Craft Schools Research Articles

Messiness is the Message

Once, in a dinner conversation with another printmaker I had just met at a prominent craft school, he started joking about monotypes. He was a woodcut artist, and I had told him that while my art practice is multi-disciplinary, copper plate etching is the medium that I return to most faithfully. We compared notes about our print practices, and when the subject of monotypes arose, with playful contemptuousness, my new friend referred to these as “squished paintings.” This broke the ice, and we both laughed. For the rest of the meal, we continued to bond over the pleasing arduousness of our relative preferred printmaking processes, the potential messiness and apparently unsettling immediacy of monoprinting, and the general viewing public’s overall indifference to the differences between, say, a woodcut, an etching, and a monotype. Considering my apparent unease with the medium, ironically, the work of art that has most consumed my thoughts in recent years is a 1997 trace monotype by the ultra-famous Tracey Emin, a 59 x 73 cm print depicting a relaxed female figure sitting on a sofa. Her eyes are shut and her legs are open; she appears to be masturbating. Above and to the left of the figure floats an indiscernible object. Below the image are the words “I USED TO HAVE SUCH A GOOD IMAGINATION,” which is also the title of the piece. Both Ns in “Imagination” are backward, an indication that Emin drew this through the back of the paper, and perhaps quite quickly.

Learning making: textile-craft, gendered pedagogy and philanthropy

ABSTRACT This essay focuses on recent developments in the pedagogy of craftspeople. Beginning with an overview of post-Independence national design institutions, the essay focuses on more recent textile craft schools and training centres for hereditary and new craftspeople. These are staffed and often managed by hereditary craftspeople. Corporate philanthropy at various scales funds these institutions. Students learn to analyse hereditary craft, make it contemporary, learn about marketing and business practices. These organisations mark a shift in the terms set by colonial, statist and welfarist approaches to craft. Notions of ‘authenticity’ recede as pedagogy becomes dialogic and focuses on innovation. This creates a contingent sovereignty based on recognition and entrepreneurship. This study allows us to offer an art history of contemporary textile craft and an ethnography of the way gender, community, practice, labour, market and philanthropy are configured in such learning programmes.

ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE SYSTEM OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION)

The article considers the system of educational work during the Great Patriotic War in the schools of factory training, craft and railway schools, specialized craft schools of the Lower Volga region of the labor reserve system. The author highlights the directions of the educational work in educational institutions of the Lower Volga region in 1941–1945, the means of educating students of the vocational education system, the educational functions of employees and management bodies of various levels.

Job training schools at the Giornata della Tecnica: a contribution for a history of professional education in the years of fascism

A scant literature is devoted to analyse the evolution of vocational education in Italy during Fascism. The article aims at addressing (even partially) to the issue using a particular kind of sources: the publication the Provincial Scholastic Deputy had to write in 1941 for celebrating the “Giornata della Tecnica” (Day for the promotion of Technical Culture), introduced by Fascism in 1940 for prompting enrolment in technical institutes and, almost of all, in the so-called scuole d’avviamento professionale (job training schools). Reformed since 1929, the scuole d’avviamento professionale were a three-year post-elementary course whose enrolments highly expanded during 1930s. Scholastic reform planned in 1939 – the so-called “Carta della Scuola” – aimed at abolishing this school. At its place, were planned two kinds of vocational schools, the scuola professionale (vocational school) and the scuola artigiana (craft school): both of them would have granted to their pupils less possibilities to change their social status than the scuola d’avviamento did. Publications analysed show a twofold attitude towards these institutes: some headmasters presented them as a way for pupils to achieve higher level of education; however, scholastic officer regarded them as a “diverted” school, which encouraged pupils to flee from their social and territorial environment.

Education on Rural Construction Issues in Lithuania, 1918–1940

In this article the education of farmers and craftsmen about the construction of modern farmsteads during interwar period is assessed. Information on the subject was collected from interwar press and archival documents. The main features of modern interwar farmsteads are rational structuring, compliance with hygiene requirements, comfortability and aestheticism. These ideas were propagated by state institutions, although up to the 3rd decade it was not fully established. When the administration of rural construction matters was commissioned to the Žemės ūkio rūmai, the most important works in this direction were carried out. The Construction Department was established in 1929, and the construction technicians who worked there were the key players in the promotion of the conceptual framework. Therefore, their proper training and the provision of the necessary number of specialists was an essential prerequisite for the purposeful education of farmers and building tradesmen.
 Organising education for farmers one of the main goals was to achieve the largest possible number of persons and thus promote the importance of the implementation of the ideas of modernization of rural construction. Therefore, for this, the periodical press, educational publications, short-term courses and lectures on the issues of improving rural construction and the management of homesteads, as well as exhibitions where construction technologies were demonstrated and specialist advice was provided, were actively used for this. Given the gradual increase in farmers’ interest in the ideas promoted, as well as their active participation in the educational programmes, there is no doubt that the measures chosen were quite successful.
 Rural craftsmen also played an equally important role in the modernisation campaign. Therefore, since the end of the 1930s, short courses have been organised annually to raise their qualifications. The scope of these works was rising, although it affected only part of craftsmen and did not solve the lack of qualified specialists. In the 4th decade, the new laws and rules of rural building regulation were implemented. Also, the necessity for higher number of qualified construction craftsmen that would be able to implement modern building principles was realized. This resulted in first specialized craft schools for carpenters, masons and furnace workers. It was thought that these schools together with earlier courses had to form construction craftsmen education system. Although work in this direction was halted shortly afterwards, the establishment of the specialised schools was an indication of the prioritisation of construction issues and thus of the implementation of modernisation principles.

Make First: Exploring Methods to Deliver Anti‐Racist and Anti‐Ableist Craft Learning

AbstractIn 2021 the Crafts Council launched its national education programme, Craft School, alongside the pedagogical framework Make First. Both Craft School and Make First were a culmination of decades of learning, experience, and research from staff at the Crafts Council and are underpinned by anti‐racist and anti‐ableist learning methodologies. Through this we hoped to work towards methodologies for equal and equitable access to craft education, by considering flexible approaches to delivering and participating in craft activities across different key stages. This paper outlines the Make First approach and some indications of its impact on teachers and learners, as well as exploring some of the challenges and areas for further development as we continue to build anti‐racist and anti‐ableist approaches to craft education.

Exploring the Interplay of Vocabulary Size, Depth, and Reading Performance among Engineering Students in an ESP Context

The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of vocabulary size and vocabulary depth on reading performance in an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) context. To this end, we administered three tests to a group of 92 engineering students enrolled at the National Graduate School of Arts and Crafts (ENSAM) in Meknes, Morocco. The tests included the Vocabulary Size Test developed by Nation and Beglar (2007), the Words Associate Test designed by Read (1998), and a reading performance test with a high-reliability score of .87. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis using linear regression and Pearson correlation. The findings revealed significant correlations between both vocabulary size and vocabulary depth with reading performance. Interestingly, the results indicated that vocabulary depth exhibited a stronger predictive association with reading performance compared to vocabulary size.

Alana Van Derwerker Materials Related to Haystack Mountain School of Crafts

Alana Van Derwerker Materials Related to Haystack Mountain School of Crafts

DEVELOPMENT OF CRAFT EDUCATION IN KASHMIR VALLEY DURING THE RULE OF SULATAN ZAINUL AABIDEEN BUDSHAH

Abstract
 The paper explores the role of Sultan Zainul Aabideen in the development of craft education in the region of Kashmir. The study examines the Sultan's contribution towards preserving the traditional crafts of Kashmir and creating an environment that fostered innovation and creativity in the local craftsmen. The paper analyzes the initiatives taken by the Sultan to establish craft schools and workshops, provide training and support to craftsmen, and promote the products of the local artisans. The study also examines the impact of these efforts on the socioeconomic development of the region and the preservation of the cultural heritage of Kashmir. The findings of this research indicate that the Sultan's vision and commitment to craft education have played a crucial role in the development and promotion of traditional crafts in Kashmir, which has led to the growth of the local economy and the empowerment of the local artisans.

Aid, Knowledge, and Power: The Legacy of Imported Expertise at the National College of Arts, Lahore

My research aims at identifying and understanding the complicated and often contradictory process(es) of Pakistan’s decolonization in connection with the imported frameworks of knowledge in the structure and pedagogy of the National College of Arts (NCA), Lahore during the formative years of the institution. With a focus on the college’s Architecture Department, the paper begins in 1958 by highlighting the historical context and factual history of the effort to restructure the former colonial craft school. The college’s modernization process is seen to be dictated by the incoming foreign aid and expertise, aligned with the national policies of the new military regime of General Ayub Khan. Thus, the major themes of the paper converge on the Decade of Global Development, the foreign-funded knowledge economy, and its consequent import of expertise at the National College of Arts. Subsequently, the research engages critically with the legacy of this expertise by dissecting the multi-layered process(es) of decolonization. These processes range from questioning the methodologies of modernization and spatial decolonization, questions of gender, and the inclusion of diverse voices in the effort to find alternate knowledge paradigms.

АЛЕКСИНАЧКА ПОДРУЖИНА И ЖЕНСКА ЗАНАТСКА ШКОЛА У АЛЕКСИНЦУ У МЕЂУРАТНОМ ПЕРИОДУ (1918–1941)

At the end of the First World War, the Aleksinac branch and the Women’s Craft School continued their work. Bin accordance with the law from 1922, the Women’s Craft School in Aleksinac became semi-state, so that it had a craft school at lower and extended levels. The school principals were mostly administrative members of the branch. In such schools, the Ministry of Trade and Industry appointed permanent and part-time staff, financed part of the needs and activities of the schools and monitored their work, but the main support of the school stemmed from the branch itself. The significance of this school for the town of Aleksinac was great, which was understood by the residents themselves. Almost all the female children who lived in the town itself attended this school. The Aleksinac family played a significant role in the educational, cultural, charitable and social life of Aleksinac in the first half of the 20th century. It marked the engagement of the residents of Aleksinac and their inclusion in public life. The members included women’s youth in numerous activities, thus developing their social spirit; in this way, the family achieved many valuable results. The most important of all is that they worked exclusively for women in the way of raising awareness of their important role in the progress of Serbian society.

ESP Needs Analysis of Greater-Casablanca Engineering Students

The current paper aims to investigate the English language needs of the Greater-Casablanca engineering students. The work represents a longitudinal study that was conducted over two academic years, from September 2019 till July 2021, in four higher specialized institutions; all are from the Greater Casablanca region, namely the Higher National School of Arts and Crafts (ENSAM), the Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), the Higher National School of Electricity and Mechanics (ENSEM), and the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST). For this purpose, a total of 300 engineering students as well as 60 managers who are basically former students of the four abovementioned schools, 10 specific content instructors, and 10 EFL teachers. Five streams representing key Moroccan industries specifically the Mechanical, the Electrical, and the Industrial streams from ENSAM and ENSEM, the Civil engineering stream from EHTP, and the computing stream from FST, took part in the study which was designed on a qualitative and quantitative basis using a placement test, questionnaires and interviews. From each stream, sixty students, two EFL teachers, and two specific content instructors were selected. The outcome of the study will call attention to the significant role that ESP can play to boost engineering students' career. It will also define engineering students' most needed English language skills as well as portraying their learning preference s with regard to the ESP course. Finally, a number of implications and recommendations will be drawn.

MOBBING IN THE WORKPLACE AMONG RESPONDENTS - TEACHERS EMPLOYED IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF THE CITY OF POZEGA, POZESKO-SLAVONSKA COUNTY, REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Initial research into the phenomenon of workplace mobbing dates back to 1972 and was conducted in Sweden. Of exceptional importance for determining the existence of mobbing, is a proper understanding of the behaviour that can be subsumed under the term as well as its clear distinction from the usual conflicts in the workplace and various forms of harassment. The aim of the present paper is to check the existence of mobbing in the workplace among respondents – teachers employed in secondary schools in the City of Pozega, Republic of Croatia. In this sense, the paper is divided into two parts in terms of content: theoretical and special part. In the theoretical part of the paper, mobbing will be conceptually defined and its distinction towards harassment as a form of discrimination will be analyzed. The theoretical part of the paper includes an overview of earlier research into mobbing in the EU and the Republic of Croatia and an analysis of the procedure for obtaining legal protection in the case of mobbing in accordance with applicable regulations of the Republic of Croatia. A special part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis of the results collected by the conducted empirical research. The mentioned research included 350 teachers employed in six secondary schools in the City of Pozega. These are the Gymnasium, the School of Economics, the Technical School, the School of Crafts, the School of Agriculture and Food and the Music School. At the end of the paper, the author presents concluding remarks in which she gives recommendations for improving the detected problems.

АЛЕКСЕЙ ПЕТРОВИЧ БОГОЛЮБОВ: ПОЛВЕКА НА СЛУЖБЕ В МОРСКОМ МИНИСТЕРСТВЕ

The purpose of the study, carried out on the basis of numerous unpublished documents, is to present the various useful activities of Alexei Petrovich Bogolyubov, a painter and an Actual State Councilor in the Naval Ministry. A.P. Bogolyubov began his service as a midshipman on January 8, 1841, and worked actively in the Naval Ministry for about 55 years. More than 90 documents from various funds were found in the Russian Archives of the Navy, including the artist’s autographs. The recently discovered album of original drawings made by the artist in 1862 and 1864 is of greatest value. Professor of marine painting, a member of the Council of the Imperial Academy of Arts, A.P. Bogolyubov trained talented apprentice artists who continued his work at the Naval Ministry and brought fame to Russia at numerous international art exhibitions. He performed important practical work (visual drawings of the shores, entrances to the ports and skerry-type channels) and for many decades made it safe for the sailors to navigate through the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland; he created the Art Museum named after Radishchev and the Art and Craft School in Saratov; by the order of the emperors Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III, Bogolyubov painted about a hundred of marine battle scenes covering the history of the Russian Fleet from its origin under Peter the Great up to the visit of the Russian squadron to Cherbourg in 1896. New archival documents testify to all the glorious deeds of A.P. Bogolyubov

Obrazovanje i humanitarni rad žena u Prizrenu u 19. i 20. veku

For many years, the role of women in Serbia was in an unenviable position. Serbian women often faced numerous limitations and challenges, including the inability to educate, participate in the public sphere, and decide to lead their own lifestyles. However, with the social changes in Serbia, in the middle of the 19th century, the emancipation of women began. Despite being slow, often insufficiently organized, the first steps towards changing the role of women helped women, over time, to be more encouraged, motivated and united. The situation was similar in all cities, including in Prizren. Starting from the founding of the first private women's schools all the way to women's craft schools, young girls were given the opportunity to be educated and develop various skills. Apart from schools, women in Prizren also acquired knowledge in women's humanitarian associations, which were the main gathering places for women's activism in the 19th and 20th century. In this regard, the aim of the paper is to provide an overview of the general position of women in Serbia in the mentioned period, to present the education of female children in Prizren, as well as to point out the existence of two influential women's associations - Women's Charity Society "Srpkinja" and the Circle of Serbian Sisters, which are mostly responsible for education, humanitarian work, participation in city activities and the overall development of female generations in Prizren.

Chinese International Students in Vocational Education Institutions Pre-1937: Kyoto Higher School of Arts and Crafts

Chinese International Students in Vocational Education Institutions Pre-1937: Kyoto Higher School of Arts and Crafts

In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, 1950–1969

In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, 1950–1969

РЕСТАВРАЦІЯ БІЛОКАМ’ЯНОЇ СКУЛЬПТУРИ НЕПОРОЧНОГО ЗАЧАТТЯ МАТЕРІ БОЖОЇ З СЕЛА ТЕТЕВЧИЦІ, ЧЕРВОНОГРАДСЬКОГО РАЙОНУ, ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article analyzes the history of creation, stylistics and plastic solution and development of the technology of restoration of the white stone sculpture of The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God in the village of Tetevchytsi of Chervonohrad district, Lviv region. Remarkable works of limestone were created of limestone in Galicia during the XII – XX centuries. Unfortunately, monuments of sacral art suffered major damage in the second half of the XX century due to acts of vandalism committed by followers of the communist regime ideology in Russia. They are responsible for the destruction of churches, cathedrals and synagogues. The monuments of sculptural art were destroyed as well. The rethinking of the sacral heritage and activation of restoration processes began only after the restoration of Ukraine's independence. Hence, the issue of restoration of the sculpture of The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God in the village of Tetevchytsi is currently of great interest and complex scientific research is the basis for the success of the planned work. The sculpture was placed on the pediment over the entrance of the parish church in the village of Tetevchytsi. Before the restoration the monument was in poor condition and the head of Holy Mother was missing. Older residents of the village say that an unknown soldier intentionally shot it off during the Second World War. The bullet, which was found in the wall of the church behind the Virgin, is the evidence that this story is true. After studying the general concept of restoration the program was developed and approved: to carry out photo fixation of the state of the monument before restoration, to conduct the analysis and processing of the cartogram of losses, to determine the sequence of stone conservation works, to carry out cleaning of stone using dry method with the help of brushes, to carry out cleaning of the sculpture using the method of sandblasting, to clean it from cement layering, to perform extraction of salts, to perform structural strengthening of stone with silicon-organic matter, to restore the lost elements of the folds of clothing with mineral restoration solution, to make a head out of plasticine on the basis of analogues and make a plaster form, to reconstruct it from artificial stone, to glue the head with epoxy resins and anchor made of stainless wire, to strengthen the structure of the stone with silicon-organic matter; to cover the sculpture with a biocidal solution of long-term action; to perform glazing of the sculpture, to perform hydrophobization of the sculpture with silicon-organic solution, to make recommendations on storage conditions and compliance with the protection of the monument. The significant role in the restoration of the head played the use of analogues of sculptures from the cemeteries of the surrounding villages. As a result of comparative analysis, it was found that the stylistic solution of the sculpture corresponds to the techniques typical of the 1930s. This is confirmed by the preserved sculptural compositions in Tetevchytsi and surrounding villages. Most likely, the author of the restored monument was a representative of a craft school of this region. Compatible materials of Ukrainian and German production are used in the restoration works, which meet the principles of reversibility. It is recommended to return the monument to its place after the restoration.

Wiatr z Północy. Dyskursywne konstruowanie Heimat na przykładzie gmachu dawnej Królewskiej Szkoły Rzemiosł Budowlanych w Katowicach i jego wystroju

Wind from the North: The Discursive Construction of Heimat Exemplified by the Edifice of the Former Royal School of Building Crafts (Königliche Baugerwerkschule) in Katowice and its Decoration The paper examines the edifice of the former school of building crafts (Baugewerkschule) in Katowice, Upper Silesia, which opened in 1901, and its decoration. The works of architecture, painting and sculpture were interpreted as carriers of a discourse calculated to construct Heimat, located within the borders of the Prussian Silesian Province. The building’s forms, reminiscent of the brick Gothic of northern Germany, were characteristic of the milieu of the Technische Hochschule in Hannover, where the designers of the edifice were educated. The city’s coat of arms was depicted on the facade, the vaulted ceiling of the auditorium was decorated with dragon and gryphon motifs of Scandinavian origin, and its walls painted with images of St. Hedwig ‒ the patron saint of Silesia, viewed here as a deconfessionalized personification of the land ‒ the Prussian eagle, and four iconic monuments of historic Silesian architecture. Thus, references were made to various levels of identity ‒ local, regional, national, and the mythologised Germanic North. The narrative constructed in this way fits into the cultural nationalism of the educated German bourgeoisie (Bildungsbürgertum), which grows out of the Romantic tradition. At the same time, the emphasis on the opposition of the North and South can be seen as a strategy for overcoming the peripheral status of Silesia in a world organised by the West-East axis. The school’s building in Katowice exemplifies how the elites of the German Empire used visual means to construct modern imagined communities.

Vladikavkaz Loris-Melikov Vocational School

Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov is a person who has gone down in the history of Vladikavkaz by many good deeds that have left a rich cultural and historical mark forever. He took the most active part, including financially, in the organization and functioning of a number of charitable and social and cultural institutions, donating significant sums from his own capital and income. The craft school of pre-revolutionary Vladikavkaz survived all epochs of political transformations and military events. Thanks to the vocational school, production on the territory of Ossetia developed successfully since there were high-quality trained cadres in a new direction, but functions to this day, preserving the memory of Mikhail Tarielovich as its founder. The financial investment and the capital left by Loris-Melikov in his will served as the basis for the functioning of the school during the first few decades since its opening. The difficult periods in which the educational authorities were forced to change the rules of admission in connection with those and other reasons causing financial difficulties are also briefly touched upon. The article provides information on income in the form of interest deducted by the bank and the expenses of these amounts for the needs of the school, including scholarships for students. The content of the publication will make it possible to trace the expansion of directions in the training of specialists due to the opening in different years of new departments, with a narrow specificity. The publication will allow you to have an idea of the urban life of this period, since it partly reflects the life of the inhabitants who turned to the workshops of the vocational school for household services, which the school was quite capable of providing conclusion, we are talking about the post-revolutionary activities of the school based already on the Soviet education system.