Change Science Research Articles

Contemplation by Design: Leveraging the "Power of the Pause" on a Large University Campus Through Built and Social Environments.

College and university campuses have long been designed as embodied places of societal values and aspirations, reflecting both academic traditions and heritages alongside social and scientific change and innovation. More pragmatically, these spaces share some commonalities with other living and working environments, and must adapt to changing technological and social norms. Since the 1970's, workplace adaptations included employer-sponsored health promotion programs and facilities. While campus environments such as fitness centers and dining halls have been incorporated into health promotion initiatives, other aspects of human well-being have been neglected. In this paper, we describe an initiative, Contemplation By Design, to incorporate contemplation and mindfulness into the daily lives of all members of the Stanford University community, including students, faculty, staff, and their families, as well as alumni and retirees who live close by. This case study highlights ways that physical planning and programmatic initiatives for contemplative practices have been integrated to deliver generalizable, community-based well-being resources that can be emulated in diverse settings throughout the Stanford University campuses, including the main campus and local satellite campuses. Based on experience drawn from Contemplation By Design, practical recommendations for designing contemplative practice spaces and programs are offered.

Wish Poems of Undergraduate Students Related to Physical Environment of Educational Faculty

It is seen that studies on learning spaces in higher education institutions are very few in the literature. However, spaces have the power to affect behaviors and interactions with others. This study aims to determine the wishes of university students regarding the physical environment. For this purpose, it is planned to determine the missing things in the existing physical environment according to the “wish poems” of undergraduate students and their related wishes. Accordingly, the sample of the study consisted of 211 participants among the students of the faculty of education at a state university. In the study, for the purpose of revealing the views of the undergraduate students on the physical environment of their school, they were given a semi-structure, open-ended question format as “I wish there were … in my classroom/faculty/campus” and asked to write down 3 wishes regarding the physical environment. The obtained data were analyzed by using the content analysis method. In the study, different numbers of conceptual categories were reached under each sub-title with the method of coding and imaging. At the end of the study, 578 clear responses were obtained, and after examination, these responses were gathered under 35 conceptual categories in total. The categories about which the students had the most wishes were related to the furniture and equipment in their classrooms (f=51, 26.2%), social (f=33, 18.5%) and scientific (f=32, 17.9%) areas at the faculty and green spaces at the campus (f=61, 29.6%). Consequently, as pioneers of social and scientific change, it is important for universities to reevaluate their existing physical facilities based on the wishes of students in terms of feeding their innovative instincts.

About positive psychology - between light and shadow

The article discusses the history and development of positive psychology - a new psychological discipline emerged at the end of the 20th century. The sources and philosophical foundations of positive psychology associated with the existential approach and humanistic psychology are presented. The specificity of this new field based on a strict, scientific and empirical way of studying human behaviour was characterized. The most important definitions of well-being were reviewed and possible changes in well-being under the influence of adverse life events were analysed. The application use of positive psychology is visible in the dynamically developing field of positive psychological interventions that improve people's functioning. Information illustrating the relationship between experienced emotions and the functioning of the nervous system was also presented. The literature of the subject includes articles questioning the novelty and usefulness of the idea of positive psychology and critically assessing the achievements of the new discipline. Currently, the second wave positive psychology (SWPP) is developing, which tries to balance the positive and negative aspects of people's lives. An illustration of this dialectical process is the metaphor of the mixing of light and darkness. Nowadays, positive psychology can be understood as a movement of scientific and intellectual change broadening the horizons of science.

The Rationality of the Process of Theory Change in Science

This article gives an ephemeral overview of the most influential views on the nature and process of change in science. Theory change in science is one of the most important issues in philosophy of science. Scientific theories are subject to change beyond space and time. There are various factors that lead theories change such as discomfort among the theories. In this paper, discussing how the rationality of science was related with its methods and methodologies, I tried to show that it was after Kuhn’s work the Structure of Scientific Revolutions that the debate on theory choice becomes a central issue in philosophy of science. Following this the process in theory change in science can be deductive and inductive or rational and non-rational. According to the account of Kuhn’s scientific change there are four steps in the process of scientific change; the predominant one is normal science, anomalies, crisis and finally a new phase of normal science. Then I discussed some of the philosophers who criticize Kuhn’s work Structure of Scientific Revolutions, particularly popper’s criticism on Kuhn; in this regard I also forwarded Kuhn’s response for his critics. Finally I critically compared Kuhn’s and Popper’s ideas on the evolution of science.

The Metaphysical Society (1869–1880): Intellectual Life in Mid-Victorian England ed. by Catherine Marshall, Bernard Lightman, and Richard England

Reviewed by: The Metaphysical Society (1869–1880): Intellectual Life in Mid-Victorian England ed. by Catherine Marshall, Bernard Lightman, and Richard England Elizabeth A. Huddleston The Metaphysical Society (1869–1880): Intellectual Life in Mid-Victorian England EDITED BY CATHERINE MARSHALL, BERNARD LIGHTMAN, AND RICHARD ENGLAND Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. xii + 282 pages. Hardcover: $90. ISBN: 9780198846499. Just five years ago in 2015, Oxford University Press, under the editorial guidance of Catherine Marshall, Bernard Lightman, and Richard England, published a three-volume critical edition of the Papers of the Metaphysical Society.1 An essential [End Page 113] volume for the study of nineteenth-century British intelligentsia, the critical edition of the Papers of the Metaphysical Society opened the door for a more complete scholarly explication of the topics of interest for some of the foremost thinkers in Britain during Newman's lifetime. Some such thinkers include William George Ward, William Gladstone, Henry Sidgwick, Arthur Balfour, and Thomas Huxley. While Newman abnegated the invitation to participate in the Metaphysical Society, meaning he never participated himself, many of his frequent correspondents were active members, including Henry Manning, Father Dalgairns, Thomas Mozely, and James Anthony Froude. Many ideas presented in the Metaphysical Society papers themselves were also present in the conversations that Newman had with his correspondents. More importantly for historical research today, one is able to explore more fully the philosophical milieu in which Newman was a part, even if only tangentially. This compilation of essays is divided into three parts. The first part, "Society and the Politics of Engagement," includes three essays, all of which focus in some way on the societal, political, and social nature of the Metaphysical Society, as well as its response to the societal and cultural climate of the late Victorian intellectual atmosphere. The first essay, penned by Bruce Kinzer, entitled "The Personalization of Intellectual Combat: James Fitzjames Stephen and the Metaphysical Society," discusses how the Metaphysical Society "gave [James Fitzjames] Stephen one more forum in which to crush intellectual adversaries whose views he deemed flawed and obnoxious" (19). The second essay by Catherine Marshall entitled, "The Editors of the Metaphysical Society, or Disseminating the Ideas of the Metaphysicians," demonstrates that "the study of the journalistic contributions of the Metaphysicians can help reinterpret the place of their ideas in late Victorian England" (42). The third and final essay in this section, "Liberalism and the Metaphysical Society" by Andrew Vincent, investigates the diverse nature of the papers of the Metaphysical Society in their response "to the political, social, religious, and scientific changes of their era" and asks specifically if "the papers of the Society [were] simply a constellation of incommensurable arguments talking past each other, or was there an underlying theme which allowed these diverse arguments to cohere in some manner" (63). Whereas the first part investigates sociological themes to help situate the Metaphysical Society within its proper cultural context, the second part begins an investigation on some of the philosophical themes important to the Metaphysicians. Part two, entitled "Miracles, Unseen Universes, and Natural Causes," is comprised of four essays. The first essay by Gowan Dawson entitled, "'The Cross-Examination of the Physiologist': T. H. Huxley and the Resurrection," places Huxley's [End Page 114] controversial paper on resurrection within the context of other discussions on the subject. Dawson argues, "Huxley's focus on biblical resurrection was hardly unprecedented at the Metaphysical Society, and his paper was part of a suite of contributions on the vexed question of miracles, and it was these together, rather than Huxley's alone, that prompted the innovation of an extra session of discussion" (93). The second essay by Richard England entitled, "Cause, Nature, and the Limits of Language: Martineau and Maurice on the Philosophical Necessity of Theism," introduces the ideas of Anglican Frederick Denison Maurice (1805–1872) and Unitarian James Martineau (1805–1895) in order "to show how their views had developed from old philosophical controversies, and to explain why their contributions did not change the minds of their naturalist opponents" who saw themselves as divided between a "school of experience (empiricists)" and the "school of intuition" (120). In the third essay, "Expertise in the Miracles Debate," Anne Dewitt explores the cultural...

HPC Systems in the Next Decade – What to Expect, When, Where

HPC systems have seen impressive growth in terms of performance over a period of many years. Soon the next milestone is expected to be reached with the deployment of exascale systems in 2021. In this paper, we provide an overview of the exascale challenges from a computer architecture’s perspective and explore technological and other constraints. The analysis of upcoming architectural options and emerging technologies allow for setting expectations for application developers, which will have to cope with heterogeneous architectures, increasingly diverse compute technologies as well as deeper memory and storage hierarchies. Finally, needs resulting from changing science and engineering workflows will be discussed, which need to be addressed by making HPC systems available as part of more open e-infrastructures that provide also other compute and storage services.

Особенности профессионального тезауруса и проблемы перевода научных текстов в логопедии

The article highlights the problem of synthesis of scientific knowledge and changes in the face of modern science. There is a need to correlate the category apparatus of domestic and foreign speech therapy, as well as the need to clarify the semantics of fundamental terms accepted in Russia and abroad, which is an important condition for the development of speech therapy as a modern field of scientific knowledge, as well as training specialists capable of participating in the development of methods of correction in the broad context of scientific directions and understanding of research paradigms in the international space. The author considers the peculiarities of the professional thesaurus, analyzes specific features of humanitarian discourse and related problems of translating scientific texts in speech therapy.

К ВОПРОСУ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ АКТУАЛЬНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-КОММУНИКАТИВНОГО ХАРАКТЕРА В ПРОЦЕССЕ ОБУЧЕНИЯ ИНОСТРАННЫМ ЯЗЫКАМ

Informatization is a leading factor in the development of the Institute of modern education, hence the attention of specialists to the problem of implementing this trend in foreign language teaching technologies. The purpose of the research is to consider modern information and communication technologies that allow improving the effectiveness of students ‘ linguistic competence in learning a foreign language. Various information platforms of teaching in the conditions of computer technologies development are considered. Language digitization is an actual social and cultural phenomenon that needs to be scaled through educational technologies of the XXI century, which will allow you to translate language content into digital data that speeds up the process of learning a foreign language and personalize it through an individual approach. Thus, the main characteristic of digitalization of the educational space for learning foreign languages is the tendency of conciseness, convenience, simplicity and mobility in the transfer of accumulated knowledge about the intercultural trajectory of the language paradigm to the student. This trend was the result of the third and fourth waves of scientific and technical changes (open Internet resources, access to rapid transfer of intellectual knowledge and technology). Digitalization of the educational environment creates conditions for the development of electronic mobile platforms in remote and online forms and forms an electronic educational environment that creates interaction between the teacher and the student in a completely new format.

Теория научных революций Томаса Куна в социальном контексте времен холодной войны

The concepts of “scientific paradigm” and “scientific revolution” have received many interpretations in philosophical tradition. They are taken as a starting point in studies of scientific theories change. However, the uncertainty of notions and stan­dards for demarcation between normal and revolutionary sciences influence the pro­liferation of philosophical ideas, though it does not contribute to the better under­standing of “Structure”. The truth is that scientific revolutions do not possess the strict structure. They start from theoretical or empirical anomalies and end as a social ceremony – by accepting the new basic theories and research strategies within a scientific community. Kuhn intentionally uses the term “revolution”, mean­ing a radical social activity for rebuilding the existing order of things. Moreover, par­adigms reproduce the features of competing social systems and political camps at the cold war period. Analogy between the change of scientific paradigms and social sys­tems is not absolutely strict. While it contributes to understanding of the nature of in­commensurability and “gestalt switch” which accompany scientific development. What was more important for Kuhn – the image of revolutionary or normal science? The paradigm change appears as a natural order of things. Each type of science is not more normal than another one. But the revolutionary science is more creative and confesses the principle of “creative destruction”. Regimes of normal science might be described in terms and images of virtue epistemology. Only if Thomas Kuhn does not resist to these normative prescriptions of the philosophers of science.

Epistemic Tools and Epistemic Agents in Scientonomy

The only subtype of epistemic agent currently recognized within scientonomy is community. The place of both individuals and epistemic tools in the scientonomic ontology is yet to be clarified. This paper extends the scientonomic ontology to include epistemic agents and epistemic tools as well as their relationship to one another. Epistemic agent is defined as an agent capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements. These stances must be taken intentionally, that is, based on a semantic understanding of the epistemic element in question and its available alternatives, with reason, and for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. I argue that there can be both communal and individual epistemic agents. Epistemic agents are linked by relationships of authority delegation based on their differing areas of expertise. Having established the role of epistemic agents in the process of scientific change, I then turn to the role of epistemic tools, such as a thermometer, a text, or a particle accelerator in epistemic activities. I argue that epistemic tools play a different role in scientific change than do epistemic agents. This role is specified by an agent’s employed method. A physical object or system is an epistemic tool for some epistemic agent if there is a procedure by which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of the agent. An agent is said to rely on such a tool.
 Suggested Modifications
 [Sciento-2019-0014]: Accept the following definition of epistemic agent:
 
 Epsitemic Agent ≡ an agent capable of taking epistemic stances towards epistemic elements.
 
 [Sciento-2019-0015]: Accept that there are two types of epistemic agents – individual and communal. Also accept the following question as a legitimate topic of scientonomic inquiry:
 
 Applicability of the Laws of Scientific Change to Individuals: do the scientonomic laws apply to individual epistemic agents?
 
 [Sciento-2019-0016]: Accept the term epistemic tool, with the following definition:
 
 Epistemic Tool ≡ a physical object or system is an epistemic tool for an epistemic agent, when there is a procedure by which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of that agent.
 
 [Sciento-2019-0017]: Accept the following definition of authority delegation, which generalizes the currently accepted definition to apply to all epistemic agents:
 
 Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to be delegating authority over question x to epistemic agent B iff (1) agent A accepts that agent B is an expert on question x and (2) agent A will accept a theory answering question x if agent B says so.
 
 Also accept the following redefinitions of subtypes of authority delegation, including mutual authority delegation, one-sided authority delegation, singular authority delegation, multiple authority delegation, hierarchical authority delegation, and non-hierarchical authority delegation:
 
 Mutual Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agents A and B are said to be in a relationship of mutual authority delegation iff A delegates authority over question x to B, and B delegates authority over question y to A.
 One-Sided Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agents A and B are said to be in a relationship of one-sided authority delegation iff A delegates authority over question x to B, but B doesn’t delegate any authority to A.
 Singular Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to engage in a relationship of singular authority delegation over question x iff A delegates authority over question x to exactly one epistemic agent.
 Multiple Authority Delegation ≡ epistemic agent A is said to engage in a relationship of multiple authority delegation over question x iff A delegates authority over question x to more than one epistemic agents.
 Hierarchical Authority Delegation ≡ a sub-type of multiple authority delegation where different epistemic agents are delegated different degrees of authority over question x.
 Non-Hierarchical Authority Delegation ≡ a sub-type of multiple authority delegation where different epistemic agents are delegated the same degree of authority over question x.
 
 [Sciento-2019-0018]: Accept the relationship of tool reliance can obtain between epistemic agents and epistemic tools. Accept the following definition of tool reliance:
 
 Tool Reliance ≡ an epistemic agent is said to rely on an epistemic tool when there is a procedure through which the tool can provide an acceptable source of knowledge for answering some question under the employed method of that agent.

Problems and Prospects with the Scientonomic Workflow

While the scientonomic workflow guiding the development of a general theory of scientific change has been practiced for nearly four years, it has yet to be formally evaluated. The goal of this paper is to fill this gap with a critical appraisal of the practice and theoretical underpinnings of the workflow currently used in scientonomy. First, we consider the traditional workflow which uses publications as the primary vehicle for substantive epistemic change and find that it fails to be sufficiently transparent or inclusive and is ambiguous at decisive points. Conversely, as we argue, the scientonomic workflow has the potential to succeed where the traditional workflow fails and thus provides a promising alternative workflow. We then go on to note a number of practical and theoretical problems that have arisen upon reflection on the scientonomic workflow and suggest some modifications to the workflow and to our practices. This paper takes the first steps in improving the workflow to reach its maximum potential.
 Suggested Modifications
 [Sciento-2019-0001]: Accept that the goal of peer-reviews in the scientonomic workflow is evaluation for pursuitworthiness rather than acceptability.
 [Sciento-2019-0002]: Accept that the discussions concerning a suggested modification are to be published once a communal verdict is available. The discussions are to be published in the journal as special commentary articles co-authored by all participants of the discussion or in special edited collections.
 [Sciento-2019-0003]: Accept that the commentators of suggested modifications are allowed to suggest reformulations of the original formulations.
 Also accept that, by default, the new formulation should bear the original author’s name, unless the author decides to give credit to those who significantly contributed to the new reformulation. This should be decided collegially by the author, the commentators, and the editors on a case-by-case basis. 
 [Sciento-2019-0004]: Accept that an annual book prize is to be offered for extensive participation on the encyclopedia. The winner(s) are to be decided by the encyclopedia editors.
 [Sciento-2019-0005]: Accept that star-ratings are to be introduced for commentators who comment on suggested modifications on the encyclopedia.
 [Sciento-2019-0006]: Accept that the encyclopedia editors are to be granted official housekeeping rights to handle the ripple effects.
 Also accept that if the additional required changes are implicit in the suggested modification, the editors should create and alter encyclopedia pages to ensure that the accepted body of scientonomic knowledge is properly documented; if it is conceivable to accept the modification without accepting the ripple effect change in question, the editors should register these changes as new suggested modifications so that the community can discuss and evaluate them in an orderly fashion.
 [Sciento-2019-0007]: Accept that the verdict on suggested modifications is to be decided by a communal vote that will follow the discussion period.
 Have a communal discussion and decide as to what percentage of votes it should take for a modification to be accepted – a simple majority (50% +1), or supermajority of three fifths (60%), two thirds (67%), or three quarters (75%). Also discuss to decide as to how long the discussion period and the voting period should be.
 This modification is incompatible with modification [Sciento-2019-0008].
 [Sciento-2019-0008]: Accept that a countdown mechanism is to be introduced, where a modification is accepted by default if there are no objections within a 90-day period following its publication.
 This modification is incompatible with modification [Sciento-2019-0007].

21 世紀における科学の変貌と科学思想 科学技術社会論はいかに対応するか

21 世紀における科学の変貌と科学思想 科学技術社会論はいかに対応するか

Review with care.

“This paper requires significant editing, as it is not written in sound English and cannot be accepted in its current form.” “This sentence does not make any sense.” “The authors need a native English-speaking co-author to thoroughly revise the grammar of this manuscript.” My heart sank when I received this feedback from a reviewer for the first paper I had ever submitted as a first author. The reviewer didn't say a thing about the underlying science—but isn't that what peer review is supposed to evaluate? Regardless, the reviewer recommended that our manuscript be rejected. This happened about 10 years ago. But as a nonnative English speaker who needs to publish in English, I still think about the experience today. ![][1] ILLUSTRATION: ROBERT NEUBECKER > “You are not a martyr or the savior of people who did not grow up speaking English.” I expected my paper to fare well. I knew the science was strong. I had the resources and backup data to make whatever scientific changes the reviewers suggested. I also knew that my English skills weren't great. But I had a native English-speaking co-author and an adviser who was proficient in English, and they both thoroughly revised the manuscript. When I received those comments from the reviewer, I was crushed. I felt our work wasn't being judged fairly. Had the reviewer assumed that, because my co-authors and I were all affiliated with the same Mexican research institute, none of us was proficient in English? My co-author told me I shouldn't take the comments personally, and that they did not reflect on the quality of my work, but that didn't make me feel any better. How could I succeed in academia if I could not manage to publish a paper in English? Luckily, the other two reviewers made useful suggestions about the science, and the editor invited us to submit a revised version. I modified the science based on the helpful reviewers' feedback and made the grammar and style corrections demanded by the rude reviewer, and my first first-author paper was accepted. Since then, no reviewers have had a problem with my English—maybe because I moved to the United States and started publishing with co-authors who have American-sounding names. I also put a lot of work into improving my language skills, including participating in writing workshops and reading books about writing in English. But many of my colleagues in Mexico tell me stories of dealing with reviewers who are harsh and patronizing about their English. And I know that other researchers around the world experience similar insults. Reviewers, you don't need to be rude. Here are three principles for providing constructive reviews, even when you think an article is poorly written. First and foremost, do not make assumptions about the quality of a paper based on the authors' names and affiliations. This form of bias is rooted in racism. Second, you are a reviewer—not an editor. Focus on the research. If the English is so poor you cannot review the paper or provide feedback on the science, tell the editor so that they can decide how to proceed. Third, if the paper is not written in sound English, it is OK to correct grammatical errors and help improve the writing. But remember that you are not a martyr or the savior of people who did not grow up speaking English. Be kind. For example, you can write, “I cannot understand what the authors are trying to communicate here.” You can also suggest editing help from someone with “full professional proficiency in English.” Don't demand “a native English speaker”; that is not synonymous with being a good writer. As reviewers, we help ensure that high-quality science gets published. We can—and should—do this without forgetting that behind every paper are people who worked hard to put together a manuscript reporting their cherished research. As scientists, we know that writing is hard. Keep in mind that writing in a second language is even harder. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif

Перспектива развития творческой личности трансфессионала в условиях смены научно-образовательной парадигмы университета

Перспектива развития творческой личности трансфессионала в условиях смены научно-образовательной парадигмы университета

The interdisciplinarity revolution

Contemporary interdisciplinary research is often described as bringing some important changes in the structure and aims of the scientific enterprise. Sometimes, it is even characterized as a sort of Kuhnian scientific revolution. In this paper, the analogy between interdisciplinarity and scientific revolutions will be analysed. It will be suggested that the way in which interdisciplinarity is promoted looks similar to how new paradigms were described and defended in some episodes of revolutionary scientific change. However, contrary to what happens during some scientific revolutions, the rhetoric with which interdisciplinarity is promoted does not seem to be accompanied by a strong agreement about what interdisciplinarity actually is. In the end, contemporary interdisciplinarity could be defined as being in a ‘pre-paradigmatic’ phase, with the very talk promoting interdisciplinarity being a possible obstacle to its maturity.

Maintaining clinical pathways: What does it really take?

305 Background: Building pathways to support clinical decision making is one step, maintaining them is a mountain. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute has built 34 medical oncology (MO) pathways (PWs) and 27 radiation oncology (RO) PWs. These PWs are managed by 28 lead MDs, 8 pharmacists, 6 project managers (PMs), 1 data analyst and 1 coordinator. Once PWs are built, attention shifts to platform and content maintenance. Methods: Maintaining PW clinical and informatics content is complicated and laborious. It requires collaboration amongst clinical and non-clinical experts; these resources form the PW team. PW content is updated quarterly or semi-annually, based on the pace of scientific change in a disease. These review meetings serve as a forum for physicians to review, discuss and revise content. Infrastructure support is provided by the PW team. Supporting the meeting requires a pre-meeting, the formal review meeting, a post meeting, and extensive revisions and content validation along the way. To prepare, PW performance data and emerging relevant evidence is reviewed with the lead MD to establish the meeting agenda. In both MO and RO the PW team is responsible for all content management. Results: We reviewed 6 months of data (2/18-7/18) and analyzed the hours and cost to maintain the pathway portfolio. Conclusions: PW maintenance is costly therefore labor efficiency is critical to overall success. There are 4 strategies for success: building trust; MD engagement; data; and program coordination. The MD/PM relationship is the foundation and consistency is key. MD engagement is crucial; having an influential lead MD sets the tone for the disease center overall. Establishing clear expectations and frequent check-ins keeps the lead MD engaged. Actionable, frequent, and transparent data reports give MDs feedback on their practice patterns. The coordinator is a central point of contact and ensures programmatic execution and success. Though PW maintenance is resource intensive, it facilitates standardized decision-making for the dissemination of cutting-edge cancer care. [Table: see text]

Between political reserve and scientific change: French geographers and decolonisation in tropical Africa, 1945–1967

Between the end of World War II and the granting of independence to former French colonies in tropical Africa in 1960, a network of scientific research centres supported an emerging community of geographers. These scholars distinguished themselves by a strong commitment to fieldwork and empirical enquiry, rather than to theorization. Their investigations represented a break with the amateurism and relative lack of disciplinary rigour that characterized colonial geography, as practised by French administrators and military surveyors in inter-war Africa and Asia. Becoming connected to a broader scientific community in France and across the globe, many geographers at work during the post-war period of decolonization applied new scientific ideas to their research in tropical Africa. Through a detailed examination of institutions, researchers and publications, this paper shows how the activities of French geographers eschewed the exoticization of Africa and escaped the scholarly marginality of earlier research on tropical regions. However, although their investigations had started to be ‘decolonized’ in the 1950s, few French geographers were militant advocates of independence.

An approach to revising mHealth interventions for children and families: A case example in sickle cell disease

Frameworks for developing mHealth interventions that are informed by the end-user and improve accessibility are necessary to ensure interventions meet the needs of the intended population and advance the science of health behavior change. The approach described in this paper addresses a gap in the mHealth development literature by describing a step-by-step method for evaluating and revising the mHealth interventions for health behavior change in child-parent dyads. Furthermore, this approach introduces the Website Analysis and MeasureMent Inventory framework as an initial coding structure for analyzing qualitative data to gauge appeal and enhance engagement of intervention for end-users. This method uses specific considerations for child-parent dyads and details an example in the development and refinement of a mobile application for self-management in children with sickle cell disease. This approach is translatable to populations of children with other chronic conditions and to other health behaviors.

From “Safe by Design” to Scientific Changes: Unforeseen Effects of Controversy Surrounding Nanotechnology in France

Based on fieldwork, this article highlights the unexpected effects of controversies about nanotechnology in France. These controversies stem in particular from a strong challenge to the field by civil society protests and criticism concerning environmental and health risks. One reason for this challenge is the specific difficulties in assessing the toxicity and ecotoxicity of nanomaterials. Civil society organizations have pushed for strictly controlling or stopping academic, industrial, or even basic research. They were not successful in this regard but their activities prompted researchers to think about “safe by design” solutions and this led to new interdisciplinary cooperation. Furthermore, the uncertainty about the risks assessment resulted in a reconfiguration of the relationship between academic research and industrial companies. Researchers have become essential to the shaping of safe products. The risks of nanomaterials have thus been a driving force for new research and innovation practices.

The continuous evolution of diabetology between scientific updates and social changes

The continuous evolution of diabetology between scientific updates and social changes