Linguistic Research Articles

Творення прізвищ мешканців України, похідних від прізвища Дєд, та їх територіальна поширеність

The article examines the peculiarities of the creation of surnames derived from the appellative dyed, common in Ukraine. It is noted that this microsystem of surnames, although small (only 55 surnames), is quite diverse in terms of its word-forming palette and is characterized by a different frequency of distribution in the regions of Ukraine. A review of the scientific works of domestic linguists on the theoretical and applied aspects of the study of Ukrainian surnames (the works of V. O. Horpynych, L. T. Masenko, A. M. Popovskyi, Yu. F. Pradid, Yu. K. Redko, M. L. Khudash, etc.), their lexicographic processing as a whole (V. M. Demchenko and I. P. Lopushynskyi, A. M. Zosimov, Yu. K. Redko, etc.), as well as individual regions of Ukraine in particular (G. L. Arkushyn, V. O. Horpynych, Yu. M. Novikova, P. P. Chuchka, etc.). A cursory review of the scientific research of Ukrainian scientists gave grounds to summarize that surnames derived from the appellative dyed, as well as the microsystem of surnames «Dyed» in general, were not studied even casually, in connection with the study of other problems, in Ukrainian linguistic science. The purpose of the article is to investigate the peculiarities of the creation of surnames derived from the appellative dyed, their regional prevalence in Ukraine. Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks: 1) to summarize the work of Ukrainian linguists on the problems of studying surnames of residents of Ukraine; 2) to single out a microgroup of surnames formed from the appellation dyed; 3) to describe the features of their fprmation; 4) to characterize the distribution of such surnames in the regions of Ukraine. Results. It was established that the most common surname of the «Dyed» microgroup is the surname Dedova (808 speakers), and the most derived surnames are formed from the appellative dyed (13 surnames). No last name was formed from the surnames Dedovskyi, Dedovets, Dedovych, Dedus, Dedynskyi, which are also formed from the appellative dyed. The most common ways of creating surnames derived from the appellative dyed are suffixation (30 surnames) and inflection (18 surnames). Originality. In the future, the problem of origin, features of creation and distribution on the territory of Ukraine of surnames derived from other names, rare and merged surnames and some other aspects will need to be studied.

LINGUOCULTURAL AND ETHNOLINGUISTIC ASPECT OF ADJECTIVES DENOTING HUMAN CHARACTER TRAITS

In general, the psycho-cultural features of a personality, expressing the principles of its existence (clothing, behaviour, culture of speech and other values), reflect the essence of a nation. In particular, the norms of behaviour, considered today as an object of study of psychological science, are also considered a special category from the point of view of linguocultural and ethno-cultural aspects. After all, from the communicative, pragmatic, discursive side, human behaviour reflects the culture not only of different social groups and organisations, but also of one nation or country. Therefore, the study of the concept of behaviour as an ethnolinguistic, linguocultural phenomenon is of great scientific importance. Accordingly, the article considers the ethnocultural sphere of ethnolinguistic adjectives and stable expressions characterising human behaviour. The lexical-semantic groups of adjectives expressing behavioural peculiarities are singled out, the common features of the mentioned lexical units for several cultures are differentiated. The synonymic-antonymic series of adjectives expressing human behaviour with positive and negative semantics was compared with other languages belonging to the Altaic language group and attention was paid to their etymology. The authors, relying on the works of Russian and foreign linguistic scientists, dwelled in detail on the ethnolinguistic meaning of those word units that are not often used in the modern linguistic fund. And also the analysis of the basics of linguoculturology, slangs and invective expressions characterising some negative features of human behaviour was carried out, comparing them with metaphorical comparisons in the Kazakh, Russian, Altai languages. Ethnolinguistics and ethnoculturology view adjectives as a multifaceted phenomenon reflecting the worldview and cultural values of a people. This study integrates these two disciplines to comprehensively analyze the linguistic and cultural heritage of the Kazakh people.

ON THE ANCIENT TURKIC STRATUM OF HYDRONYMS IN ZHETYSU

This article deals with the historical and etymological aspects of the names of water bodies of the Zhetysu region, namely, the ancient Turkic beginning of the names. The study of the etymological content of ancient Turkic names allows a deep understanding of the worldview, the degree of education of people of the period under study. The purpose of the article is to study the foundations of education of the population through an etymological analysis of the archischeme of names, the understanding of the meanings of which, at the present stage, causes difficulties due to structural, sound changes (Lavar, Labasy, etc.), to show the structural specifics of the names. The leading idea of the study is to identify the reasons why the names of water bodies, which are the oldest and most stable layer of toponomics, reflect the main points of life, as well as the history of the development of the Kazakh people. The introductory part presents information that reveals the continuity of language and culture in accordance with anthropolinguistic studies, based on the analysis of studies of deep meaningful linguistic layers that bear the imprints of different periods of national culture. The use of methods of linguistic research of the topological space made it possible to reflect in the article the identified ethno-cultural semantics underlying the ancient hydronyms. The main results were obtained based on the analysis of the names of specific bodies of water that have appeared since time immemorial. The scientific value of the study lies in the significance of the results obtained for research in the field of ethnolinguistics, linguoculturology, etc. In addition, the data obtained may be of factual interest for compilers of dictionaries, texts in the field of linguoculturology, ethnolinguistics.

Directing the issues of the name dictionaries in Mulla Muhammad’s interpretation

Mulla Mohammadi koye has translated the Holy Qur'an into Kurdish under the title (The Kurdish translation of God’s speech ) in four volumes which includes various sciences, such as Fiqh (jurisprudence), Usul fFqh (principles of jurisprudence), beliefs and science of sociology and Linguistics. Mulla Muhammad has used his linguistics knowledge to interpret and explain the verses of the Holy Qur'an, including the sciences of dictionary, morphology, syntax,and grammar to explain the purposes of God’s speeches. This study also sheds light on these linguistic subjects that have been used by Mulla Muhammadi Koyee in the interpretation of Holy Quran. Depending on his knowledge of morphology, he discussed some morphological subjects, in this way he introduced his linguistic beliefs.

Content Specialists’ Anti-Plagiarism Pedagogical Interventions: A Thematic Review

AbstractThis paper presents a thematic review of the anti-plagiarism instruction of content specialists as reported in a range of articles published in the decade of 2014–2023. A total of 28 articles were identified through systematic searching and a ChatGPT-assisted selection process based on a set of inclusion criteria. Specifically, we aimed to include those articles that contain sufficient details of the instructional procedure as well as an evidence-based report of the effectiveness of the pedagogical intervention. A coding scheme of two dimensions (“Rationales for the pedagogical interventions” and “Characteristics of the pedagogical interventions”) provided a framework for our analysis of the focal literature. By focusing on content teachers’, as opposed to language teachers’, pedagogical practices in addressing the issue of plagiarism in varied geographical and institutional contexts, this review study provides insights for both content and language specialists to draw upon and will serve to raise awareness for the value of collaboration between content and language teachers in handling academic literacy issues such as plagiarism.

Peer Teaching for Santri: Case Study at Hasbullah Sa’id, Mamba’ul Ma’arif Denanyar Jombang

This study describes the santri teaching program for Arabic language learning, how the santri teaching learning process, program evaluation, and the supporting and inhibiting factors of the program. This type of research is a descriptive qualitative research type of case study. The subjects of this research are students of the Hasbullah Sa'id dormitory totaling 72 students consisting of students in grades XI, XI, and XII. Data collection techniques used observation of the santri teaching program process, interviews with tutors, audiences, and dormitory coaches. In addition, the documentation of materials and class division. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model. The results of this research are (1) The santri teaching learning process is carried out once a month on Sunday nights from 19.30 - 21.00 in the Bisri Syansuri building. XII grade students are selected alternately to serve as tutors, and the others become the audience, (2) The evaluation should be done once every 2 months, and (3) The supporting factors of this program are the enthusiasm of the students in deepening the linguistic sciences, discipline, high motivation, a relaxed and conducive classroom atmosphere so that students are comfortable in participating in the santri teaching program, and adequate facilities that have been prepared. The inhibiting factor of this program is the lack of readiness of student tutors when teaching.

Metaphor and Symbolism in the Language of the Quran: A Linguistic Study on the Concept of Tauhid (Analysis of Surah al-Fatihah)

This study aims to delve into the profound meanings and functions of metaphor and symbolism in Surah al-Fatihah, particularly in the context of the concept of tauhid (monotheism) in Islam. Given the urgency of comprehending a sacred text that is frequently recited yet not fully understood theologically by many Muslims, this research seeks to bridge the gap between ritualistic practice and deep theological understanding. The methodology employed is linguistic analysis, integrating Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory alongside Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory to interpret the theological symbolism and linguistic use in this surah. The findings indicate that Surah al-Fatihah employs metaphor and symbolism not only to convey the fundamental principles of Islam but also to strengthen Muslims' understanding and belief in the concept of tauhid. This surah contains profound linguistic layers that facilitate comprehension of the oneness of Allah, divine justice, and human dependence on divine power through its rich linguistic structure and careful word choice. The discussion reveals that the metaphor and symbolism in Surah al-Fatihah are not merely aesthetic elements but also serve as powerful educational tools to deepen spiritual and theological understanding. As a recommendation, it is suggested that Islamic religious education place greater emphasis on linguistic analysis in interpreting sacred texts. This would not only enhance theological understanding but also reinforce the spiritual and intellectual connection of believers to the teachings of Islam.

Responding to the needs of refugee learners in schools in Wales during the pandemic

ABSTRACT This research investigated how schools and staff in Wales were able to respond to the needs of refugee learners and their families during COVID-19 school lockdowns. Interviews were conducted with a purposive sample (n = 12) of educators working with refugee learners in primary and secondary schools across Wales, including headteachers, class teachers, English as an Additional Language (EAL) specialists, and bilingual teaching assistants. The findings suggest that most refugee learners were able to take advantage of alternative teaching arrangements for vulnerable learners during these periods and were supported to develop digital skills and use online resources. Refugee families were, however, at increased risk of social isolation, and often had fewer resources to facilitate home schooling. Staff requested specific training and improved communication links to more fully understand the cultural backgrounds and additional needs of refugee learners. Schools also need a coherent strategy and budget allocation to provide adequate support for on-going language learning and acquisition of basic skills, which might include the development of alternative curricula and qualifications for refugee learners, where appropriate.

Metalingvistiskie komentāri par latviešu valodu sociālajos medijos

From a sociolinguistic point of view, it is important that posts and comments in Latvian are published on social media, which shows the language’s viability in the digital environment. The users of social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, are mostly not indifferent to language issues, so the metalinguistic comments reflect the writers’ linguistic attitude towards the Latvian language and its use. The aim of the study is to analyse metalingual commentaries about the Latvian language on social media by the addressee. The addressee to whom the content of the metalingual commentaries refers is recognised as primary. In this view, it is possible to distinguish the addressee in the first, second and third person. The empirical material is the original posts and comments of users published on social media Facebook and Twitter, which describe some aspects of the Latvian language used by themselves or others. It consists of approximately 400 items. The article explains the concept of metalingual commentary and provides an overview of research to date. Metalingual commentaries on social media are addressed to a third person, i.e. to others in a generalised or specific sense, to the second person as a communication partner, who can be a language specialist or any other Facebook or Twitter user, and conditionally – to the first person in cases where the author of the post reveals his/her own language user experience. This study found negative and positive, rarely indifferent linguistic attitudes towards the Latvian language and the quality of its use on social media.

A rendészet rendje 3. Bevezetés a rend fogalmi vizsgálatának tárgyalásához, avagy miért fontosak a szavak?

Aim: By using the modern results of research on the nature of language issue the proof that research into the meaning of certain concepts by used of law enforcement can become an integral part a defining element of the theoretical explanation that underpin law explanation. Methodology: The literally approach to the topic was established by the modern results of linguistics science, primarily the work of Noam Chomsky, who exerted a significant influence on the topic. Findings: Just as we define language as a descriptive framework of reality we can also look at it as a model of the idea of order. As a basic concept, especially as a framework for navigating community live, with the correct interpretation of which we can approach the idea of environmental and social sustainability. Value: The unusual approach of law enforcement enable a specific approach to the knowledge accumulated in the scientist field. The involving of new aspects aims to satisfy the needs to expand the foundational knowledge in the field of science by seeing the problems of law enforcement known in this subject in a different context.

Specifier-to-head reanalysis: evidence from mandarin and Cantonese

Abstract Mandarin numeral phrases display two characteristics. First, the numeral yi ‘one’ differs from other numerals in many respects. Second, classifiers can appear without any overt numerals, resulting in Cl-N phrases (e.g., ben shu ‘one book’): Cl-N phrases, like numeral phrases with yi ‘one’ (e.g., yi-ben shu ‘one book’), always denote singularity, but also contrast with numeral phrases with yi ‘one’ in various respects like scope. Although some of these patterns have been discussed before (e.g., Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen & Rint Sybesma. 1998. Yi-wan tang, yi-ge tang: Classifiers and massifiers. Tsing-Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 28(3). 385–412; Chen, Ping. 2003. Indefinite determiner introducing definite referent: A special use of ‘yi ‘one’ + classifier’ in Chinese. Lingua 113. 1169–1184; Huang, C.-T. James. 2015. On syntactic analyticity and parametric theory. In A. Li, A. Simpson & W.-T. Dylan Tsai (eds.), Chinese Syntax in a cross-linguistic perspective. Oxford University Press; Li, Y. H. Audrey & Shengli Feng. 2015. ‘yi’ zi shenglüe de yunlü tiaojian [The prosodic conditions on yi-deletion]. Yuyan Kexue [Linguistic Sciences] 14(1). 1–12; Zhang, Niina Ning. 2019. Complex indefinites and the projection of DP in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics), previous analyses could cover some but not all these observations. This paper provides a unified account for these two puzzles and a number of related issues. It will be argued that due to an ongoing grammaticalization process, Mandarin yi is ambiguous between a numeral and an indefinite article. The grammaticalization of yi is an instantiation of a well-known phenomenon: specifier-to-head reanalysis (e.g., van Gelderen, Elly. 2004. Grammaticalization as economy. John Benjamins Publishing Company; van Gelderen, Elly. 2019. Cyclical changes and problems of projection. In Anne Breitbarth, Miriam Bouzouita, Lieven Danckaert & Elisabeth Witzenhausen (eds.), Cycles in language change. Oxford University Press; Roberts, Ian. 1993. Verbs and diachronic syntax. Dordrecht: Kluwer; Roberts, Ian & Anna Roussou. 2003. Syntactic change: A minimalist approach to grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Furthermore, with cross-linguistic evidence from Cantonese, I argue for an intermediate stage of specifier-to-head reanalysis: a functional category starts as a specifier of a phrase; it then adjoins to another head before being reanalyzed as an independent head projecting a separate phrase.

Teori Naẓm Perspektif Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani: Posisinya dalam Keilmuan Bahasa Arab dan Spesifikasinya di Antara Teori-Teori Sebelumnya

Following the growth and development of Arabic linguistic sciences, the pioneering of the science of balaghah which was motivated by the i’jāz of the Qur’an began to be discussed among scholars. This discussion started from the point of the Qur’anic miracle, which often led to conflicting views among them. Among the intriguing topics that captured the attention of scholars and critics at the time was the theory of naẓm, which was regarded as the miraculous aspect of the Qur’anic language and later associated with the thoughts of Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani (d. 471 AH). However, this theory was discussed even before al-Jurjani. Al-Jurjani continued, refined, and completed the discussion of what had been initiated by his predecessors. By examining al-Jurjani’s works, Dalāil al-I’jāz, and referring to Ahmad Darwisy and Izzah Jadwa's book, al-Balāgah al-Qur’ānīyah: Dirāsah fī Jamāliyāt al-Naṣṣ al-Qur’ānī, combined with several other sources, this article explores the theory of naẓm from Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani’s perspective, its position within Arabic linguistic sciences, and its specifics in comparison to the naẓm theories discussed by some of his predecessors. The study concludes that Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani’s perspective on the theory of naẓm is a structured arrangement or tarkīb composed through the selection of detailed, specific, and proportional components based on its syntactical meanings (ma’ānī naḥwīyah) which refer to the meanings in the mind (ma’ānī nafsīyah) that are its objectives. This arrangement process is carried out through two methods: ikhtiyār (selection) and ta’līf (composition).

The Turkish Language in the Poetry Collection Compiled by Miho Martelini from Dubrovnik

In the library of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo there is a manuscript poetry collection compiled by Miho Martelini from Dubrovnik. The collection was compiled in Dubrovnik in 1657 and consists of two volumes containing poems composed in Croatian, Turkish, and Italian. All of the poems were written down in Italian Latin script, except for one poem in both Croatian and Turkish, which was written down in Bosnian Cyrillic script. The eighteen Turkish poems in this collection all belong to the genre of Turkish folk poetry. This paper analyses the characteristics of the Turkish language in the poems from Martelini's collection. Since the poems were compiled in Dubrovnik, which had strong and lively ties with the Ottoman Empire, three linguistic layers could be expected in them: (1) the Ottoman language, or the language of the upper, educated classes of society in the Ottoman Empire; (2) West Rumelian Turkish, or the dialect of Turkish that we may expect to have been present on the territory of Dubrovnik; and (3) the so-called Bosnian variety of the Turkish language, which had developed under the strong influence of a South Slavic substratum, and which may also be expected to have been present in Dubrovnik, due to its geographical proximity to Ottoman Bosnia. This linguistic analysis of Turkish poems from Martelini’s collection complements the image we have of the linguistic, cultural, and societal conditions in the city of Dubrovnik, as well as the larger territory of southeastern Europe in the 17th century.

Linguistic Country Studies Semantization of Troika and Bogatyr Symbolic Concepts in Russian Language and Literature Lessons

This paper describes the process of teaching the Russian language in classes with the Kyrgyz language of instruction, where the development of effective teaching methods taking into account the latest achievement of linguistic science plays an important role. In this regard, this study sets the goal of identifying mental-linguistic differences and semantization of culturally- marked concepts, taking into account the national and cultural characteristics of the linguistic consciousness of Kyrgyz schoolchildren.

Polyphony as a Transformative Factor in Solopreneurship Education of Language Specialists

This article aims to demonstrate that the notion of multiple voices (polyphony) is a powerful educational idea that can bring value to translator education programmes. Based on a class dedicated to entrepreneurial functioning of MA students in translation, the article strives to show how polyphony can be entrenched in class content and classroom dynamics. It is argued that polyphony can empower students’ polyphonic approach to career choices. The empirical part discusses the responses from the class participants in 2023 concerning their perception of the modes of work they find most attractive. Conclusions outline areas for enhancements in class content and classroom dynamics.

Design of a Tool Capable of Assessing Environmental Sociocultural Physical Factors Influencing Women's Decisions on When and Where to Toilet Within Real-World Settings: Protocol for the Build and Usability Testing of a Mobile App for Use by Community-Dwelling Women.

Although surveys and apps are available for women to report urination and bladder symptoms, they do not include their decisions regarding toileting. Real-world factors can interfere with toileting decisions, which may then influence bladder health. This premise lacks data per want of a robust data collection tool. The Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) research consortium engaged a transdisciplinary team to build and test WhereIGo, a mobile data collection app for Android and iOS. The design goal was a comprehensive reporting system for capturing environmental, sociocultural, and physical factors that influence women's decisions for toileting. Aims include having (1) an innovative feature for reporting physiologic urge sensation when "thinking about my bladder" and shortly before "I just peed," (2) real-time reporting along with short look-back opportunities, and (3) ease of use anywhere. The development team included a plain language specialist, a usability specialist, creative designers, programming experts, and PLUS scientific content experts. Both real-time and ecological momentary assessments were used to comprehensively capture influences on toileting decisions including perceived access to toileting, degree of busyness or stress or focus, beverage intake amount, urge degree, or a leakage event. The restriction on the maximal number of taps for any screen was six. PLUS consortium investigators did pilot-testing. Formal usability testing relied on the recruitment of community-dwelling women at four PLUS research sites. Women used the app for 2 consecutive days. Outcome measures were the system usability scale (SUS; 0-100 range) and the functional Mobile Application Rating Scale (1-5 range). These scales were embedded at the end of the app. The estimated a priori sample size needed, considering the SUS cut point score set at ≥74, was 40 women completing the study. Funding was provided by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases since July 2015. The integrity of the build process was documented through multiple 5-minute videos presented to PLUS Consortium and through WhereIGo screenshots of the final product. Participants included 44 women, with 41 (93%) completing data collection. Participants ranged in age from 21 to 85 years, were predominantly non-Hispanic White (n=25, 57%), college-educated (n=25, 57%), and with incomes below US $75,000 (n=27, 62%). The SUS score was 78.0 (SE 1.7), which was higher than 75% of the 500 products tested by the SUS developers. The mean functional Mobile Application Rating Scale score was 4.4 (SE 0.08). The build and informal acceptability testing were completed in 2019, enrollment for formal usability testing completed by June 2020, and analysis was completed in 2022. WhereIGo is a novel app with good usability for women to report toileting decisions, urination, and fluid intake. Future research using the app could test the influence of real-time factors on bladder health. RR1-10.2196/54046.

History of linguistic science of the Austroasiatic group of languages with special reference to the Mon-Khmer and Northern Munda languages of India: Retrospect and prospect

History of linguistic science of the Austroasiatic group of languages with special reference to the Mon-Khmer and Northern Munda languages of India: Retrospect and prospect

Instruction in the Language Classroom and the Saudi Vision 2030: A Study Using Delphi Technique With Academics

It is imperative to evaluate contemporary language instruction practices to modify the curriculum to ensure that it fulfills the objectives of Vision 2030 which lays down detailed targets for the education sector. In this background, the current study adopts the Delphi Technique with nine recognized language specialists in Saudi Arabia to evaluate the prevalent language instruction environment and predict the desirable changes. Experts’ consensus and survey results indicated many issues that point towards a more inclusive, adaptive, and globally sensitive language education as the most pressing need of the hour. The participants’ agreement is evidence of the persisting chasm between conventional language standards and the massive changes in global communication, and it also highlights the need for translingualism as a strategy to address this chasm. In addition, results also indicated the need for the teaching community to adapt, develop, and prepare to suit the changing language scenario in the world. This need is dire to meet the massive social, cultural, and economic changes that are characteristic of Saudi Arabia today. The study concludes with emphasizing the need for translingualism in meeting the targets and aims spelt in Vision 2030, thus being of significance to academics, curriculum designers, and administrators who are committed to achieving those goals.

Diversity of dialects of the novel characters according to the descriptive stylistics, the novel (Alye di ye pre) as an example

Methods of style directions are considered as backgrounds for certain reasons and mechanisms of the methods followed, to interpret linguistic or literary discourses and to identify certain methodological characteristics according to certain scientific methods to avoid inferential decisions and interpretations, according to linguistic levels, As a result of contemporary linguistic research done through the use of linguistic sciences in order to identify aesthetic aspects of literary works and writings. Descriptive stylistics is considered an important direction for interpretation of any innovative discourse, because the nature of methodological research, some linguistic directions are important for interpretation of any text it takes hold of itself. Because the concept of expression among linguists is connected the material form of speech, such as speech versus content, which becomes a linguistic meaning for that speech, or the sounds spoken and written on the surface of expression with surface of content, because language is speech. Either they are just some voices and each nation speaks through them, or they are voices that express their actions. This research is entitled (Diversity of dialects of the novel characters according to the descriptive stylistics, the novel (Alye di ye pre) as an example), is an attempt to explain the language expression of characters according to the theory of descriptive stylistics. Expression methodology is a good basis for interpreting text according to the mechanisms it works with in order to convey the right direction for understanding the message of each text.

Celebration of the 400th anniversary of the Lithuanian book

In 1947, Lithuania celebrated the 400th anniversary of the first Lithuanian book, M. Mažvydas's Cathechismus, published in 1547. During this celebration, scientific conferences and book exhibitions were organized, and several significant works devoted to the anniversary were published. Among these was one of the most artistic editions: "The First Lithuanian Book" (a photographic text of the Cathechismus and its transliteration in Latin letters, with articles by J. Kruopas and illuminations by M. Bulakas). In the collection of articles "Ancient Lithuanian Book," significant research in the history of the book and literature was presented, including K. Korsakas's "The First Lithuanian Book," V. Mykolaitis's "Artistic Elements in the Works of Mažvydas and His Contemporaries," P. Galaunė's "Artistic Design of Mažvydas's Book," and V. Abramavičius's "Printing-Offices of Ancient Lithuanian Books." These works addressed issues such as the conditions under which the first Lithuanian book was published, its significance, the date of its publication, its intended audience, authorship and collaboration issues, and analyses of the published texts from linguistic, literary, pedagogical, and ethnographic perspectives, as well as typographical particularities. Some material from the jubilee celebration, such as reports from conferences, was published in the "Directory of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR" (1948, vol. 2). Jubilee reports by V. Mykolaitis, "The First Lithuanian Book" (1948), and K. Korsakas, "Development of Lithuanian Book over 400 Years" (1948), were published separately. During the anniversary year, the first Lithuanian book and other works by M. Mažvydas were extensively investigated, defining their significance for linguistic science, cultural history, and the expansion of literature, and showing the historical development of Lithuanian book publishing.