Schools Of Lahore Research Articles

A Comparative Study of L2 Motivational Self System of Elementary Students in Public and Private Schools of Lahore

The English language is considered the most important part of education after seeing its importance in the curricula of many countries throughout the world. The thesis/dissertation investigates the impact of L2 motivational self-system on language learning achievements and proficiency level.Quantitative approach has been used to administrate the relationship between L2 motivational self-system and English language learning.Two public sector and two private sector schools of Lahore were the sample of the study. Close-ended questionnaires were used to administrate the study by collecting data from elementary school students in Lahore.The data was analyzed using SPSS software. The findings of the research showed a noteworthy difference between public and private sector students. The analysis revealed that male participants of the study are more motivated as compared to the female participants but overall, both male and female participants are highly indulged in motivation of English language learning.

Effect of Supervision on Teachers' Performance at the Secondary Level in Pakistan

The main purpose of this research study was to determine the Effect of Supervision on Teacher Performance at the secondary level in Pakistan. The sample of the study was 200 teachers randomly selected from 20 schools of district Lahore questionnaire was for the data collected from the subjects in this quantitative study. Frequency, mean, and t-tests were used for the data analysis. Results of the current study showed that the Directive style is most effective to improve teaching performance at the secondary level, followed by the non-directive and collaborative styles. Results also showed that there is no serious distinction in male and female teacher performance under the supervision of heads in schools with directive, non-directive and collaborative styles. The result also showed that there is no suggestive variance in the male and female supervision on the performance of school teachers with the directive, non-directive and collaborative styles. It is also concluded that teachers are equally satisfied with the effect of supervision in different schools in Lahore. It is recommended that the supervisor adopt an effective supervising style, which can improve the teachers' performance. Moreover, supervision should be monitored and enhanced with supervisor training sessions and workshops.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS’ LEADERSHIP STYLES AND TEACHERS’ ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORS

The goal of this specific research was to look into the relationship between the leadership styles used by school administrators and the organizational citizenship behaviors displayed by teachers. The study was quantitative in nature and Pearson Product Movement Method was used to explore the relationship between two variables. The population of this study consisted of all of the school teachers from public sector schools in Lahore. 400 teachers were selected as a sample of the study. Self-developed questionnaire was used for data collection. It was found that there were highly significant and positive associations between all of the sub-dimensions of transformational leadership styles and transactional leadership styles and the dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior. As a result, it is recommended that administrators practice more of the transformational and transactional leadership styles to create an environment that is more conducive, efficient, and effective for functioning and imparting information.

Relationship between Work-Family Conflict and Life Satisfaction in Secondary Schools of Sargodha

The link between Work-Family Conflict (WFC) and Life Satisfaction was examined in a quantitative study of secondary school teachers in Lahore, Pakistan (LS). The researcher hopes that the study might be useful from all viewpoints, including managerial, academic, and theoretical ones. Lahore district served as the population of the study that consisted of 179 boys and 152 girls high schools of Lahore. In Lahore there are 1716 female and 1445 male SSTs. 800 samples were taken from the entire population using a two-stage random sampling technique. With advance permission, Form-WFC and SLS were modified. Pilot testing and expert opinion were used to validate the scale and confirm the validity of the instrument. Pilot testing was done to check the instrument's dependability, and the results show that the instrument is very reliable. Following pilot testing, the instrument underwent the necessary modifications. In the study, correlational research was employed. The information was gathered through a cross-sectional survey. Using SPSS, descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The results of the correlation were significant, indicating that WLB and LS had a moderately positive correlation. SLS generally increases along with WFC when it does. In order to determine the relationship between WLB and SLS, Pearson r was run. The results of the correlation were significant, indicating that WFC and LS had a strong positive correlation. SLS generally increases along with WFC when it does. The conclusions of the correlation coefficients were corroborated by the results of the regression analysis.

Determination of Levels of Anxiety and its Association with Demographic Characteristics of Adolescent Girls in Secondary Schools of Lahore

Adolescence is a transition period between the time of childhood and adulthood as it is usually accompanied by sexual maturation and physical growth as well as psychological and cognitive changes necessary for coping with the tasks of later adult life. Objective: To identify levels of anxiety and its association with demographic characteristics of adolescent girls in secondary schools of Lahore Methods: Cross-sectional, analytical design was used in this study. The normality assumptions were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnova and Shapiro-Wilk test. Results: Out of 140 participants, 116 participants were having anxiety. Among these participants, 73 (62.9%) were having mild anxiety, 38 (32.7%) were having moderate anxiety, and only 5 (4.31%) were having severe anxiety. Statistical analysis show that the data were not normally distributed as evident from the p-value 0.01 and 0.03 in Kolmogorov-Smirnova and Shapiro-Wilk tests, respectively. Analysis showed that there is a significant difference in anxiety levels in adolescent school girls as evident by p-value is less than 0.05. Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety was 82.85% among adolescents’ girls. Majority of the adolescent students were facing mild and mild anxiety and this anxiety remain throughout the adolescent age but reduce with passage of age.

Comparative Study of Job Satisfaction of Male and Female Teachers of Private and Public Secondary Schools in Lahore, Pakistan

Job satisfaction is a favourable feeling toward one’s job. However, job dissatisfaction is a negative feeling about a job. The purpose of the current study was to investigate and analyze the levels of job satisfaction of female and male teachers in private and public secondary schools in Lahore, Pakistan. The targeted population selected for this cross-sectional quantitative study was teachers of the private and public schools of Lahore, Pakistan. The study sample was selected through a convenience sampling design. The final sample comprised 500 male and female secondary school teachers. The survey was self-administered, based on a structured questionnaire consisting of 36 items. For data analyses, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the gathered data. One-way ANOVA and an independent sample t-test were used to find the difference in job satisfactions by categorizing them according to their, experience, qualification, age, gender, and type of institution (public vs. private). The results indicated that female teachers were more satisfied than the male teachers. A significant difference was found between the job satisfactions in terms of salaries (F =2.610, p < 0.075), supervision (F = 3.534, p < 0.030), fringe benefits (F =5.761, p < 0.003), promotion (F =2.396, p < 0.092), and nature of work (F =4.400, p < 0.013). Furthermore, public secondary schools have more facilities and benefits as compared to private schools. It is suggested that the Executive District Officers (EDO) must include some strategies and teachers’ welfare packages for public or private secondary school teachers. However, future studies can indicate their research towards other factors, which might be considered as a prime predictor for teachers' job satisfaction.

Students’ experiences of extracurricular activities in elite secondary schools in Lahore

ABSTRACT Drawing on discussions on extracurricular activities in interviews with eight students in elite secondary schools, this article aims to understand the experiences of young people navigating aspirations and identifications in the postcolonial, globalising context of Lahore, Pakistan. In this study, extracurricular activities are conceptualised as spatial and commodification practices of elite schools. A focus on third spaces and their relationship with cultural and structural influences is preferred for understanding students’ experiences. Inductive thematic analysis led to three themes: students’ reasons for participation and the role participation plays in accessing particular pathways; the role school administration plays in organising activities and popular selection criteria; and lastly, the ongoing negotiation with parents regarding participation and the social expectations of a student’s behaviour. The study aims to offer an in-depth understanding of students’ experiences in this context by raising significant questions while contributing to conversations pertaining to social justice, inequality, and mental wellbeing.

Investigation of Teachers’ Competencies through National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan

This study was designed to investigate teacher’s competencies through National Professional Standards for Teachers (NPST) in Pakistan at the secondary school level in Lahore. Nature of study was descriptive. Competencies of teachers investigated through NPSTP, delimited to four standards including human growth and development, instructional planning and strategies, assessment and professional development & code of conduct. Data collected through two questionnaires, filled by teachers and their students. Sample was 539 (241male and 198female) teachers and 1044 students of 9th and 10th classes from 72 boys and girls secondary schools of Lahore. An achievement test was constructed (26 MCQs) based on assessment standard and conducted on 216 willing teachers to measure their competencies. Although majority of teachers had little knowledge about assessment but they were not aware of this knowledge in true sense. The teachers (male, female) and students however, agreed with two major competencies of teachers i.e. assessment knowledge and pedagogical competencies for solving problems of students, discussing objectives of the topic, questioning students. The teachers should be trained in accordance with National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan.

EFFECTIVENESS OF ASSESSMENTS THROUGH TABS AT PRIMARY LEVELS IN PEF SCHOOLS OF LAHORE

This study was designed to explore effectiveness of using tabs in assessment at primary level in PEF schools of Lahore. The paradigm of the current study was social constructivism. Basic qualitative research methods were used for data collection and the analysis procedures. Open-ended interviews were conducted from twenty-five primary school teachers in Lahore. Purposive sampling technique was used for selection of participants. Qualitative data were analyzed through the arranged of data, coding, and emerged into the themes. It was evident from this research that using tabs in assessment has boosted performance of students. The results offered significant information about research issues as examined in particular context for specific purpose to produce desired outcomes. The result of the study showed that usage of innovative technology in assessment is productive and has a positive impact on student learning in English, Mathematics, and Urdu. Findings suggested that the number of tabs given to each school should be increased according to the student’s strengths, as tabs motivate students and help in improving student learning.

Effect of Workplace Bullying on Job Satisfaction and Job Performance at School Level

This study sought to determine the workplace bullying, job satisfaction, job performance and their effects on teachers. This quantitative study aims to highlight the issue of bullying which badly affects teachers. The sample was comprised of all schools in Lahore. A stratified random sampling strategy was used. Four hundred teachers were selected from all schools in Lahore. The questionnaire consisted of 115 items. It was designed at a Likert. Data was analyzed through SPSS. The findings show a strong relationship between workplace bullying and job satisfaction and job performance. The findings highlight that demographic variables vary among teachers. The finding of this study that workplace bullying is increasing speedily, that suggests that organizational bullying might make teachers feel uncomfortable in their jobs, causing stress. These findings may be utilized to design successful solutions for not just preventing and managing bullying; but also for making schools safer for teachers.

Facilitating Inclusion through Student-Driven Strategies: Perspectives of Early Childhood Teachers in Pakistan

This phenomenological study explores early childhood teachers’ perspectives on using student-driven classroom management strategies to facilitate inclusive education. Twelve teachers from nine inclusive schools in Lahore, Pakistan, participated in semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis of transcripts provides insights into teacher views on utilising self-directed approaches to promote positive student outcomes. Most teachers recognise the value of self-management strategies like self-monitoring and self-evaluation to improve student autonomy, behaviour, and learning.However, developmental, and disability-related challenges may limit young learners’ usage of such strategies. Findings indicate that student-driven approaches are promising but require training on scaffolded implementation, considering diverse learner characteristics. Self-directed methods should be integral to teacher preparation and inclusive education policies. The study addresses a knowledge gap and has implications for enhancing inclusive practices during early schooling.

Effect of English Language Learning Anxiety on Learner's Interactive Language Activities at Matriculation in Punjab

The psycholinguistic aspect of English Lexicon schooling as a foreign language plays a crucial character in the enlightenment of learners. Present-day research is focused to get an answer about the agitation and anxiousness level of English language learning in Matriculation students, both in public schools and private schools in Lahore, Punjab. To carry out this study, using FLCAS as a research instrument, data was collected from 800 participants, an equal number of learners from government and private institutions, as well as an equal number of female and male students. Data analysis was done by SPSS, it was found that learners experience moderate level to high levels of language anxiety in classroom situations. However, T-tests were adapted to figure out the difference in anxiety levels between government school and private school students. Similarly, a T-test was adapted to figure out the difference in anxiety levels among female and male learners.

Young Adult Obesity Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors, A Cross-Sectional Anthropometric Study in local Population

Objective: This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and risk factors among young adults in Pakistan. Study Design: A cross-sectional anthropometric study in local population to assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and risk factors among young male and female. Place and Duration: Present study was conducted in 25 high schools of Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi from January 2022 to November 2022. Methodology: In this study 1000 young adults (500 girls and 500 boys) of age 15-17 years were selected and used population-based stratified cluster sampling method. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity, the participant’s body mass indices (BMI) were compared to the BMI guidelines for Pakistani children and adolescents. In order to gather information about the study group's sociodemographic traits, Internet use, TV watching, physical activity, and family history of obesity, a standardized questionnaire was administered. Results: According to the findings, there were 8.9% of teenagers who were obese overall (9.6% of females and 7.2% of boys). It was shown that BMI went up when computer use did. Compared to their peers who were of normal weight, a higher percentage of overweight and obese teenagers watched TV and used computers for longer than two hours each day. It was discovered that the patients with normal weight participated more frequently in regular physical activity. 59.6% of the households of overweight adolescents were obese. Practical Implication:It will spread awareness among community about obesity prevalence in young adults and the risk factors associated with them ,controlling methods and things to prevent. Conclusion: Comparatively it was concluded that Pakistan has lower frequency of adolescent obesity than several developed countries. The usage of computer, mobile, television, physical exercise, and family dynamics are all significant risk factors for obesity. Keywords: Adolescent, Obesity, Body mass indices, Risk factors, Anthropometric

Dental Care use and Self-Reported Dental Problems in Children in Lahore, Pakistan

Objectives: Oral diseases affect a probable 90% of school children worldwide. Understanding the behaviours among children would give us the information required to create better health programmes. This cross-sectional research aims to assess oral health behaviours among school children. Methods: Data was collected using a WHO oral health questionnaire for children and 527 students participated from four schools in Lahore. Results: The research shows that in schools in Lahore, there are still 29.5% of students who are irregular in their brushing habits. The use of toothpaste was widespread although information on fluoride in toothpaste was limited. Students regularly took milk and tea with added sugar (43.9% and 49.2%). Fresh fruit consumption was 22%. According to regression analysis, females were 1.96 times more likely to be made fun of their teeth when compared to males. Higher parental education brought about significantly better brushing habits but also significantly higher odds for eating candies and sweets (1.29) and lower odds (0.57) for eating fresh fruits. High consumption of sugary foods was related to more dental visits. Practical implication & Conclusion: Self-assessed dental health is positive amongst the students in Lahore. However, this research indicates a significant portion of the students have irregular oral hygiene practices and sporadic dental visitation. Oral health education should be incorporated into the school environment with the support of teachers and parents so that it becomes a lifetime practice. Keywords: Child oral health, WHO oral health questionnaire, Fresh fruit consumption.

Relationships among students' reading habits, study skills, and academic achievement in English at the secondary level.

Reading is an attempt to comprehend the writer's message for personal growth and success in the relevant fields. Thus, psychologists consider it a multifaceted cognitive process of constructing meanings from texts. The present study was conducted to determine the relationships among students' reading habits, study skills, and academic achievement in English at the secondary level in Punjab, Pakistan. The (n = 1614) students enrolled in the science section for the academic year 2019-2020 participated in this descriptive correlational survey, selected from 40 high schools in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, through a non-proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The Reading Habits Questionnaire (RHQ) and the Study Skills Scale (SSS) were used to collect data about students' reading habits and study skills. At the same time, academic achievement was the students' grades obtained in the ninth class in the subject of English that were determined by the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Lahore in 2019. Students' responses were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that students have competent reading habits and study skills. The correlational findings showed a strong positive relationship among reading habits, study skills, and academic achievement in English, while moderate positive relationships between reading habits and academic achievement in English. However, regression analysis results were significant, while reading habits and study skills moderately predicted academic achievement. It is implicated that teachers should plan such assignments and tasks based on reflective thinking by considering the role of study skills in academic achievement. Moreover, teachers and school administrators could mutually create timetables for library lessons to build reading habits and study skills among learners.

Frequency of visual impairment in autistic children of autism school of Lahore, Pakistan

Autism is a condition in which abnormal development of the brain takes place, manifesting in the first 3 years of life. Visual impairment is one of the major factors of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and measurement of visual impairment is necessary for proper management of the disorder. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of visual impairment associated with ASD in Lahore Pakistan. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. A convenient and purposive sample of 127 students enrolled in various autism schools of Lahore was enrolled. Written informed consent of teacher’s autistic children was taken. Children having diseases like cerebral palsy, other developmental disorders, and/or serious cognitive disability were excluded from this study. Participant’s undergone ocular assessment including visual acuity, ocular motility examination, refraction, and fundoscopy. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-20 and Pearson’s chi-square analysis was conducted to determine the associations of refractive error and squint with ASD. A total of 127 participants were included in this study, of which 77 (60.6%) were male and 50 (39.4%) were female. More than 60% were emmetropes (having no refractive errors), 19 (15%) were having myopes, 15 (11.8%) were hypermetropic, and 9 (7.1%) were Astigmatic, while 20 were diagnosed with a squint. The major cause of visual impairment in autistic children was refractive errors 33.8% and squint 15.7%. A high frequency of visual impairment was present in autistic children in Lahore autistic schools. As vision is a basic right so we have to pay attention also toward autistic children, in that way every child should have screened for factors that are responsible for visual impairments, Identifying refractive errors in these children early and providing appropriate corrective lenses may help optimize their visual functioning and impact their activities of daily life positively.

A STUDY TO ANALYZE NEED TO INITIATE SEX EDUCATION PROGRAMS IN SCHOOLS

This study aimed to analyze the need for initiating sex education programs in schools of Lahore, Pakistan. Qualitative research methodology was used for data collection through focus group discussions and individual interviews with school teachers and students. The study revealed that the majority of the participants perceived a lack of knowledge about reproductive health and sex education among students and felt that such programs should be included in school curriculum. They highlighted several challenges that could hinder implementation of such programs, like cultural and religious taboos, parental resistance and inadequate teacher training. Participants advised various strategies for improving the effectiveness of sex education programs, including involving parents and religious leaders, providing comprehensive and age-appropriate information and cultural sensitivities. Study focuses status of incorporating sex education in school curricula and provides insights into challenges & strategies for realizing programs in conservative society like Pakistan. It is suggested that government and school authorities initiate and implement inclusive sex education programs that are age-appropriate and culturally sensitive.

Identifying Factors Impacting the Self-concept (SC) and Self-esteem (SE) of Visually Impaired Persons

The current study was aimed at identifying the factors impacting the self-concept and self-esteem of persons with visual impairment. A factorial research design was followed to carry out the study. 75 visually impaired persons were selected as the sample of study from the public and private special schools of Lahore. Robson SCQ and Rosenberg SES were used as assessment tools to measure SC and SE respectively. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 21. From the results of the study, no difference on the basis of gender or type of disability was revealed. However, a statistically significant difference was observed in the SC and SE of visually impaired persons based on age, academic grade, residential area, and support and affection provided by the family. Results of regression analysis showed that all the demographics predict the SC and SE Age, family support, residential area, and academic grade were concluded as the major factors of SC and SE among visually challenged people. The study recommended qualitative research on the study variables to investigate the underlying reasons for the impact of explored factors and to discover more factors impacting the SC and SE of visually impaired persons.

Investigation of Teachers’ Practices through National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan

The study was designed to investigate teachers’ practices through National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan at secondary school level in Lahore. Practices of teachers investigated through NPSTP (National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan), delimited to four standards including human growth and development, instructional planning and strategies, assessment and professional development and code of conduct. Data were collected through two questionnaires, filled by teachers and their students. Sample was 539 (241male and 198female) teachers and 1044 students of 9th and 10th classes from 72 boys and girls secondary schools of Lahore. An observation conducted for twenty eight classrooms to investigate the practices of teachers in classroom. The statistical techniques as chi square, Cramer’s V value and percentage were applied for data analysis by using SPSS (Version20). Major findings of study indicated that though the teachers were aware of NPSTP to some extent but they were not practicing these standards in their classrooms efficiently. It was suggested that the teachers should be trained according to the National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan.

ANGER EXPRESSION AND PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AMONG ADOLESCENTS: MEDIATING ROLE OF SELF ESTEEM

Objectives: The present study explored the relationship between anger expression, self-esteem, and parent-child relationship among adolescents also the mediating role of self-esteem influencing the relationship between anger expression and parent child relationship among adolescents. Research design: It was a correlational research design. Subjects and Methods: The sample comprised 479 adolescents of age range 10 to 18 years with mean age 13.87+ 1.53 years including 239 (50%) boys and 240 (50%) girls. The data was collected from four different government schools of Lahore by employing convenient sampling techniques. The Anger Expression Scale for Adolescents (AESA) (Babar & Saleem, 2012), Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) (Mahmood, Ijaz & Saleem, 2011), Self Esteem Scale for Children (SESC) (Mahmood & Saleem, 2011) were used for assessment. Results: The results showed that anger expression is negatively related with self-esteem and closeness in parent child relationship, while positively related with rejection and distant parent child relationships. Results also showed that self-esteem is a positively related closeness aspect of parent child relationship. The results of Mediation through PROCESS macro showed a significant mediating role of self-esteem in determining the relationship between anger expressions and parent-child relationship (closeness, rejection and distant) among adolescents. Conclusion: The mediating role of self-esteem in anger expression and parent-child relationship highlighted in the present study. This study has a major contribution in the field of counseling psychology specifically focusing on the adolescent’s behavioral problem highlighting the significant role of parental relationship in their lives and resulting behavioral issues.