School Of Geography Research Articles

Time-Geography in Four Dimensions: Potential Path Volumes around 3D Trajectories

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings Time-Geography in Four Dimensions: Potential Path Volumes around 3D Trajectories U. Demsar 1 , J. A. Long 1 School of Geography & Geosciences, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK Email: {urska.demsar; jed.long}@st-andrews.ac.uk Abstract An upcoming increase in availability and accuracy of 3D positioning requires development of new analytical approaches that will incorporate the third positional dimension, the elevation and model space and time as a 4D concept. In this paper we propose the extension of time geography into four dimensions. We generalise the time geography concept of a Potential Path Area into a Potential Path Volume around a 3D trajectory and present its mathematical definition. The algorithm for calculating PPVs around 3D trajectories is currently being implemented and will be tested on simulated data and real 3D data from movement ecology. 1. Introduction Movement data are collected in the form of trajectories, which are sequences of locations collected at certain times. These data are collected using trackers, such as GPS devices, which are capable of recording location in three dimensions. However, typically only the two geographical dimensions (either longitude/latitude or easting/northing) are used for analysis and the third dimension, elevation, is neglected (Belant et al. 2012). This is first because the accuracy of GPS elevation measurements is poor, but also because including the third dimension into any kind of geometrical calculations necessary for correct mathematical analysis introduces higher complexity. The upcoming deployment of the European Galileo and the Chinese COMPASS/Beidou systems are expected to improve elevation accuracy (Li et al. 2015). Therefore an upcoming critical gap is for analytical methods for 3D movement. In this paper we propose a generalisation of a well-established movement analysis framework, time geography (Hagerstrand 1970) to consider location in three dimensions. This framework originally operates in the conceptual space of a Space-Time Cube (STC), which consists of a 2D geographic plane and time as the third axis. We propose to extend this concept into a Space-Time HyperCube (STHC), which we define as a 4D space, consisting of a 3D geographic space and fourth dimension - time. By applying the conceptual extension from STC to STHC, we can mathematically generalise time geography into four dimensions. We focus on one particular time geography concept: the Potential Path Area (PPA), a popular accessibility measure in transport (Patterson and Farber 2015). A PPA is the projection of a Space-Time Prism (STP) onto the geographical plane (Miller 2005). The STP is an accessibility volume within the STC, which represents all the paths which the object could have traversed between two observed positions, P i and P i+1 (Figure 1a). In the 2D case, the PPA is an ellipse. If this ellipse is calculated around each segment of a trajectory, their union can be used to delineate the range of a moving object (Long and Nelson 2012). To extend this principle into four dimensions, we propose to generalise the PPA ellipse into an ellipsoid located within the three dimensional geographic space. This ellipsoid is the projection of the four-dimensional Space-Time Prism (the 4D accessibility volume between the two observed positions) onto the 3D base space of the STHC. We call this ellipsoid the Potential Path Volume (PPV, Figure 1b) and propose that it can be used in the same way as the Potential Path Area for trajectories where location is measured in three dimensions.

A Field-Based Time Geography for Wildlife Movement Analysis

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings A Field-Based Time Geography for Wildlife Movement Analysis J. A. Long 1 School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St Andrews, Irvine Building, North Street, St Andrews, Fife, UK KY169AL Email: jed.long@st-andrews.ac.uk Abstract Field-based time geography is proposed as a new, specialized model for estimating wildlife utilization distributions (UDs) and home ranges. Field-based time geography represents the combining of classical time geography with least-cost path analysis. Here the derivation of field-based time geography is emphasized, paying particular attention to how it can be implemented in wildlife analysis. An example showing caribou movement in northern British Columbia is used to demonstrate field-based time geography and compare it with the Brownian bridge model, a popular method for delineating wildlife UDs. The results show how field-time geography is able to better represent the structure and barriers of the landscape, and provide alternative insights into wildlife space use. The entire process is implemented in R, making it attractive to movement ecologists. 1. Introduction One of the fundamental pieces of spatial information used in the study of wildlife movement is the home range. A home range is broadly defined as the area an animal uses in its normal day-to-day activities (Burt, 1943). From a GIScience perspective, a home range is a polygon, and thus represents this area discretely. Recognizing that animals typically do not use their home ranges evenly, alternatively a utilization distribution (UD) can be estimated, which represents the home range as a two dimensional probability density surface, where the values indicate the probability of observing the animal at different locations within (and outwith) the home range (Worton, 1989). Typically, a UD is represented as a raster grid after selecting an appropriate spatial resolution. After creating a UD it is common to estimate the home range simply as a % volume contour of the UD (most commonly the 95% volume contour). Many methods have been proposed for estimating UDs and home ranges and there is little consensus on which is best. Historically, kernel density estimation (Worton, 1989) has been the preferred approach, however in recent years Brownian bridges (Horne et al., 2007) have become increasingly popular. Time geographic methods have also been proposed as powerful alternatives for delineating home ranges (Long and Nelson, 2012) and UDs (Downs et al., 2011). However, one limitation that is present in all currently available home range and UD methods is the assumption that wildlife move within a homogeneous arena. That is, the underlying environment has no influence on the model used to calculate the home range and UD. By failing to consider how the underlying landscape characteristics (e.g., topography, structure, land cover) contribute to the formation of home ranges and UDs, current approaches fail to adequately capture how a heterogeneous environment contributes to observed movement patterns. In many cases, the natural environment constrains the area potentially visited by an animal, and thus home ranges and UDs are incorrectly estimated. To address this limitation, this paper proposes field-based time geography as a new tool for estimating wildlife UDs. Field-based time geography was originally proposed by Miller and Bridwell (2009) in the study of transportation, and thus focused on applications on a spatial network. Here, the conceptual framework outlined by Miller and Bridwell (2009) is extended to the study of wildlife movement in a two-dimensional field. In this context, field based time

A moan, a discursion into the visualisation of very large spatial data and some rubrics for identifying big questions

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings A moan, a discursion into the visualisation of very large spatial data and some rubrics for identifying big questions A. Comber 1 , C. F. Brunsdon 2 , M. Charlton, R. Harris 3 School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK Email: a.comber@leeds.ac.uk NUI Maynooth, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland Email: {christopher.brunsdon; martin.charlton} @nuim.ie School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1SS. Email: rich.harris@bris.ac.uk Abstract This short paper links 2 areas of big data science in the context of GIScience: inferential analysis and visualisation. It discusses ideas around integration and analysis of large, spatial referenced datasets and considers how results of these can best be visualised. It advocates a critical approach to big data visualization and warns of the inherent dangers of simply identifying patterns, whether through data mining, modeling or visualization. It adds to ongoing debates by suggesting techniques and rubrics, possibly even hinting at a manifesto. 1. Introduction There is an increasing amount of data of all kinds available to scientists that provide opportunities to gain novel insights about all kinds of phenomena. The availability of these data is being driven by 2 factors. 1) The large amount of open data and wider recognition of the value that can be added to that data (Molloy, 2011) by linking it to other data and by developing novel data analyses; 2) The many new forms of data generated every day by citizens, either passively or actively (See et al., 2016) on GPS- and web-enabled tablets, devices has resulted in an explosion of citizen contributed, crowdsourced or volunteered data. Much has been written about the characteristics of these very large datasets: from the 3 or 5 or is it 7Vs? to the 3Ds (Dynamic, Diverse, Dense to which Dirty should be added), and perhaps more interestingly, their existence has stimulated a number of theoretical and practical considerations. This ranges from the need to revisit classic measures of and tools for statistical inference (Brunsdon, in press) to the need to redesign some of the more commonly used software tools to handle the data volumes. The role of GIScience relates to location, which may be precise in the form of latitude and longitude or approximate for example using a small census area reference or a post-code. However, despite being in this age of so called ‘Big Data’ the real challenge is to identify and answer ‘Big Questions’ which so far the research community, including the GIScience community, has failed to do. 2. Large quantities of spatially referenced data There are large quantities of spatially referenced data of many different types, describing many different phenomena. This provides opportunities for new forms of knowledge. A typical data-mining / computer science approach is encapsulated by the following quote: ‘Scouring databases and other data stores for insight is often compared to the proverbial search for a needle in a haystack, but … big data turns that idea on its head’ and quoting Viktor Mayer-Schonberger ‘With big data, we don’t know what the needle is. We can let the data speak and use it to generate really intriguing questions’ 1 .GIScience offers suites of http://data-informed.com/big-datas-value-much-larger-than-specific-business-questions/

Local variation in hedonic house pricing in Hanoi, Vietnam: a spatial analysis of status quality trade-off (SQTO) theory

GIScience 2016 Short Paper Proceedings Local variation in hedonic house price, Hanoi: a spatial analysis of SQTO theory A. J. Comber 1 , P. Harris 2 , T. Q. Nguyen 3 , P. K. Chi 4 , H. Tran 4 and H. H. Phe 5 School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK Email: a.comber@leeds.ac.uk Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, EX20 2SB, UK Email: paul.harris@rothamsted.ac.uk National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam Email: quannt@nuce.edu.vn GeoViet Consulting Co. Ltd, Hanoi, Vietnam Email: chi.geoviet@gmail.com Vinaconex RD Fujita, 1989). In these, access to place of work to minimise commuting costs, for example, is one of the main factors explaining residential location choices for lower- income households and higher-income households choose larger properties in the suburbs

França e a Escola Brasileira de Geografia em inglês

O livro de Jose Borzacchiello da Silva, Franca e a Escola Brasileira de Geografia, (Fortaleza, Edicoes UFC, 2012, 232 p.) tinha sido resenhado na Confins por Maria Geralda de Almeida, (Confins n°17, 2013, http://confins.revues.org/8297). Na ocasiao do lancamento da sua traducao em ingles achamos util publicar o sumario da obra na sua versao inglesa, indicar o link do e-book e repetir o prefacio da edicao brasileira. Link de acesso ao e-book: http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-...

Cohort Profile: The UK Women's Cohort Study (UKWCS).

Cohort Profile: The UK Women’s Cohort Study (UKWCS) Janet E Cade,* Victoria J Burley, Nisreen A Alwan, Jayne Hutchinson, Neil Hancock, Michelle A Morris, Diane E Threapleton and Darren C Greenwood School of Food Science and Nutrition, Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Academic Unit of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK and School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Student Collaborative Writing Groups: Mapping Glacial Geomorphology and Glacial Sedimentology

In recent years there has been a conscious effort to pro- vide students with an avenue to pursue both self-directed and interdisciplinary studies within their undergraduate education at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. This idea was initially stated in McMaster president Patrick Deane's open letter ''Forward with Integrity'' (Deane 2011), written to reinvigorate key principles of McMaster University, which looked toward improving the student experience through research opportunities. This collection of articles represents select work from senior undergraduate students from the McMaster Uni- versity School of Geography and Earth Sciences (SGES) course ''Glacial Sediments and Environments.'' The stu- dents worked together as one large collaborative writing group modelled after the international group writing project of the 2012 International Society for the Scholar- ship of Teaching and Learning Annual Meeting in Hamil- ton, Ontario (Marquis, Healey, and Vine 2014). The goal of this project was for students to write a paper based on an original idea within the realm of either glacial sedi- mentology or glacial geomorphology. Traditionally, undergraduate research rarely includes the dissemination of results beyond the classroom (Walkington and Jenkins 2008). The encouragement of dissemination to an international audience will create an experience that promotes self-authorship and challenges students to evaluate their knowledge claims and take ownership of their ideas (Hodge, Baxter Magolda, and Haynes 2009; Moore and others 2011; Barber, King, and Baxter Magolda

Biogeography of a fragmenting world

editorial ISSN 1948-6596 Biogeography of a fragmenting world Part of the value of biogeography as a multidiscipli- nary transversal science is its wide applicability to processes that occur at multiple scales. One such process is the extinction of species resulting from the disappearance of their habitats. Habitat loss and fragmentation are widespread, and, together with habitat degradation and other human im- pacts, they probably constitute the aspect of global change that contributes the most to current extinc- tion rates (see, e.g., Sandom et al. 2014), although climate change and biological invasions also play significant roles in changing the ecological dynam- ics of species (see the book reviews by Hinsley 2015 and Cassey 2015 in this issue). Island biogeography is particularly useful for understanding the complex effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on biodiversity, for it provides a solid theoretical background to study and model extinction trends (Harris 1984). Using this concep- tual framework, Matthews (2015) studied different aspects of biodiversity variation in habitat frag- ments, finding that trends in these habitat islands are complex and change from one system to an- other, with traditional island biogeographic rela- tionships only being applicable to a very limited extent. Importantly, some of this lack of transfera- bility can be attributed to the effects of non-native species or the characteristics of human disturb- ance, rather than to a lack of generality of the prin- ciples of island biogeography. Further, the nature and extent of habitat degradation in the matrix surrounding the habitat islands turn out to be im- portant in Matthews’ (2015) research, adding a new dimension to island biogeographic enquiry. High-quality datasets such as the one provided by Bergamin et al. (2015) for the vegetation of the highly fragmented Brazilian Atlantic forest will fur- ther enhance our knowledge about the effects of habitat transformation on biodiversity loss. Islands can also contribute to the study of habitat change and extinctions in that they can act as natural experiments, where isolation has result- ed in the existence of many (pseudo)replicates of limited size with similar ecological conditions and similar but, at the same time, independent evolu- tionary processes and species pools. The work of Lavery (2015) on northern Melanesian mammals is a nice example of how the distribution, ecology and evolution of several groups and lineages can be studied from a holistic, multidisciplinary per- spective in archipelagos and island complexes. This integrative perspective is also adopted for the study of particular biomes, such as the South Afri- can Fynbos (Ojeda 2015), but is particularly difficult when these biomes occupy large areas or are locat- ed in areas with considerable biotic interchange. Some of the complexity of continental set- tings can be untangled by studying areas of inter- mediate isolation, such as peninsulas, and explicitly addressing temporal patterns. The combination of data on past (through pollen) and current distribu- tion of species with macroecological and multivari- ate analyses allow Gavin (2015) to study the stabil- ity of habitats in the Olympic Peninsula (Washington, USA) throughout the end of the Pleistocene and the Holocene. At a larger temporal scale, the macroevolutionary study of extinction risk allows understanding of which species may be more prone to extinction, although habitat loss continues to play a major role in determining which species may be finally lost (DeNeve et al. 2015). Here, the important development of statisti- cal tools to analyse temporal and spatial data (Dale & Fortin 2015, Hartig 2015) allows understanding of trends and drivers from multiple sources of da- ta. A multidisciplinary approach, using transversal frameworks and addressing topics of broad inter- est to biogeographers, can perhaps best account for the many facets of the impacts of global change. This major strength of biogeography is nicely encapsulated by the papers within this issue of Frontiers of Biogeography. Joaquin Hortal 1 and Richard Field 2 Frontiers of Biogeography editors-in-chief Departament of Biogeography and Global Change, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain. jhortal@mncn.csic.es School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK. richard.field@nottingham.ac.uk frontiers of biogeography 7.2, 2015 — © 2015 the authors; journal compilation © 2015 The International Biogeography Society

Defining a chronological framework for the Middle Stone Age in West Africa: Comparison of methods and models for OSL ages at Ounjougou (Mali)

Ounjougou is the name of a large complex of archaeological sites, that were extensively studied between 1997 and 2008 by the international team of the “Human settlement and palaeoenvironment in West Africa” project. This complex is important because well stratified Palaeolithic sites in West Africa are rare, and because it covers a long period of time (most of the Upper Pleistocene and Holocene) and exhibits a wide set of technical cultures. Therefore, for the first time it is possible to propose a chronological framework for the human settlement in this region that can be related to other technical cultures in Africa and to palaeoenvironmental data.The purpose of this paper is to present the OSL dating results obtained from 57 sediment samples that led to this framework. Measurements were first performed between 2004 and 2006 in Oxford (School of Geography), using micro-aliquots (2–10 grains) OSL and ICP-MS for determination of equivalent doses and beta-dose rates, respectively (gamma dose rates being deduced from field gamma spectrometry). More recently, new measurements were done on 28 samples of this former set at the IRAMAT-CRP2A laboratory in Bordeaux, where “true” single quartz grain OSL and high resolution gamma spectrometry measurements were performed. Both sets of results are, for all but two samples, statistically consistent with each other. A consistent chrono-stratigraphic framework can thus be deduced, covering the Upper Pleistocene. It suggests that the region was regularly visited during this time interval and more particularly during Marine Isotope Stage 3, when groups with different technical cultures followed each other relatively rapidly.

Oil, Published by GavinBridge and Philippe LeBillon (Cambridge: Polity, 2013).

Journal of International DevelopmentVolume 27, Issue 4 p. 568-570 Book Review Oil, Published by Gavin Bridge and Philippe Le Billon (Cambridge: Polity, 2013). Kärg Kama, Kärg Kama School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKSearch for more papers by this author Kärg Kama, Kärg Kama School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 April 2015 https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3019Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume27, Issue4May 2015Pages 568-570 RelatedInformation

赣江流域土地利用方式对河流水质的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 赣江流域土地利用方式对河流水质的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201409221870 作者: 作者单位: 1. 江西师范大学鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室;2. 江西师范大学地理与环境学院,1. 江西师范大学鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室;2. 江西师范大学地理与环境学院,1. 江西师范大学鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室;2. 江西师范大学地理与环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41201033, 41261069); 鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室(江西师范大学)主任开放基金项目(ZK2013009); 江西省土壤侵蚀与防治重点实验室开放研究基金项目(JXSB201302); 江西省重大生态安全问题监控协同创新中心资助项目(JXS-EW-00) Influence of land use on river water quality in the Ganjiang basin Author: Affiliation: 1. Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University; 2. School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University,1. Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University; 2. School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University,1. Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University; 2. School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:赣江是鄱阳湖的最大支流,是鄱阳湖水污染物的主要来源,查明流域土地利用方式对赣江水质的影响和鄱阳湖的水环境保护具有重要意义。基于2012年对赣江7个主要支流NH4+-N、TP、CODMn和DO浓度的每月测定结果,通过不同空间尺度和土地类型等级划分,利用相关分析和冗余分析研究土地利用方式对赣江流域河流水质的影响。研究结果表明,子流域的土地利用方式对TP的影响大于缓冲区;对CODMn的影响在丰水期大于缓冲区,在枯水期小于缓冲区;对NH4+-N的影响在丰水期与缓冲区接近,在枯水期小于缓冲区;DO受土地利用方式的影响较小。水田中的丘陵水田是赣江水体TP和丰水期CODMn的主要来源;平原水田是枯水期CODMn的主要来源。居民建设用地中的城镇用地是赣江水体TP、NH4+-N和丰水期CODMn的主要来源,农村用地是CODMn的主要来源。水域中的水库坑塘是赣江水体TP和丰水期NH4+-N、CODMn的主要来源。 Abstract:The global transition from undisturbed to human-dominated landscapes has impacted river water quality worldwide and made the quantification of land use a valuable indicator of water pollutant. The Ganjiang River, as the largest tributary of the Poyang Lake Basin, is the main pollution source of the Poyang Lake. Identifying the influence of land use on water quality in the Ganjiang River has great significance for water environment protection in the Poyang Lake. In this study, we investigated the monthly concentration of NH4+-N, TP, CODMn and DO in seven major tributaries of the Ganjiang River in 2012 and analyzed the influence of land use on river water quality by the methods of correlation analysis and redundancy analysis. Two spatial scales, the sub-basin and buffer zone, and two levels of land use classification were considered. The first level of land use classification was paddy field, dry farm, forest land, grass land, water area, resident construction land and unused land, resulting from remote sensing image interpretation. The second level of land use classification was obtained from the first level based on different geomorphology, canopy density, grass coverage and other factors. The results showed that forest was the largest land use pattern in the study area, followed by paddy field and dry farm. The concentration of TP had a significant positive correlation with NH4+-N in wet season, while NH4+-N had a significant negative correlation with DO in dry season. The pollution sources of TP both in wet season and dry season were from hill paddy field, urban land, reservoir and pond. The pollution sources of CODMn were from paddy field, urban land, reservoir and pond, and rural residential land in wet season, while from plain paddy field and rural residential land in dry season. The pollution sources of NH4+-N were from urban land, reservoir and pond in wet season, while from urban land, mountainous dry farm, riparian forest land and low coverage grassland in dry season. Additionally, different spatial scales of land use had different impacts on water quality indicators. The land use in sub-basin had more influence on TP and wet seasonal CODMn than that in buffer zone, while it had less influence on dry seasonal CODMn than that in buffer zone. For NH4+-N, the land use in sub-basin had similar influence as that in buffer zone in wet season, while less influence than that in buffer zone in dry season. The impact of land use on DO was not significant. Moreover, we found that it was more helpful to study the source of the river water pollutant based on the second level of land use classification than the first level of land use classification. Among the paddy field, hill paddy field was the main source of TP and wet seasonal NH4+-N; while plain paddy field was the main source of dry seasonal CODMn. Among the residential construction land, urban land was the main source of TP, NH4+-N, and wet seasonal CODMn, while rural residential land was the main source of CODMn. Among the water area, reservoir and pond were the main source of TP, wet seasonal NH4+-N and wet seasonal CODMn. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Conceptualizing and Utilizing the Natural Environment: Critical Reflections from Imperial and Soviet Russia

Slavonic and East European Review, 93, 1, 2015 Conceptualizing and Utilizing the Natural Environment: Critical Reflections from Imperial and Soviet Russia JONATHAN OLDFIELD, JULIA LAJUS and DENIS J. B. SHAW Introduction This special issue1 is broadly concerned with exploring the different ways in which Russian society engaged with the natural environment from the late seventeenth century through to the mid-to-late Soviet period. Viewed through the lens of Soviet collapse and associated discourses concerning the destruction of nature, it is tempting to conclude that Russia has little to teach us beyond serving as an example of the crude appropriation of natural resources and efforts to manipulate natural systems on a large scale, typically with limited concern about collateral environmental damage. Initiatives such as the Stalin Plan for the Transformation of Nature (1948– 53) and Khrushchev’s Virgin Lands Scheme, with their associated attempts to reshape the natural environment in order to advance the Communist Jonathan Oldfield is Reader in Russian Environmental Studies in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham; Julia Lajus is Associate Professor in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National Research University Higher School of Economics, St Petersburg, and Denis J. B. Shaw is Honorary Senior Research Fellow in the School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham. 1 The stimulus for this special issue was an international workshop held at the European University at St Petersburg in May 2013, funded by the UK’s Arts and Humanities Research Council (Ref: AH/G011028/1), Economic and Social Research Council (Ref: ES/ G027196/1) and the Centre for Russian, Central and East European Studies (CRCEES). The authors wish to thank the funding bodies for their generous support and the other workshop attendees for their thought-provoking contributions to the general discussion. The assistance of the anonymous SEER reviewers and Barbara Wyllie is also gratefully acknowledged. J. OLDFIELD, J. LAJUS & D. J. B. SHAW 2 project, appear to be symbolic of a cavalier approach to the natural environment, underpinned by a strong belief in the primacy of society over nature. Such understandings have merit and remain influential within the context of environmental history scholarship.2 Nevertheless, a closer analysis, and one that moves beyond the generalities of the Soviet period, suggests a more complex and nuanced situation, characterized by efforts to analyse and regulate the utilization of available natural resources. Such sentiment is reflected in a smattering of recent critical reviews concerning Russian environmental history, all of which emphasize the need for more work in this area.3 Amongst other things, this literature encourages a deeper analysis of Russian attempts to inventorize the considerable riches of its land, water and marine resources, and parallel initiatives directed towards gaining greater understanding of the inner workings of the natural world and associated processes. As we shall see, such trends provided the framework for the establishment of relatively sophisticated systems of natural resource management embedded in the country’s regional and local economies. The enormity and diversity of Russia’s resource base ensures that it remains a topic of contemporary concern and debate. In recent decades, it is the political economy of Russia’s hydrocarbon resources that has tended to dominate discussion, and yet strategic assessments of mineral and natural resource reserves formed a key area of analysis for much of the Soviet period on both sides of the ideological divide.4 While such assessments remain of importance, recent scholarship in environmental history and related fields has moved in new directions, providing evidence of the range and complexity of historical environmental management 2 For example, the recently published introductory reader on global environmental history includes a chapter entitled ‘The Predatory Tribute-Taking State’ (Douglas R. Weiner, ‘The Predatory Tribute-Taking State: A Framework for Understanding Russian Environmental History’, in John McNeill and Alan Roe [eds], Global Environmental History: An Introductory Reader, London, 2013, pp. 283–319). See also the country review in the 2012 publication, A Companion to Global Environmental History, which is focused on the Soviet period (Stephen Brain, ‘Environmental History of the Soviet Union’, in J. R. McNeill and Erin S. Mauldin [eds], A Companion to Global Environmental History, Chichester, 2012, pp. 222–43...

Heterochrony in helicoid spiral cones: a computer model for demonstrating heterochronic evolution

A modification of Raup’s classic helicoid logarithmic spiral cone model allows the incorporation of parameters for ontogenetic change in the main geometrical parameter values. The resulting allometric structures can be modified by simulated heterochronic increments so that the effects of neoteny, acceleration, progenesis and hypermorphosis can be produced. Experiments with the model, named HETEROSIM, produce suites of forms that are consistent with those that occur within Families of the Class Gastropoda, and hence heterochrony is a plausible hypothesis for evolution in those taxa. In addition to applications in evolutionary research, the model is a valuable pedagogic tool in teaching advanced palaeontology and evolution. Andrew Robert Henry Swan. School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, United Kingdom Email: swan@kingston.ac.uk

Transformaciones del habitar en la zona del carbón: María Dolores Muñoz Rebolledo

Associated Professor at the Urban Development Department of the School of Architecture, Urban Development and Geography of the Universidad de Concepcion. She holds an Architecture degree from the Universidad de Santiago. Candidate to a Ph.D. in Architecture. Superior Technical Architecture School of the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid.

Some Urgent Issues of Georgia’s Geography

Geography is facing new challenges in Georgia. On the one hand, it is related to evaluation of current condition of the country and its geo-ecological issues, and on the other hand, the requirements of practice and the prospects of socio-economic development. The requirements of practice imply several urgent issues such as new orientation of the land use and the optimal use of the region's natural-resource potential, demographic stability and development of mountainous areas. The prospects of the country’s development include the urgent issues such as global environmental problems and prediction of geo-system conditions, development of military geography and planning of environmentally strained areas. In order to present and solve these problems effectively, Georgian School of Geography should play a key role, which will become a prerequisite for its further development.

Maize Production Responsiveness to Land Use Change and Climate Trends in Cameroon

Most studies on the responsiveness of maize production to various variables have dwelled on the responsiveness of maize production to variations in precipitation or temperature. This study seeks to verify the response of maize production in Cameroon to both climate trends and land use change. Therefore, for the first time, our study presents findings on the relative influence of both climate and land use change on maize production in Cameroon. The data used in this analysis are essentially time series data spanning the period 1961–2006. The data on quantity of maize produced, area of maize harvested and number of maize seeds planted was taken from (http://faostat.fao.org). The mean maize growing season temperature and precipitation data were collected from the 0.5° × 0.5° gridded collaborative datasets of the UNEP and the School of Geography and Environment at Oxford University and from the global crop calendar dataset. The data were analyzed using the average rate of change, detrended simulations, the multiple linear regression technique, correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination. The results show that maize production in Cameroon is more likely responsive to land use change (forest area change) than rainfall and temperature. However, for the climatic variables, maize production is more responsive to temperature variations than precipitation. In other words, the greater the land use change (forest area loss) the more likely the long run losses in the current maize production gains while rising temperatures were found to be more suitable for maize production. Even though the 1990s marked the period of recovering rainfall levels in most of the Sahel, large fluctuations were still recorded.

Handbook of Regional Science (3 volumes), edited by ManfredM. Fischer and PeterNijkamp. Springer Reference Series. Heidelberg: Springer. 1732 + xxxvii. ISBN‐978‐3‐642‐23429‐3; ISBN 978‐3‐642‐23430‐9 (eBook). Cloth, $949.00.

Journal of Regional ScienceVolume 54, Issue 4 p. 711-716 BOOK REVIEW Handbook of Regional Science (3 volumes), edited by M. Fischer Manfred and Nijkamp Peter. Springer Reference Series. Heidelberg: Springer. 1732 + xxxvii. ISBN-978-3-642-23429-3; ISBN 978-3-642-23430-9 (eBook). Cloth, $949.00. Gordon F. Mulligan, Gordon F. Mulligan School of Geography and Development, University of ArizonaSearch for more papers by this author Gordon F. Mulligan, Gordon F. Mulligan School of Geography and Development, University of ArizonaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12148Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume54, Issue4Special Issue: Regional Competition, Agglomeration, and Housing Markets in ChinaSeptember 2014Pages 711-716 RelatedInformation

The achievements and future potential of applied quantitative geography: A case study

There has been much debate about the usefulness of human geography for public and private sector planning. In this paper we make the case in terms of quantitative analysis in geography. We provide a wealth of applications of applied research from the perspective of one team of quantitative geographers - based in the School of Geography at the University of Leeds. This research is rooted in spatial interaction modelling, microsimulation, spatial optimisation and geodemographics. A number of applications are explored and their benefits articulated - for end-users. i.e. planners in the broadest sense of the word, the University and the School, for students and, more broadly, for the research environment within applied spatial analysis.

Forests and Climate Change: The Social Dimensions of REDD in Latin America, edited by HallA. (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2012).

Journal of International DevelopmentVolume 26, Issue 5 p. 746-747 Book Review Forests and Climate Change: The Social Dimensions of REDD in Latin America, edited by Hall, A. (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2012). Adrienne Johnson, Adrienne Johnson Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USASearch for more papers by this author Adrienne Johnson, Adrienne Johnson Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2988Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume26, Issue5July 2014Pages 746-747 RelatedInformation

A Geografia Francesa

A Escola Francesa de Geografia estrutura a disciplina no final do século XIX e no começo do século XX; ela aproveita o impulso original, mas perde contato com ummundo em mutação. Ela se renova progressivamente a partir dos anos 1960 (Claval, 1998; 2002).