Prague School Research Articles

Nominativo latino y tema en español

In Latin, the nominative case is usually described as Subject case, but this role is a later derivation of its function as a Theme marker. The Theme expressed by the Indo-European nominative is the syntactic Theme, not to be confused with the Theme of the FSP first described by the Prague Circle. The syntactic Theme belongs to a different and broader syntactic axis than the transitive axis. While the thematic axis divides the sentence into two parts, Theme and Predicate, the transitive axis organizes the constituents of the predicate. The syntactic Theme has several semantic features that can be found in the Theme of the so-called thematic languages. The loss of the inflectional cases in Romance languages and, therefore, of the nominative case as such, brought about the need to express the Theme analytically. This paper briefly describes the behaviour of the thematic Theme in Spanish, its relation to the transitive axis and its contrast with languages in which the thematic axis is not in force, such as English.

A Tribute to Professor Leon Yudkin (1939–2013)

Abstract This is a tribute to the Jewish literary critic Professor Leon Yudkin, who died in 2013. He was a prolific writer: the author of more than a dozen works and editor and co-editor of another five books. The range of his interests was prodigious, from individual writers like Shmuel Agnon, Joseph Roth and Else Lasker-Schüler to the Prague Circle, French feminist writers, German Expressionism and, above all, a series of authoritative surveys of Hebrew, Yiddish and Israeli literature. Much of this article focuses on his last book, posthumously published, Fiction Derailed: Form for the Modern (2020), an exploration of the modern novel. His greatest legacy was as a pioneer, someone who opened up the study of Jewish and especially Hebrew and Yiddish literature in the academy.

ТЕКСТУАЛНА ЛИНГВИСТИКА (ДИЈАХРОНИСКИ ПРЕГЛЕД)

In the paper that is the subject of my processing and analysis, the linguistic points of view in the field of linguistics of the text, as well as applied linguistics, will be covered. The place of the linguistic approach to the text in traditional linguistic theories, but also in modern linguistic and cultural theories, will be analyzed. The concept of language culture includes all the listed skills (logical exposition, text expansion, etc.) Both in the mother tongue and in the foreign languages that are being learned, but also in the learning of the different languages and cultures of the carrier language variants. We will also pay attention to the Prague School, which expands interest in all areas of language use, thus defining functional use through functional styles, expanding interest in language to all types of linguistic texts. Namely, in the paper we will emphasize the importance of the different points of view of the language structure in textual linguistics, but also in the communicative aspects of linguistics.

Zkušební komise pro učitelství na středních školách v Praze

This article describes the legislative and organisational development of examinations of fitness to teach at secondary schools. Such exams were administered to students of universities and technical universities by the Examination Committee for Teaching at Secondary Schools in Prague in 1850–1950. A committee that examined in the Czech language was established in 1871 by splitting from the German-speaking committee. Since 1870, these examinations had to be taken also by candidates wishing to teach at Realschulen (practically oriented secondary schools). In 1911–1948, these examinations had to be taken by university students who wished to teach at any type of a secondary school.

Research on the Actual Sentence Partition and Translation of Chinese Cultural Landscape Discourses Based on Natural Language Processing Technology

In recent years, ChatGPT has been extensively applied across various fields, with translation being one of them. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology on the translation process. The research method involved utilizing the concept of Actual Sentence Partition (ASP) within the framework of Function Sentence Perspective (FSP). ASP, introduced by V. Mathesius, the founder of the Prague School, divides sentences into the point of departure and the nucleus of an utterance, providing insights into their communicative and semantic characteristics. Conversely, Formal Sentence Division (FSD) solely focuses on marking grammatical elements without identifying the correct ASP, resulting in ambiguity and inaccuracy. In Chinese discourse, incomplete sentences are commonly observed, including the omission of known information and the use of multiple clauses. Consequently, when translating from Chinese to English, it is crucial to appropriately visualize the hidden information in Chinese and analyze Chinese discourse using ASP to reconstruct its equivalent in English. The findings of this study emphasize the significance of ASP in translation. By understanding the ASP, translators can better comprehend the intention and meaning behind Chinese discourse, ensuring a more accurate and faithful representation in English. Therefore, the application of ASP in translation serves as a valuable tool for bridging the linguistic and cultural gaps between languages. In conclusion, ASP, as a pivotal concept in FSP, offers a comprehensive framework for understanding and translating complex sentence structures in Chinese discourse. By utilizing ASP, translators can capture the communicative and semantic nuances of Chinese sentences, leading to more accurate and effective translation outcomes..

On Subtitle Translation of American TV Series from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence Theory

With the development of globalization and cross-cultural communication, more and more artistic works are introduced into the promising market, China, including film and television works, music and novels. Of which, American TV series have become one of the hottest subjects, which arose enthusiastic pursuit and discussions among Chinese. Compared with domestic TV series, it contains more exciting plots and beautiful background music. What’s more, the quality subtitle is an essential part of this introduction. Regarding the theory put forward by Roman Jacobson, the founder of Prague school, translation is divided into three categories: intralingual translation, interlingual translation and intersemiotic translation, and subtitle translation is kind of interlingual translation. It means an interpretation of source language by means of target language. For film and television works, subtitle acts as a bridge between source language and audiences of target language as well as playing the role of communication and transformation of original emotions and image, which is the best illustration of functional equivalence theory developed by Eugene Nida. Differentiate from traditional literary translation, subtitle translation has its own unique features despite its being an emerging field. It has spatial and time constraint and must reproduce the content of source language as accurately and elegantly as possible within the limited time, as a result, this paper intends to carry out a further study on subtitle translation and functional equivalence theory. In 2018, the American TV series Killing Eve created a fad at home and abroad and the successful subtitle translation definitely contribute to it. In my perspective, its subtitle translation can be considered the great illustration of the principles and requirements of functional equivalence theory, which is a best case to study. From the perspective of functional equivalence theory, the paper has potential to produce a better understanding of subtitle translation's classification, features and related study at home and abroad. Give priority to the role of functional equivalence theory played in subtitle translation so as to give a boost to its development.

Variables Influencing the Emotional Attachment of Adolescents in Prague Schools to Physical Education

Background: Emotional attachment to any activity is a frequently discussed topic. Backgrounds speak of the importance of building emotional attachment since childhood, we agree with this idea and in school Physical Education we see one of the important means that can significantly influence this attachment in the field of physical activities. The aim of the study is to define the variables that influence the emotional attachment of pupils in school Physical Education.
 Method: A questionnaire used by Antalou & al. for a similar investigation in Slovakia was chosen by the research tool. After assessing the normality of the data, we chose the Kruskal- Wallis test for statistical data processing.
 Results: Our research group contained 480 respondents from 22 schools in Prague. 38% of pupils have a negative relationship with Physical Education 41% of pupils have a neutral relationship. Emotional attachment affects the state of health. Often, sick students have a more positive relationship with physical education.
 Conclusions: Pupils who are not focused on performance perceive TV more positively than pupils focused on performance. Children's emotional attachment to physical activities is important, we recommend working on tools to better clarify this area.

P396 Bowel ultrasound training in European and Mediterranean Countries: results of a survey

Abstract Background Bowel ultrasound (US) is a cost-effective, non-invasive, accurate, and readily available tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Moreover, it can be an accurate tool in the hands of gastroenterologists for the initial assessment of patients with chronic and acute intestinal disorders -such as abdominal pain and diarrhoea- to rule in and out organic causes. Currently, it is not known how many European residents in gastroenterology or internal medicine who care for IBD patients have the opportunity to have a bowel US training. Tha aims of our study were to investigate the bowel US training in Europe and the perception of utility of this diagnostic technique. Methods The participants of the survey were residents from different Countries who voluntarily chose to take part in one of the two first editions of the bowel US course, one of the optional courses held during the UEG Summer School in Prague (2022 and 2023). Participants answered an initial test in a digital anonymous questionnaire. Results Among the 135 participants in the course, 104 (77%) answered all the questions. Respondents were from 28 European and Mediterranean area Countries. The majority of respondents (60.6%) were residents in their 3rd and 4th year of specialization (men 58.7%). Among the respondents, 61 (58.7%) stated they had a general abdominal US training period during their residency (62.5% of them reporting <100 exams performed). (Figure 1) It was not offered any bowel US training to 76% of residents. (Figure 2) Among the respondents, the Italian residents showed the highest probability to have a bowel US training (7/13, 53,8%). At a Likert scale, 96.2% stated that bowel US is important for their future profession (Figure 3) and 93.3% stated it is important for treatment decision in gastroenterology. (Figure 4) Conclusion Our survey reveals, despite the possible limits given by the response and selection bias, that in Europe bowel US training is deficient and heterogeneous. Only one every four participants received a bowel US training during their residency, despite bowel US knowledge is considered a necessary skill by approximately 95% of young gastroenterologists who participated in the course. Since less than 2/3 have a US period during their residency (often insufficient), it is likely that most residents interested in bowel US are forced to acquire this skill attending other specific courses during or after their residency. Solutions may be represented by the implementation of specific courses or with the institution of minimum bowel US training level during the residency.

Archetypes, plots, and images of old Ukrainian mythology in the lyrics of Yurii Darahan

The relevance of the study is due to the need for a detailed analysis of mythologemes in Yurii Darahan’s work for a sufficiently deep reading of his texts. The subject of the study is the archetypes, plots, and images of Ukrainian mythology in his lyrics. The study aims to find out the conceptual and aesthetic significance of Ukrainian mythological plots and images in Darahan’s artistic picture of the world. Using the methods of mythocritical (archetypal) and intertextual analysis, autobiographical and descriptive methods the author examines all of Yurii Darahan’s published poetry, including the collection Sahaidak (“Quiver”, 1925), and texts outside the collection published in periodicals. Thus, mythologemes — the smallest semantic units of the text that refer to the old Ukrainian mythology — were distinguished, and their influence on the essence of the author’s poetic texts and their role in his artistic picture of the world was revealed. As a result of the study, the following archetypes, plots, and images of old Ukrainian mythology in Darahan’s poetry were identified: the sophisticated and deep archetype of the Great Mother, the productive and inspiring archetype of the Defender (the image of an ideal person), a wide range of solar images, images of mediators, the concept of the Genus, motifs of synergy of the elements and sacrifice, as well as images of old Ukrainian gods. Ukrainian mythology enables him to reveal his vision of the world, reflect on basic ontological categories, and form the basis of his artistic picture of the world; through its distinctive archetypes, images, and plots, he seeks to actualize national memory, identity, and the collective unconscious. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it allows us to deepen the interpretation of Yurii Darahan’s texts and to develop the mythocritical (archetypal) method of text analysis through the prism of national mythology, which is relevant for the study of the Prague School poets and the literary process of the 20th–21st centuries.

OLD UKRAINIAN MYTHOLOGY IN OLEH OLZHYCH’S LYRICS

Ukrainian modernists, in particular Prague School poets, sought to actualize the old Ukrainian mythology in their writings and reinterpret it as a starting point for existence. Relying on the tradition of neoromanticism and neoclassicism, they created a unique style that reflected the experience of defeat in the national liberation war and emigration. This style was an attempt to form a new identity that would maintain continuity with the glorious past and meet the requirements of the time. The poets aimed to establish a new way of thinking that would influence the nation’s worldview, self-determination, and will to struggle. A scrupulous analysis of the elements from old Ukrainian mythology in Oleh Olzhych’s lyrics is crucial for a comprehensive interpretation of his texts. Oleh Olzhych’s poems are saturated with old Ukrainian mythological archetypes, images, and plots that have become a fundamental part of his literary model of the world. The published poems from his books “Pebble” (“Rin”, 1935), “Towers” (“Vezhi”, 1940), and “Pidzamcha” (1946), as well as works beyond these collections, have been analyzed with the use of mythocritical method. Mythologemes, being minimal semantic units of text referring to myths, are typically positioned prominently within the texts.
 The relevant archetypes and images in Oleh Olzhych’s lyrics include the Great Mother, the World Tree, a complex of solar imagery, mediators, and direct references to the gods and creatures of old Ukrainian myths. The old Ukrainian mythology in Oleh Olzhych’s poems accumulates ontological, existential, and value knowledge, appealing to the collective unconscious and being one of the formative components of his worldview.

Introducing the Prague School: efforts of Chinese linguists in the past half-century

Abstract The Prague School of Linguistics is one of the most important groups in the history of twentieth-century structuralism. Ever since Qixiang Cen wrote on it at the end of the 1950s in his book on the history of linguistics, it has continued to attract the interest of Chinese linguists. This essay explores the half-century in which the Prague School was introduced and studied in China and aims to identify the features of the three stages of these linguists’ efforts.

Rotation-based schedules in elementary schools to prevent COVID-19 spread: a simulation study

Rotations of schoolchildren were considered as a non-pharmacological intervention in the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the impact of different rotation and testing schedules.We built an agent-based model of interactions among pupils and teachers based on a survey in an elementary school in Prague, Czechia. This model contains 624 schoolchildren and 55 teachers and about 27 thousands social contacts in 10 layers. The layers reflect different types of contacts (classroom, cafeteria, etc.) in the survey. On this multi-graph structure we run a modified SEIR model of covid-19 infection. The parameters of the model are calibrated on data from the outbreak in the Czech Republic in spring 2020. Weekly rotations of in-class and distance learning are an effective preventative measure in schools reducing the spread of covid-19 by 75–81% . Antigen testing twice a week or PCR once a week significantly reduces infections even when using tests with a lower sensitivity. The structure of social contacts between pupils and teachers strongly influences the transmission. While the density of contact graphs for older pupils is 1.5 times higher than for younger pupils, the teachers’ network is an order of magnitude denser. Teachers moreover act as bridges between groups of children, responsible for 14–18% of infections in the secondary school compared to 8–11% in the primary school. Weekly rotations with regular testing are a highly effective non-pharmacological intervention for the prevention of covid-19 spread in schools and a way to keep schools open during an epidemic.

Yuri Tynianov, Jan Mukařovský and Nikolai Marr in Juri Lotman’s Concept of History of Humanities

Abstract This article focuses on Juri Lotman’s views of the origins of Tartu-Moscow structuralism. He reconstructed the genesis of the Tartu-Moscow School using the Hegelian model (thesis – antithesis – synthesis). In Lotman’s concepts of the 1960s and 1970s, the role of the “thesis” was always played by the Petrograd Association of Russian Formalists (OPOIaZ). Lotman selected different movements as the “antithesis”. In the 1960s, the productive antithesis to OPOIaZ was, for Lotman, the “semantic paleontology” of Nikolai Marr and his followers (such as Olga Freidenberg). In the 1970s, Lotman assigned this role to the functionalist structuralism of the Prague School (with a special focus on the work of Jan Mukařovský), but he never abandoned his sympathy for the work of Freidenberg.

Monitoring COVID-19 spread in selected Prague's schools based on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater

The COVID-19 pandemic has demanded a broad range of techniques to better monitor its extent. Owing to its consistency, non-invasiveness, and cost effectiveness, wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a relevant approach to monitor the pandemic's course. In this work, we analyzed the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic in five primary schools in Prague, the Czech Republic, and how different preventive measures impact the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA copy numbers in wastewaters. Copy numbers were measured by reverse transcription–multiplex quantitative real-time PCR. These copy numbers were compared to the number of infected individuals in each school identified through regular clinical tests. Each school had a different monitoring regime and subsequent application of preventive measures to thwart the spread of COVID-19. The schools that constantly identified and swiftly quarantined infected individuals exhibited persistently low amounts of SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies in their wastewaters. In one school, a consistent monitoring of infected individuals, coupled with a delayed action to quarantine, allowed for the estimation of a linear model to predict the number of infected individuals based on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater. The results show the importance of case detection and quarantining to stop the spread of the pandemic and its impact on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewaters. This work also shows that wastewater-based epidemiological models can be reliably used even in small water catchments, but difficulties arise to fit models due to the nonconstant input of viral particles into the wastewater systems.

How lower-secondary pupils approach and perceive understanding mathematics

Mathematics requires deep thinking. It may be educationally beneficial if pupils are aware of their own shortcomings in understanding. We investigated how pupils of lower-secondary schools in Prague perceive their understanding mathematics, with a particular focus on whether they have distinctive attitudes towards the quality of their understanding. In the first, quantitative stage, a diagnostic test of surface knowledge and a questionnaire about mathematical understanding were developed and administrated. Using a factor analysis, t-tests and methods of descriptive statistics, we created indices of understanding and ascertained that the respondents were often mixing various levels of depth of their understanding mathematics. The quality of a pupil’s understanding was also influenced by many latent factors, including strategic approach to learning, volition to remember facts, ability to solve tasks independently, perfectionism, and also, to some extent, the parental view of mathematics. In the second stage of the research, some individual semi-structured interviews were conducted to illustrate and validate the results. The findings of the study highlight the need to raise pupils’ awareness of the quality of their mathematical understanding, since it may influence their willingness to deepen their knowledge in mathematics and subsequently their school performance.

YEVHEN MALANYUK AND YURIY DARAGAN – FACTOLOGICAL OVERCOME OF THE MYTH ABOUT THE «FIRST» AND «SECOND» POETS OF EMIGRATION

Variants of the interpretation of the genesis of the theme of Ukrainian emigration poetry of 1920s and 1930s are revealed. For the first time, the main works of modern Ukrainian scientists who researched the specified problem are comprehensively analyzed. It has been asserted that the vast majority of literary critics associate the genesis of the topic of Ukrainian emigration poetry of the interwar period with the name of Yu. Daragan. At the same time, E. Malanyuk is considered the most prominent emigration poet. The opinion of one of the modern researchers is singled out, who drew attention to the tendency to somewhat simplistic praise of Yu. Daragan’s work, which is quite small in scope, in particular, his collection «Sagaidak». The comparative method and the method of factual verification proved that the book «Sagaidak» was not actually the first poetry collection printed in exile. It was noted that modern researchers, who called Yu. Daragan the first poet of the «Prague School», did not provide convincing facts for such a statement. Instead, they only used the rather subjective Євген Маланюк і Юрій Дараган – фактологічне подолання міфу ... 248 opinions of their predecessors, expressed in ideologically rather contradictory articles of the pre-war period. It has been established that the publication of the book «Sagaidak» was preceded by the publication of E. Malaniuk’s collection «Stiletto and Stylos». It was also revealed that the publication of the book «Stiletto and Stylus» by E. Malanyuk was met with reviews and articles by individual Ukrainian critics both in Ukraine and abroad. Instead, only M. Shapoval, who belonged to the same party (Socialist-Revolutionaries) as Yu. Daragan, published a review of the «Sagaidak» collection. It has been proven that the statement about Yu. Daragan as the first poet of emigration, who personally influenced the ideological and thematic direction of E. Malanyuk’s work, is just a literary myth. In fact, the facts indicate that it was E. Malanyuk who was the leading writer of Ukrainian emigration literature of the interwar period, even at the beginning of its formation Keywords: the genesis of the theme of Ukrainian emigration poetry of the 1920s –1930s , the collection of E. Malanyuk «Stylet and Stylos», the collection of Y. Daragan «Sagaidak», «Prague School», «visnykivstvo»

АЗАРТНАЯ КРИВИЗНА ЗЕРКАЛ: РОМАН ЯКОБСОН В «ПОПУЛЯРНОЙ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ» ЛИНГВИСТИКИ

This article explores presentation peculiarities of R.O. Jakobson’s (1896-1982) biographical data on popular Internet sites that often serve as the main or most sought-after source of information on the history of Russian and foreign linguistics by young researchers in Russia. A narrative metacritical approach to the information presented on these platforms allows to visualize the extent to which prominent linguists’ images can be distorted, exemplified by one of the founders of the Moscow Linguistic Circle and the Prague School of Functional Linguistics. The main attention is paid in the article to the Prague period of R.O. Jakobson's activity.

Czecho(slovak) Sinology

AbstractIn the second half of the twentieth century, Czechoslovak Sinology gained international recognition and, beginning in the late 1970s, has sometimes been referred to as the “Prague School of Sinology.” This paper will contextualize the achievements of Czechoslovak Sinologists in the broader historical context of the study of China, in the end summarizing the present situation in the Czech Republic. It discusses both Czechoslovak and Czech Sinology as the product of a specific intellectual environment that has nourished academic interest in China and shaped a specific understanding of what “Sinology” (side by side with other “Oriental studies”) means, including its situatedness in specific moments of history.

Место кицдойч в рамках литературного немецкого языка

The article analyzes the main definitions of the concept of „language norm“ by domestic and foreign linguists of the early 20–21st centuries. Thus, the dichotomy of F. de Saussure “language” and “speech” is considered, on the basis of which most studies of the concept of “norm” were built. The definitions of the norm given by E. Coseriu, representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle are analyzed. The social and dynamic nature of the language norm is revealed in the definitions of Russian scientists: A. M. Peshkovsky, S. I. Ozhegov, D. N. Ushakov and V. I. Dal, L. V. Shcherba, L. I. Skvortsov. The ratio of dynamism and stability in relation to the language norm is considered. It is emphasized that it is the language norm, which is the basis of such concepts as the correctness/incorrectness of speech, the culture of speech, that ensures the integrity of any language system. The literary and linguistic norm is singled out, to which the qualities of special correctness are attributed. The ratio of the literary norm and dialects is determined. The concept of the literary norm in German linguistics, as well as its significance in the modern German language, is considered. The concepts of literary (codified) German, standard language, as well as Hochsprache/Hochdeutsch are analyzed. The article considers kitzdeutsch as a result of the negative impact on the German language of the political processes taking place in Germany. Kitzdeutsch is defined as a social dialect resulting from the incomplete linguistic integration of migrants and based on a mixture of grammatical, lexical and stylistic features of two or more languages. Based on the analysis of texts, the linguistic features of the kitzdeutsch sociolect are revealed at the lexical, morphological, syntactic and phonetic levels. The place of kitzdeutsch in German literary language is determined.

S. Karcevski et R. Jakobson, grammairiens de la langue russe à l'époque du Cercle linguistique de Prague

Jacqueline FONTAINE, Université de Paris-VIII : «Karcevski and Jakobson, grammarians of the Russian Language in the Prague Linguistic Circle» 
 It is always interesting to investigate how people making statements on general principles in linguistics (always better known than their methodology) manage when they work on the concrete field of writing a grammar, where the description will necessarily reveal the choices that they have made.
 A comparison between Karcevski and Jakobson, whose signatures were several times linked in linguistic manifestos at the time of the Prague Linguistic Circle, shows many convergences and divergences, in both the style and the concepts used to describe the grammar of Russian.
 Such an analysis throws further light on the diversity of scope, and the autonomy of the researchers who were members of the Prague Circle.