School Tuition Research Articles

Learning to Be a Lawyer from a Lawyer: The Benefits of Adjunct Faculty

Despite the economic climate and the increase in law school attendance, the amount of law school tuition has continued to rise. This article discusses one change that could lower the cost of attending law school which is hiring a faculty that consists of a majority of adjunct professors. Not only could this potentially lower the cost of tuition, but it could offer a more valuable law school experience by providing students with practical experience that would better prepare them for when they graduate.

Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v Winn: (Docket No 09-987): Supreme Court of the United States: Kennedy J with Roberts CJ and Scalia, Thomas and Alito JJ Scalia J concurring with Thomas J Kagan J dissenting with Ginsburg, Breyer and Sotomayor JJ: 4 April 2011

Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v Winn: (Docket No 09-987): Supreme Court of the United States: Kennedy J with Roberts CJ and Scalia, Thomas and Alito JJ Scalia J concurring with Thomas J Kagan J dissenting with Ginsburg, Breyer and Sotomayor JJ: 4 April 2011

The Crisis of the American Law School

The economist Herbert Stein once remarked that if something cannot go on forever, it will stop. Over the past four decades, the cost of legal education in America has seemed to belie this aphorism: it has gone up relentlessly. Private law school tuition increased by a factor of four in real, inflation-adjusted terms between 1971 and 2011, while resident tuition at public law schools has nearly quadrupled in real terms over just the past two decades. Meanwhile, for more than thirty years, the percentage of the American economy devoted to legal services has been shrinking. In 1978 the legal sector accounted for 2.01 percent of the nation's GDP: by 2009 that figure had shrunk to 1.37 percent-a 32 percent decrease. These two trends are not mutually sustainable. If the cost of becoming a lawyer continues to rise while the economic advantage conferred by a law degree continues to fall, then eventually both the market for new lawyers and for admission to law school will crash. In the early years of the 21st century, this abstract theoretical observation has begun to be confirmed by concrete events. The ongoing contraction in the employment market for new lawyers has combined with the continuing increase in the cost of legal education to produce what has begun to be recognized as a genuine crisis for both law schools and the legal profession.

Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi untuk Sistem Informasi Manajemen Sekolah: Studi Kasus pada SMA 78 Jakarta

Databases to manage data related to student and school are required to support the implemented information technology applications. This study aims to analyze and design a database system that supports the school management information systems, especially for SMA 78 Jakarta as a case study. Included in the system are the students and teachers data management, the management of school tuition, and the management of learning materials and assignments for students. This research uses data collection methods, with a literature study, questionnaires, interviews, observation, and studying the data obtained from the school. Analyses were performed on the results of questionnaires, interviews and observations to identify user needs. The design used conceptual and logical database system design. The result achieved is the application for school management information system that can be used by students, teachers and school officials in supporting learning process and school administration. The developed application is expected to be a medium for students and teachers to share information in teaching and learning activities and administrative processes.

1:1 online tuition: a review of the literature from a pedagogical perspective

AbstractThis paper outlines the findings of a review that examined the literature around current practice in one‐to‐one online tuition in schools and higher education. It summarizes the purposes, contexts, scope, and methods of 17 core studies identified through a systematic literature search. It then uses a conceptual framework focusing on pedagogical innovation to explore the findings of the core studies, a discussion that is also informed by the consideration of a number of contextual studies exploring group online tuition and online learning more generally. The paper concludes by suggesting that the development of one‐to‐one online tuition has been constrained by comparisons with face‐to‐face approaches and that more research is needed to map its characteristics and potential in more detail as technology continues to evolve.

Economic Analysis of the Military Health Professions Scholarship Program for Neurosurgeons

The 4-year military Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP) provides funds for medical school tuition, books, and a monthly stipend in exchange for a 4-year military commitment (to receive all physician bonuses, an additional 3 months must be served). To analyze the economics of the HPSP for students with an interest in neurosurgery by comparing medical school debt and salaries of military, academic, and private practice neurosurgeons. Salary and medical school debt values from the American Association of Medical Colleges, salary data from the Medical Group Management Association, and 2009 military pay tables were obtained. Annual cash flow diagrams were created to encompass 14.25 years that spanned 4 years (medical school), 6 years (neurosurgical residency), and the first 4.25 years of practice for military, academic, and private practice neurosurgeons. A present value economic model was applied. Mean medical school loan debt was $154,607. Mean military (adjusted for tax-free portions), academic, and private practice salaries were $160,318, $451,068, and $721,458, respectively. After 14.25 years, the cumulative present value cash flow for military, academic, and private practice neurosurgeons was $1 193 323, $2 372 582, and $3 639 276, respectively. After 14.25 years, surgeons with medical student loans still owed $208 761. The difference in cumulative annual present value cash flow between military and academic and between military and private practice neurosurgeons was $1,179,259 and $2,445,953, respectively. The military neurosurgeon will have little to no medical school debt, whereas the calculated medical school debt of a nonmilitary surgeon was approximately $208,000.

Do education vouchers prevent dropout at private high schools? Evidence from Japanese policy changes

Although education voucher programs for students attending private high schools have existed in Japan for decades, to date there have been no studies that examine their effectiveness. In this study, we estimate the programs’ preventative effect on dropout by using school-track level (academic or vocational) panel data covering all high schools in northern Japan. Prefectural governments have faced increasing dropout rates stemming from financial difficulties, and expanded the scope and amount of their private high school tuition support programs since the late 1990s. We use this variation to identify the effect of tuition support on students’ dropout decisions, controlling for initial academic ability of students entering the schools and unobservable school-track effects. We also apply the instrumental variable method to account for the possible endogeneity of policy changes. Our results suggest that increasing tuition support is particularly effective in preventing the dropout of private high school students on nonacademic tracks.

Autobiography of Shaul Mukamel

Autobiography of Shaul Mukamel

The Truth About the 'Crisis' in Higher Education Finance

The article discusses the fiscal problems in higher education in the U.S. It outlines the causes of the financial crisis experienced by higher education including endowments' stock market losses, tightened credit, and revenue losses from school tuition, state funding, and donations. It mentions that in the declining economy, states are cutting funds for higher education. It notes that cutting budgets for programs and services and re-examination of long business plan, financial aid policies, and reconsidering risk-management policies are needed to solve the dilemma of the financial crisis in higher education.

Oral cavity examination: beyond the core curriculum?

There has been little improvement in the survival of patients with oral cancer despite advances in treatment, and late presentation of the disease is one reason for this poor outcome. Research and experience tell us that tuition in medical schools about examination of the oral cavity is poor. We aimed to ascertain the opinions and experience of students regarding this in our institution by dissemination of a web-based anonymous questionnaire that focused on education about examination of the oral cavity and experience in carrying it out. From a cohort of 600 students 458 (76%) responded. A total of 334 (73%) had not been taught how to examine the oral cavity, 372 (81%) had had no experience of doing so in patients, and only 13/86 (15%) felt confident to diagnose a carcinoma of the lip or oral cavity. Eighty-nine percent felt that the tuition given had not been adequate. Examination of the oral cavity cannot be considered part of the core clinical curriculum, and medical schools and departments of oral and maxillofacial surgery urgently need to embrace the introduction of the necessary skills.

Cheaper by the Dozen: Using Sibling Discounts at Catholic Schools to Estimate the Price Elasticity of Private School Attendance

The effect of vouchers on sorting between private and public schools depends upon the price elasticity of demand for private schooling. Estimating this elasticity is empirically challenging because prices and quantities are jointly determined in the market for private schooling. We exploit a unique and previously undocumented source of variation in private school tuition to estimate this key parameter. A majority of Catholic elementary schools offer discounts to families that enroll more than one child in the school in a given year. Catholic school tuition costs therefore depend upon the interaction of the number and spacing of a family's children with the pricing policies of the local school. This within-neighborhood variation in tuition prices allows us to control for unobserved determinants of demand with a set fine geographic group fixed effects while still identifying the price parameter. We analyze this variation by using data on over 3700 school tuition schedules collected from Catholic schools around the nation, matched to restricted Census data that identifies precise location that can be matched to the nearest Catholic school. We find that a standard deviation decrease in tuition prices increases the probability that a family will send its children to private school by one half percentage point, which translates into an elasticity of Catholic school attendance with respect to tuition costs of -0.19. Our subgroup results suggest that a voucher program would disproportionately induce into private schools those who, along observable dimensions, are unlike those who currently attend private school.

Forest Grove School District v. T.A. Supreme Court Case: Implications for School Psychology Practice

The 2009 Forest Grove School District v. T.A. United States Supreme Court case could have significant implications for school psychology practice. The Court ruled that the parents of a student with a disability were entitled to private school tuition reimbursement even though T.A. had not been identified with a disability or previously provided with special education services. The district multidisciplinary team had not identified T.A.’s disability in part because of a limited psychoeducational evaluation that did not assess him in “all areas of suspected disability” which is a requirement of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; 20 U.S.C. § 1414(b)(3)(B)). Dissatisfied with the team’s decision, the parents sought an independent comprehensive evaluation of T.A.’s psychological processes which revealed the full nature of his disability and needs. Although T.A. had been unresponsive to interventions in his home school, this comprehensive psychoeducational evaluation led to more targeted interventions in his private school placement and likely contributed to T.A.’s subsequent academic and behavioral success. This Supreme Court case highlights the need for school-based teams to conduct comprehensive evaluations in all areas of suspected disability, including psychological processes such as attention, memory, and executive function. The relevant IDEA 2004 and governing 2006 federal regulations are presented, followed by recommendations for school psychologist assessment practices to ensure compliance with IDEA statutory and regulatory requirements.

Financial Impact of Community‐Based Dental Education

The financial impact of community-based dental education on dental school and community clinic budgets is a major issue. The evidence suggests that community experiences for dental students of fifty or more days, if effectively managed, can increase school net revenues due to the following factors: 1) the community rotations increase student productivity, approximating the loss of dental school clinical income; 2) the reallocation of unused clinical resources at the dental school reduces student clinic deficits; 3) schools and federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) that share surplus student patient revenues generate additional net income; and 4) enrollment of more students without additional new facilities and faculty increases total school tuition revenues. For FQHC dental clinics, student rotations increase the number of patients treated and may generate surplus revenues. Community-based dental education also provides schools and clinics important non-financial advantages.

Lawsuit Challenges Income Tax Preferences for Clergy

Sections 107 and 265(a)(6)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code are unconstitutional because they are narrow income tax preferences for clergy that violate the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause. They are analogous to the Texas sales tax exemption for religious literature struck down in Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock, 489 U.S. 1 (1989). Federal taxpayers should be held to have standing to challenge these sections under Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968), and Winn v. Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization, 562 F.3d 1002 (9th Cir. 2009), cert. granted, May 24, 2010. Winn was correctly decided.Under section 107, clergy receive tax-exempt housing allowances from their churches and obtain the use of housing on a tax-exempt basis. These are exceptions to the taxation of compensation income. Under section 265(a)(6)(B), clergy are allowed to deduct mortgage interest and property taxes paid from, and allocable to, tax-exempt housing allowances. Clergy are thus granted tax privileges denied to taxpayers generally. Taxpayers other than clergy cannot ordinarily receive tax-exempt housing allowances and they cannot deduct expenses allocable to tax-exempt income. Only clergy and members of the military are allowed deductions for expenses allocable to tax-exempt income.In Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Geithner, a California district court correctly denied the federal government’s motion to dismiss the plaintiff taxpayers’ claims that section 107 is unconstitutional. The court correctly concluded that the plaintiffs have standing to sue as federal taxpayers and the complaint could not be dismissed for failure to state a claim. The court incorrectly granted the government’s motion to dismiss the plaintiff taxpayers’ claims that section 265(a)(6)(B) is unconstitutional; the court incorrectly held that the complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

A qualitative study exploring genetic counsellors’ experiences of counselling children

The identification of healthy carriers by newborn screening programmes raises questions about how and when the carrier results will be conveyed to child. There is currently a lack of information concerning how best to convey carrier information to children. This is a serious gap in the literature and practice. This study examined genetic counsellors' experiences of counselling children to explore how to support and inform children about their carrier result. Practising members of the United Kingdom (UK) Association of Genetic Nurses and Counsellors took part in semi-structured telephone interviews. Respondents described the communication process and identified barriers and facilitators of communication. Age, illness experience and maturity were variously discussed as facilitators; all of which are integral to psychological theories of children's understanding of illness. Adaptive family communication, school tuition and educational materials were also seen as influencing counselling efficacy. Relevant materials that children could keep were also seen as important to enhance children's autonomy. Yet, such resources were rare, constituting a barrier to communication. Counsellors reported communication was further impeded by maladaptive family communication and resistance from children to engaging in counselling. By exploring the facilitators and barriers inherent in communicating genetic information to children, guidance can be offered to counsellors, researchers and parents. This study indicates that some factors (eg illness experiences) previously identified by psychological theories may act in complex ways within this setting. Importantly, the factors identified as being most influential when communicating with children about genetics are amenable to change through interventions, support and training.

Increasing tuition fees in a country with two different models of medical education

CONTEXT Since the early 1990s, medical school tuition fees have increased substantially in all regions of Canada except Quebec. This provides a natural opportunity to examine the effect of tuition fee increases on medical student demographics, indebtedness and financial stress. METHODS We conducted a national survey of medical students in 2007. We compared results for Quebec students with results for students studying in other parts of the country. We also compared results for 2007 medical students with results for medical students who had completed a similar survey in 2001 and with data for the general population. For the 2007 cohort, we also identified predictors of anticipated debt at the time of medical school graduation. RESULTS A total of 7795 students responded to either the 2001 (n = 3871) or 2007 (n = 3924) survey. Median anticipated debt increased from $40 000 in 2001 to $71 000 in 2007 (Canadian dollars). Medical students in Quebec were more likely to have grown up in a lower-income neighbourhood (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.44), were less likely to report significant financial stress (OR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.37-0.50) and reported a lower median anticipated debt than medical students in the rest of Canada ($30 000 versus $90 000; p < 0.001). Across Canada, factors associated with increased debt at the time of graduation were higher tuition fees, lower parental income, non-Chinese ethnicity, higher debt at entry to medical school, smaller non-repayable financial grants, longer pre-medical education and higher non-tuition expenses. CONCLUSIONS Quebec medical students differ from their counterparts in the rest of Canada in several notable ways. In particular, medical student debt has increased more and is greater in the rest of Canada than in Quebec. Our findings have implications for doctor human resources planning in Canada.

TERMINOLOGY PERTAINING TO ETHNIC RELATIONS AS USED IN LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA

The article discusses the denotation and changes in the meaning of terms describing ethnic relations in various formal and informal texts originating from late Imperial Russia, examining the terminology regarding the Empire’s ethno-political geography and regional dimension, as well as the correlation between the hierarchical concepts of Russian Empire – Russia – borderlands. The article also outlines the identifying characteristics of the basic ethnic categories in the Empire, i.e. Russians and non-Russians (инородцы), and addresses the issue of non-Russians “becoming Russian”. Consideration is given to phrases and expressions illustrating the central government’s ethnic integration policy in non-Russian territories. Among those most frequently encountered are “rapprochement” (сближение), “merging” (слияние), “Russification” (обрусение, русификация): terms that lack proper, unambiguous definition, and have produced no consensus among either contemporaries or modern researchers. The government pursued the homogeneity of the Empire not by respecting multi-culturality and diversity or guaranteeing free development of ethnoses, but rather by aggressively enacting rapprochement with the Russian nation, forcing the Russian language upon residents of the Empire (also as the language of tuition in primary schools), and disseminating the Orthodox faith, thus crippling the peoples’ natural strive for self-realisation and self-determination. The attempts to eradicate native-language primary education give enough reason to speak about Russification in the sense of assimilation (Russianisation), regardless of whether or not this was a conscious effort and goal set by the masterminds behind the reforms. Estonian national movement activists and intellectuals interpreted the government’s ethnic policy as forcible denationalisation and re-ethnification set to annihilate the Estonian nation through the dominance of the Russian language in education and public administration. Whether the government was indeed harbouring such plans, or to what extent, remains unclear. The Empire remained based on dynastic statehood until its demise; nationalism did not become a ruling ideology despite the Russian and non-Russian ethnocentricity thriving and Russian nationalists striving to reshape the dynastic state into a nation state. The central government launched multiple Russification programmes in the border regions, yet these were eventually thwarted by resistance put up by non-Russian peoples.

A unique solution to solve the pending medical school tuition crisis

The increasing cost of undergraduate medical education and the decreasing availability of financial aid have resulted in the accumulation of a large debt for medical students that requires a reasonable solution. After reviewing suggested solutions to alleviate medical student debt, we have developed a unique proposal. The Strategic Alternative for Funding Education (SAFE) has the practicing physician pay for his or her medical school education after completion of residency/fellowship over a 10-year time interval when income will likely be rising. The amount paid yearly is calculated as a percent of the physician's professional income. A strategic alternative for funding education has the potential to alleviate the pending crisis in medical student debt, allows medical schools to compete for students based on the educational experience offered, and allows a student of any socioeconomic status to attend medical school and choose a medical specialty based solely on ability and desire.

Gambaran Pendidikan Anak yang Membutuhkan Perlindungan Khusus

In order to recognize and to fulfill the children’s rights, as well as to protect them, the Indonesian Government ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Children (CRC) in 1990 and approved Law No. 23 on Child Protection in 2002. Article 28 of CRC states that the states parties recognize that the right of the children to have education, and to achieve this right progressively on the basis of equal opportunity. This statement implies that states parties shall make primary education compulsory, available and free to all. The states parties shall also encourage the development of different forms of secondary education. In fact, many children could not participate in and therefore should drop out from their basic education because their very poor parents. Instead, they have to work to support their family’s life. This survey was intended to give a descriptive overview of the educational status and level, as well as to offer forms of alternative education for children who are categorized as in needs of special protection (CNSP). In addition, this survey was intended to identify individuals or institutions that the poor children school tuition. This survey involved 165 children below 18 years of age who were assisted in by 7 (seven) NGOs in Jakarta, Bogor, and Surabaya which have a partnership with PLAN International.

The Introduction of Religious Charter Schools: A Cultural Movement in the Private School Sector

Charter schools are opening, and religious associations are also sponsoring these schools since religious groups find private school tuitions to be high and prohibitive. This study includes studies of Tarek ibn Ziyad Academy, a Minnesota Arabic charter school (Blaine and Inver Grove Heights, MN); Ben Gamla Charter School, a Florida English-Hebrew Charter School (Hollywood, FL); the Hellenic Classical Charter School, a New York City Greek Orthodox parochial school (Brooklyn, NY); and Community of Peace Academy, a Minnesota Hmong cultural charter school (St. Paul, MN). These charter schools are exemplary educational programs around the school's mission, curriculum, language courses, and extracurricular activities that are all culturally relevant to their particular culture and religion while so-far remaining legal under the Zelman decision, legalizing funding for religious school vouchers.