School Tuition Research Articles

The Net Present Value and Other Economic Implications of a Medical Career.

College graduates' career choices are driven by a complex mixture of factors, one of which is economics. The author comments on the report by Marcu and colleagues in this issue, which focuses strictly on the economics of this decision. Specifically, Marcu and colleagues modeled career choices as long-term financial investments in human capital, which consists of the knowledge and clinical skills physicians gain in undergraduate and graduate medical education. They distill the numerous factors that shape the economics of career choice into a commonly used criterion for long-term financial investments of any kind-namely, the so-called net present value (NPV) of the investment. For them, that investment is the decision to pursue a medical career rather than the next best nonmedical, alternative career. This NPV calculation determines the increase or decrease in wealth, relative to that of the next best alternative career, that a college graduate is thought to experience as of the moment she or he enters medical school simply by choosing a medical career rather than the next best alternative. Marcu and colleagues use this human capital model to explore how different plans to finance a medical school education impact the NPV, all other parameters being equal. The author of this Commentary explains in layman's terms how the NPV is calculated and then raises a number of other issues concerning the economics of a medical career, including medical school tuition, residents' salaries, and investments in human capital as tax deductible.

Strategi Memperkokoh Jantung Pendidikan Islam

Islamic education is the responsibility of the community and the government. To raise and advance education then required strategy. One of them is a strategy to strengthen the heart Islamic education, namely educator, library, and laboratory. They are a source of learning that most powerful thing to build personality school tuition. Strategy strengthens educator could be done by monitoring and evaluation by institutions through an assessment performance and hold internal training and involve outside training. Then to complete function library could be done by furnish library collection and allocating funding to increase the collection and improving facilities and infrastructure library including photocopy, online access library, and search engine book. The strategy we can do for strengthening laboratory among others by preparing a laboratory technician that not only mastering in managing the laboratory but also in Islamic scientific, prepare facilities and infrastructure in the lab and obliges in educator to use laboratory by order to support their teaching.

Training the next generation of Canadian Clinician-Scientists: charting a path to success.

Clinician-scientists are physicians with training in both clinical medicine and research that enables them to occupy a unique niche as specialists in basic and translational biomedical research. While there is widespread acknowledgement of the importance of clinician-scientists in today's landscape of evidence-based medical practice, training of clinician-scientists in Canada has been on the decline, with fewer opportunities to obtain funding. With the increasing length of training and lower financial compensation, fewer medical graduates are choosing to pursue such a career. MD-PhD programs, in which trainees receive both medical and research training, have the potential to be an important tool in training the next generation of clinician-scientists; however, MD-PhD trainees in Canada face barriers that include an increase in medical school tuition and a decrease in the amount of financial support. We examined the available data on MD-PhD training in Canada and identified a lack of oversight, a lack of funding and poor mentorship as barriers experienced by MD-PhD trainees. Specific recommendations are provided to begin the process of addressing these challenges, starting with the establishment of an overseeing national body that would track long-term outcome data for MD-PhD trainees. This national body could then function to implement best practices from individual programs across the country and to provide further mentorship and support for early-career physician-scientists. MD-PhD programs have the potential to address Canada's growing shortage of clinician-scientists, and strengthening MD-PhD programs will help to effect positive change.

Statistical Modelling for Dropped Out School Children (DOSC) in East Nusa Tenggara Province Indonesia

A research has been carried out to investigate the characteristics of reasons for DOSC and to determine the statistical model explaining factors which influence on the DOSC in the age group 7 – 18 years in East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) Province. Primary data of out of school children had been collected throughout interviews using prepared questionnaires in three selected districts. Data was then analysed using descriptive and logistic regression method. The analysis shows that from the 341 samples, there were 194DOSC. The majority of them were males, lived in the countryside, had farmer parents, had family size of 5, and had mothers with only primary education level. The main reasons of children to drop out from the primary and junior education levels were the inabilities of paying the school fees and the willingness to work in the farms to help their parents. For senior education level, it was because of the unaffordable school tuitions and no desire of children in having good education. Both partial and simultaneous parameter tests in the logistic regression model show that children who lived in countryside, from poor families, males were the three factors that significantly affected the number of DOSC in the group age with odds ratio values 2.48; 2.37; 1.97 respectively.

A New Theory of Taxpayer Standing

Flast v. Cohen, decided by the Supreme Court in 1968, articulated a narrow exception to the general rule that merely being a taxpayer does not provide the necessary standing to challenge an expenditure of government funds alleged to violate the Constitution. Since the time of Flast, the Court has steadily narrowed the exception, retreating from the underlying rationale of the Flast decision—a trend most recently observable in the Court’s decision in Arizona School Tuition Organization v. Winn. This Note proposes a new test for taxpayer standing which aims to preserve the doctrine, while remedying some its ills. Under this Note’s proposed test, taxpayer standing is appropriate when the following three factors are met: (1) the taxpayer’s status as a taxpayer bears a reasonable relationship to the challenged expenditure of government funds in question; (2) it is of practical necessity because the political system is structurally ill-equipped to provide a remedy for those who object to a particular expenditure of government funds alleged to violate the Constitution, or the taxpayer is a member of the class for whom the especial benefit of a constitutional limitation is intended to directly run; and (3) where no other plausible party has standing to challenge the alleged violation, leaving it functionally irremediable.

Shadow Education in Malaysia: Identifying the Determinants of Spending and Amount of Time Attending Private Supplementary Tutoring of Upper Secondary School Students

This paper examines the determinants of spending and the amount of time attending private supplementary tutoring, or commonly known as private tuition, in Malaysia. Based on 343 self-reported questionnaires with upper secondary students across three states in Malaysia and using multiple regression analysis, we identified ethnicity, father’s level of education and past academic performance as significant determinants of spending and amount of time attending private tuition. However, interestingly, we found that while geographical location and participation in internal tuition in schools were also determinants of spending, these two were not significant in determining the amount of time attending private supplementary tutoring. The identification of determinants of spending and amount of time, and in addition, the differences between these two illustrates the economic and educational dimensions of shadow education. More importantly, the insight also contributes to the formulation of possible interventions that can improve quality and reduce inequality in the mainstream education system.

Remember Me to Miss Louisa: Hidden Black-White Intimacies in Antebellum America by Sharony Green

Reviewed by: Remember Me to Miss Louisa: Hidden Black-White Intimacies in Antebellum America by Sharony Green Elizabeth C. Neidenbach (bio) Remember Me to Miss Louisa: Hidden Black-White Intimacies in Antebellum America. By Sharony Green. (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2015. Pp. xiii, 199. $36.00 cloth; $24.95 paper) Remember Me to Miss Louisa opens with an 1838 letter from Avenia White, a woman of African descent, to Rice Ballard, a successful slave-trader-turned-planter. Ballard had recently freed White, Susan Johnson, and both of the women’s children and settled them in Cincinnati. In the letter, White requested financial aid from her former master and the father of her children. She also sent him her love. How, author Sharony Green asks, do we understand this emotional tie between White and Ballard? How do we reconcile Ballard’s actions toward White and Johnson with the fact that he owned, bought, and sold hundreds of enslaved people? More broadly, how do we comprehend sexual relationships between white male slave owners and enslaved African American women and girls? In seeking to answer these questions, Green exposes the ways in which white men served as “hidden actors in the lives of many freed women and children” in the antebellum period (p. 14). Green uses the story of Ballard, White, and Johnson as one of three case studies to argue that even as sectional tensions over slavery intensified, some white masters made “different kinds of investments in human capital” (p. 6). Such investments were often financial—emancipation, money for resettlement in a free state, or school tuition—but they were also emotional. Without denying the sexual exploitation of enslaved women at the hands of their white masters, Green indicates how “intimacy” with white men provided some enslaved black women with opportunities for freedom and financial support for themselves and their children. Recognition of such gendered paths to freedom is not new, but Green also demonstrates how “emotional and physical closeness” with white men instilled confidence and assertiveness in enslaved women, which helped them navigate new lives as free people, particularly in urban places like Cincinnati (p. 8). Green contributes to scholarship on gender and slavery through [End Page 289] close readings and a creative use of new sources. Her work addresses questions on the prevalence and nature of sexual relations between white masters and enslaved black women that have long interested scholars. Yet, finding evidence to adequately answer these inquiries has proved challenging. Previous studies have relied heavily on public documents, especially court records, and thus often focus on interracial couples in relation to the law. Green, however, looks to personal papers to reveal the voices of the various actors affected by white men’s investment in black women and children. In addition to the letters between White and Ballard, Green analyzes the memoir of Louisa Picquet, a mixed-race woman purchased at age fourteen by John Williams to be his sexual partner. Upon Williams’s death, Picquet and her children gained their freedom and relocated to Cincinnati. Picquet’s memoir illuminates intimate relations with white masters from the point of view of enslaved women “who maneuvered strategically to survive and maximize the possibility of their circumstances” (p. 64). Green also investigates the experiences of mixed-race children through a study of the ten children of wealthy Alabama planter Samuel Townsend. Using the Townsend siblings’ correspondence with one another and white patrons who assisted them in gaining their inheritance, Green extends her story beyond the Civil War. In doing so, she demonstrates both the privileges provided by Samuel Townsend’s investment in his children and the limits of that privilege in a nation that continued to oppress people of African descent. Green’s careful analysis of firsthand accounts provides a multilayered perspective on intimate relations between white male slaveholders and enslaved black women and girls. Her attention to Cincinnati shifts the focus on this phenomenon from the South to the Midwest. At the same time, Green often looks to New Orleans for comparison due to the city’s large free people of color population and notoriety for interracial relationships. It is, therefore, surprising that she does not draw on new scholarship...

In Some Other Life by Jessica Brody

Reviewed by: In Some Other Life by Jessica Brody Deborah Stevenson, Editor Brody, Jessica In Some Other Life. Farrar, 2017 [464p] Trade ed. ISBN 978-0-374-38076-2 $17.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-0-374-30737-0 $9.99 Reviewed from galleys Ad Gr. 7-10 After discovering her boyfriend Austin and her best friend making out, Kennedy Rhodes bitterly regrets having stayed in the public high school three years ago to be with Austin rather than attending Windsor, the posh private school she won a place at. When she blacks out from a bad fall, she wakes up in the life she’d have if she made a different choice; here she’s Kennedy “Crusher” Rhodes, Windsor’s star senior who abjures dating and plans to study economics, whereas the public school Kennedy was a diehard journalist. Her road not taken isn’t as idyllic as it seems, though; her family existence is strained, the focus on achievement above all has its costs, and she can’t suppress her journalistic instincts, which lead her to explore a cheating scandal that may involve people close to her. Brody writes with peppy style, and there are some bold touches in Kennedy’s parallel existences—her best friend is actually better off for never knowing her, and the financial impact of private school tuition is significant. However, the life-switch plot is a familiar one and the tropes well worn, and ultimately this is less about the grass always being greener than private school always being a bad and shallow plan. Still, the “what if” concept is perennially appealing, and readers may enjoy considering how Kennedy could have pulled off the best of both worlds. [End Page 7] Copyright © 2017 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The Impact of an Academic High School Tuition Relief Program on Students’ Matriculation into High Schools in Rural China

By 2010, only one-quarter of workers in China had received a high school (HS) education. One of the root causes of this low rate is that China has the highest HS tuition fees globally. Although the Chinese government has implemented a series of programs to reduce the cost of attending vocational HS, the cost of attending academic HS in China emains high. This study evaluates the extent to which an academic HS tuition relief program initiated by a poor county in western China affects students' schooling decisions after graduation from junior high school. By using a longitudinal dataset of 2348 students in two counties, we use ordinary least squares and propensity score matching to evaluate the impact of this program on four student outcomes: matriculation into academic HS, matriculation into vocational HS, entering the labor market, and retaking high school entrance exams. The results show that the program significantly increased matriculation into academic HS by 21 percentage points, while it reduced matriculation into vocational HS by 7 percentage points, the likelihood of entering the labor market by 11.9percentage points, and the likelihood of retaking exams by 2.1 percentage points. Further, we find that the effects of the program among middle-income students are stronger compared with those of other groups. And we found that the program had no significantly heterogeneous impact on students with different academic performance.

Dakar, are We There Yet! Analysing Gender Gaps in Learning in Rural India

In the present study, we use three rounds (2009, 2012 and 2014) of ASER data on learning outcomes from rural India in order to analyse gender gaps in performance on standardized tests of reading, maths and English reading ability. Despite the existence of a large body of literature analysing gender gaps in learning in the international context, the study of the same remains limited in the Indian context. Further, our data also allows us to compare these gaps for the pre and post Right to Education Act (RTE) period as well. Using siblings fixed effects estimation we find that, at the baseline level, boys outperformed girls across all the three tests for the 2009 round of survey and that these gaps have widened overtime in the post RTE period, except for the case of reading wherein girls seem to be performing better overtime. Additionally, we find that mother’s education tends to close in on the above gap and that girls belonging to educated mother tends to perform better in comparison to boys, while private school enrollment and tuition access tends to widen the gap as a result of a differential effect of the same on learning across gender. We attribute the latter effect to differences in expenditure across gender, using data for expenditure on tuitions, we find that on average the expenditure on tuitions for girls tends to be lower as compared to the same for boys. We also find that the gaps in learning tends to be lower across states that are more gender equal. Lastly, using data on enrollment to private school and tuition as proxies for household division of resources, we examine the change in the same overtime. We find that overtime the distribution of resources has moved more in favour of boys than for girls.

The Best Way of Collecting Fees without Infringing on the Liberties of Learners in Zimbabwean Primary Schools

The research was meant to establish the best way of collecting fees in primary schools without infringing on the liberties of learners using the grounded theory design as the government of Zimbabwe could no longer sustain the education for all policy vis-a-vis the financial demands. This thrust was achieved by way of an internet survey design meant to generate ideas. Information-rich respondents were purposefully sampled and thereafter a snowball sampling technique was employed to identify the twelve participants giving a summation of seventeen. Most respondents indicated that tuition in primary schools was only free in the rural areas not in urban schools considering the exorbitant levies parents pay inclusive of the private costs incurred. Re-educative strategies of change resulting in collaboratively agreed upon payment plans were suggested. These were to be commissioned by the police to make them legally binding. The legal route with its prohibitive costs was shunned.

Religious Challenges to School Voucher and Tax Benefit/Scholarship Programs

A key component of current school reform efforts focuses on increasing parental choice through voucher systems and programs that provide tax benefits for contributions to scholarship programs for private school tuition. Indeed, proposals to adopt such programs have been or currently are being considered in four-fifths of the states, and about half of the states have already adopted some type of voucher and/or tax benefit program to assist parents in selecting private education for their children. This article provides an overview of the challenges to school voucher and tax benefit programs under the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and/or the religion clauses of state constitutions. Specific sections address pertinent Supreme Court decisions, state constitutional religion clauses, state court cases rejecting religious challenges to voucher and tax benefit/scholarship programs, and cases in which such initiatives have been invalidated under the religion clauses of state constitutions. The concluding section focuses on the viability of future religion clause challenges to such programs and implications of legal developments pertaining to the privatization of schooling in our nation.

A discrete choice experiment studying students' preferences for scholarships to private medical schools in Japan.

BackgroundThe shortage of physicians in rural areas and in some specialties is a societal problem in Japan. Expensive tuition in private medical schools limits access to them particularly for students from middle- and low-income families. One way to reduce this barrier and lessen maldistribution is to offer conditional scholarships to private medical schools.MethodsA discrete choice experiment is carried out on a total of 374 students considering application to medical schools. The willingness to receive a conditional scholarship program to private medical schools is analyzed.ResultsThe probability of attending private medical schools significantly decreased because of high tuition, a postgraduate obligation to provide a service in specific specialty areas, and the length of time of this obligation. An obligation to provide a service in rural regions had no significant effect on this probability. To motivate non-applicants to private medical schools to enroll in such schools, a decrease in tuition to around 1.2 million yen (US$ 12 000) or less, which is twice that of public schools, was found to be necessary. Further, it was found that non-applicants to private medical schools choose to apply to such schools even with restrictions if they have tuition support at the public school level.ConclusionsConditional scholarships for private medical schools may widen access to medical education and simultaneously provide incentives to work in insufficiently served areas.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Numbereded Heads Together (NHT) pada Konsep Sistem Pencernaan Makanan pada Manusia di Kelas IV SD Negeri Mandalasari 1 Kecamatan Puspahiang Kabupaten Tasikmalaya.

Research aims to understand match / the accuracy of learning model cooperative type Numbered heads & together ( nht in learning the concept of digestive system food on human beings in fourth grade land mandalasari 1 kecamatan puspahiang the market. A population that used all participants fourth grade students land mandalasari 1 and the Numbered of students 36 people.The whole population of are only sampled the school tuition fourth grade land mandalasari 1 in 36 people.An instrument used in this research was the test results student learning the concept digestive system food in humans. T his test of tests the form of an option double with 4 option. Analysis techniques the data used was the median t and tests. The results showed based on analysis of the median test scores me is greater than values me determined. So the application of learning model cooperative type Numbered heads together ( nht ) match is applied to explain the digestive system food on human beings in fourth grade mandalasari 1.

Preparing the next generation of health care providers: A description and comparison of nurse practitioner and medical student tuition in 2015.

The purpose of this study was twofold: to describe the average cost of nurse practitioner (NP) tuition based on degree program, program type, and geography; and to compare the cost of NP tuition to medical school tuition. A listing of all NP degree granting universities was obtained from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing during the fall of 2014, and tuition data were obtained from university websites. Medical school tuition data were obtained online during the fall of 2014 from the American Association of Medical Colleges. Average 1-year tuition rates were calculated for NP programs and medical schools and compared across private and public institutions. Average 1-year resident tuition for public university NP programs ranges between $8671 and $11,077 based on type of program. The cost of 1-year NP program tuition at the master's and the doctoral level is much lower than the cost of 1-year medical school tuition at both private and public universities. NPs can perform many of the same services as physicians in the primary care setting with comparable outcomes, yet the cost of educating NPs is much lower. NPs are a cost-effective solution to the healthcare workforce shortage.

EDUCATION for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (ESD) SEBUAH UPAYA MEWUJUDKAN KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN

The end of twentieth century left the impact of life for people around the world. Changes that very large in a century that changed a manifestation of the world which was the residence and human life.The earth as if more fragile in sustains human life with all its activity . Developing countries like indonesia not separated from the condition of this difficult department. Efforts to meeting the needs of food, energy, transportation, psychology has harvested more people are a real threat. This challenge ought to be answered to the development in many sectors with the approach of sustainable. Planting sustainable value has to be introduced from the outset, one way is by introducing ESD (education for sustainable development) in schools, in the hope of school tuition having values the sustainability of it so that it be able to retain the conservation of the natural environment, social and cultural. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sd.v2i1.1349

Variability in United States Allopathic Medical School Tuition

BackgroundOver the course of the last generation, the cost of medical school attendance and medical student debt has increased drastically. Medical student debt has been reported as high as $350,000, and the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) reports that medical school tuition continues to increase annually. The increasing cost of medical education and associated financial burden is now beginning to deter potential applicants from pursuing a career in medicine. In this study we aimed to assess medical school tuition across the US. We hypothesized that the cost of medical school attendance is variable across all regions of the US, and as a result, the financial burden on medical students is inconsistent. MethodsAll 123 allopathic medical schools accredited by the AAMC were assessed in this investigation. In-state and out-of-state tuitions for the year 2016 were obtained from U.S. News and World Report. Additionally, medical school size was collected. Regions were defined according to the US Census Bureau definition, with the US being divided into 4 regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. ResultsThere was no difference in average medical school size among the 4 regions (P > .05). Average in-state tuition was $38,291.56 ± $9801.38 (95% confidence interval [CI], $34,658.07-$41,513.46) in the Midwest, $45,923.04 ± $9178.87 (95% CI, $42,566.28-$49,216.78) in the Northeast, $32,287.78 ± $12,277.53 (95% CI, $28,581.90-$35,378.68) in the South, and $37,745.40 ± $11,414.37 (95% CI, $30,063.28-$40,458.99) in the West. In-state tuition in the South was significantly lower than in the Northeast, West, and Midwest (P < .05). In-state tuition in the Northeast was significantly higher than in the South, West, and Midwest (P < .05). Average out-of-state tuition is $54,104.04 ± $8227.65 (95% CI, $51,207.6-$57,000.39) in the Midwest, $53,180.10 ± $3963.71 (95% CI, $51,761.71-$54,598.50) in the Northeast, $48,191.86 ± $12,578.13 (95% CI, $44,595.84-$51,787.89) in the South, and $52,920.47 ± $7400.83 (95% CI, $49,175.13-$56,665.80) in the West. Out-of-state tuition was significantly lower in the South in comparison with the Midwest and Northeast (P < .05), but was not significantly different than the West (P > .05). ConclusionDespite no significant difference in medical school size among the 4 regions of the US that were assessed, there is significant regional variation in tuition, with higher tuition in private vs public schools. This study suggests that medical schools place a variable financial burden on the medical students based on region. The ongoing increases in medical school tuition are unsustainable, as future trainees will face substantial financial stress as they attempt to pay off their debt while initiating medical practice after residency and fellowship training.

Public education spending and private substitution in urban China

This paper documents robust evidence that increases in public spending on basic education are associated with significant reductions in household private tutoring spending in urban China. This reduction comes primarily from the top and bottom income households, suggesting multi-dimensional demands for private tutoring. It concentrates on households with an only boy and is larger for middle-school than primary-school children. Increases in public education spending are associated with significant reduction in school tuition, which is homogeneous across households of different income levels. Changes in household spending on textbooks in response to more public education spending are modest but statistically insignificant.

The faculty costs to educate a biomedical sciences graduate student.

Academic medical centers nationwide face numerous fiscal challenges resulting from implementation of restructured healthcare delivery models, contracting state support for higher education, and increased competition for federal and other sources of biomedical research funding. In pursuing greater accountability and transparency in its fiscal operations, the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) has implemented a responsibility centers management budgetary model, which requires all MUSC colleges to be eventually self-sustaining financially. Graduate schools in the biomedical sciences are particularly vulnerable in the face of these challenges, depending traditionally as they do on financial support from training grant tuition, occasional medical school tuition and medical practice plan revenues, graduate college-based revenue-generating programs, and faculty payment of PhD tuition. The revenue streams are often insufficient to support PhD training programs, and supplemental financial support is required from the institution. In the context of a college of graduate studies, estimates of the cost of educating a graduate student become a significant necessity. This study presents a readily applicable model of empirically estimating the faculty salary costs that may provide a basis for budgetary planning that will help to sustain a biomedical sciences graduate school's commitment to its teaching, research, and service mission goals.

The Variable Affordability of Law School -- How Geography and LSAT Profile Impact Tuition Costs

I have set forth here the PowerPoint slides I presented on January 5, 2015 at the AALS Conference session sponsored by the Section on Law School Administration and Finance. The presentation was entitled The Variable Affordability of Law School – How Geography and LSAT Impact Tuition Cost. (I am very grateful to my research assistant, Kate Jirik, and her husband, Sam, for awesome work on the spreadsheet that supported the data I presented.)The presentation begins with two slides summarizing data presented in my article Reflections on the Decreasing Affordability of Legal Education showing the extent to which average public school and private school tuition increased between 1985 and 2011 relative to law school graduate income. While many have observed that law school has become increasingly expensive over the last few decades, this "macro" discussion fails to highlight the extent to which differences in tuition exist at a “micro” level either based on geography or on LSAT score.Using 2012 tuition data, the first set of slides focuses on geographic differences – noting some states where legal education generally is very expensive, some states where legal education generally is very affordable and the balance of states in which tuition costs are in the middle or have a mix of affordable and expensive. Following those slides, there is a set of slides that describe the process I used to calculate net tuition costs after accounting for scholarships for all entering first-year students at the 195 fully accredited and ranked law schools in fall 2012 in an effort to allocate all students into a five-by-five grid with five LSAT categories (165, 160-164, 155-159, 150-154 and The concluding slide sets forth a couple of short observations about the data. There was a robust discussion with some great questions following the presentation of this data.