalized monitoring and observation centers; finally, some scientific joint efforts are formally linked to, or incorporated in a mountain policy initiative, while others are largely independent. The article proposes a new typology for understanding the interactions between regional scientific mobilization and regional policy making and provides up-to-date portraits of six main cases.

This is not an article: Model organism newsletters and the question of ‘open science’

Scientific newsletters, especially in biology, flourished in the twentieth century. They are virtually unstudied, but can tell us a great deal about the simultaneous development of scientific communities or collectives and the concepts, techniques, collections, materials and maps they produce. This article introduces scientific newsletters as a ‘model organism’ on which to study the moral economy of science. As an exemplary case, the article explores issues of property and propriety in the Drosophila Information Service and explains how newsletters constitute a closed community at the same time that they demand the unrestricted sharing of organisms, techniques, results and other information within the community. The last third of the article compares aspects of newsletters with the contemporary claims about ‘open science’ in the case of synthetic biology, and speculates about the relationship of the current political economy of intellectual property to the moral economies present in newsletters.

Virtual-network form of management of international innovation project

In the conditions of globalization and development of information technology network principle of interaction and virtual character of business opens a new form of project management. This form is called virtual-network form and it can be used in international innovation, research and scientific activities aimed at creating innovative technologies and products. The author has identified the causes, characteristics and principles of formation of virtual organizations (virtual scientific collectives) in the form of consortium.

Pedagogical Science from Congress to Congress

Under the Tenth Five-Year Plan [1976-1980], the scientific research activity of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences was directed toward implementation of the decisions of the Twenty-Fifth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [CPSU]. The actual work program for its scientific research collectives was organized on the basis of the party and government decrees regarding public education, culture, science, and ideological work, which were instrumental in concentrating the efforts of research scientists and scholars on resolution of the pressing problems confronting pedagogical science. The Presidium of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, the [four] divisions of the Academy, and its [thirteen] scientific research institutes have made a major effort to improve the planning and coordination of scientific research, to improve its quality and increase its effectiveness, and to make practical use of scientific research findings. The present article presents a brief summary of the results o...

Methods and Criteria for Evaluating Scientific Activity

Higher quality and the increased effectiveness of scientific research play an important part in solving problems in the further development of the socialist economy. The "Basic Directions of the Development of the National Economy of the USSR between 1976 and 1980" - confirmed by the Twenty-fifth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union — note the need to improve the organization of the labor of scientific workers and to increase its effectiveness: "To increase the responsibility of scientific collectives and their supervisors for the level and quality of research and for the substantiation of recommendations made. To increase the motivation of collectives and personnel in scientific institutions to raise the effectiveness of their activity."

Questions concerning the economic grounds for ranking scientific-research studies in the field of hydraulic construction

1. The concentration of efforts expended by scientific collectives for the scientific studies most critical to the national economy (in our case, for complex hydraulic construction) is urgently needed to encourage the development and implementation of methods of quantitative economic evaluation of the ranking of scientific-research studies according to their importance. 2. In this paper the studies that we conducted and discussed in the area of ranking scientific-research studies for hydraulic construction indicate the expediency of using a combination of two methods for quantitative economic evaluation-reduced costs and expert evaluation. 3. The indicators, their characteristics, and point values must be selected on the basis of information derived from analysis of data on the actual efficiency of the knowledge-planning-construction-operation system, and also data on the prediction of subsystem and branch development over the next 15–20 years. 4. The point values of the indicators employed to rank scientific-research studies are then confimed and defined more precisely by the method of expert evaluation with the participation of all interested organizations. 5. It is necessary to develop and approve standards for the coefficient μ.

Social Psychology and Pedagogical Science

In recent years the problems of social psychology have attracted the attention of wide circles of our society. They were the subject of discussion at the 2nd All-Union Congress of the Society of Psychologists, at the regional conferences of psychologists in Sverdlovsk, Tashkent and Kiev, and at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences and other scientific institutions. The First International Symposium on Marxist Social Psychology, called on the initiative of psychologists in the German Democratic Republic and held in Vienna in the autumn of 1964, had great significance for the future development of this new branch of knowledge. The problems of social psychology are discussed fairly extensively in the press. Research in this field is being conducted by a number of scientific collectives at the present time. This research is of no small significance for pedagogy, philosophy, economic science, and party educational work. However, many important theoretical tasks of the new branch of knowl...