Теория научных революций Томаса Куна в социальном контексте времен холодной войны

Abstract

The concepts of “scientific paradigm” and “scientific revolution” have received many interpretations in philosophical tradition. They are taken as a starting point in studies of scientific theories change. However, the uncertainty of notions and stan­dards for demarcation between normal and revolutionary sciences influence the pro­liferation of philosophical ideas, though it does not contribute to the better under­standing of “Structure”. The truth is that scientific revolutions do not possess the strict structure. They start from theoretical or empirical anomalies and end as a social ceremony – by accepting the new basic theories and research strategies within a scientific community. Kuhn intentionally uses the term “revolution”, mean­ing a radical social activity for rebuilding the existing order of things. Moreover, par­adigms reproduce the features of competing social systems and political camps at the cold war period. Analogy between the change of scientific paradigms and social sys­tems is not absolutely strict. While it contributes to understanding of the nature of in­commensurability and “gestalt switch” which accompany scientific development. What was more important for Kuhn – the image of revolutionary or normal science? The paradigm change appears as a natural order of things. Each type of science is not more normal than another one. But the revolutionary science is more creative and confesses the principle of “creative destruction”. Regimes of normal science might be described in terms and images of virtue epistemology. Only if Thomas Kuhn does not resist to these normative prescriptions of the philosophers of science.