School Gymnastics Research Articles

Relationship of Physical Factors to the Occurrence of Injuries in Young Gymnasts.

There is a large population of young athletes who participate in gymnastics, and the prevention of injury in junior athletes is considered important. However, few studies have prospectively investigated the relationship between physical factors and the occurrence of injury. To investigate the physical characteristics that are factors in the injury occurrence in elementary and junior high school gymnasts. Prospective observational study. A total of 36 healthy young gymnasts (at national competition level) were enrolled in the study. Once a week for 23 weeks, injuries were prospectively investigated using self-report questionnaires under the supervision of a research staff. Joint range of motion (hip, ankle, shoulder, and wrist), tightness (Thomas test, Ely test, straight leg raise [SLR], triceps surae, combined abduction test [CAT], horizontal flexion test [HFT]), and muscle elasticity (multifidus) were assessed to compare differences in physical function between injured and non-injured participants. Injuries occurred most commonly in the wrist (42.1%), lower back (30.2%), and foot (9.5%) among males, whereas heel (22.2%), knee (16.0%), and lower back (12.8%) were the most common injury sites among females. Wrist injuries in male athletes showed decreased shoulder joint range of motion, and lower back injuries showed decreased hip and shoulder joint range of motion. Lower back injuries in female athletes showed decreased hip extension mobility. Heel and knee joint injuries in females also showed increased range of motion and decreased tightness. The results of this study indicate that the factors related to flexibility differ according to injury location. Further studies are required to clarify the physical factors that influence injury occurrence by examining the effects of the gymnasts' muscle strength, age, individual factors, and left-right differences. 3.

The evolution of teaching gymnastics in primary and secondary school in Russian-controlled Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth – at the beginning of the twentieth century

The evolution of teaching gymnastics in primary and secondary school in Russian-controlled Ukraine in the second half of the nineteenth – at the beginning of the twentieth century

Development of physical qualities of high school students in the football section of the school sports club

Introduction. According to the World Study of School Physical Education, sports games, gymnastics and athletics make up almost 80% of physical education curricula in primary and secondary schools. Possibilities of using certain types of sports games, for example, football, in the physical education of high school students are not sufficiently considered. The study aims to determine the effective methodology for developing the physical qualities of high school students in the football section of the school sports club. Materials and methods of research. 20 students aged 16 took part in the experiment. The research work was carried out at the Secondary School of the Betty-Mokhk village of Nozhai-Yurtovsky district, the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation). A sectional group was formed from the students of the experimental group (10 people), which, in addition to the school physical education program, additionally played football at the school sports club. The total volume of the educational and training program was 144 hours. Methods of mathematical statistic were the arithmetic mean and Student's t-test. Research results. The experimental methodology was developed in the form of an educational and training program for football based on a standard sports training program for football players aged 15-17 by the Russian Football Union and recommended for football sports training organizations in the Russian Federation. During the experiment, testing was carried out according to the standards included in the All-Russian Physical Culture and Sports Complex ‘Ready for Labor and Defense’ to identify the level of physical fitness of students. Comparative analysis and mathematical processing of the experiment results showed statistically significant changes in indicators of agility (t = 3.9; p < 0.01), speed (t = 2.3; p < 0.05), endurance (t = 2.9; p < 0.05), strength (t = 3.8; p < 0.01), and flexibility (t = 3.3; p < 0.01). Conclusion. The data obtained demonstrate the positive dynamics of the methodology for a sportsoriented approach through football in sectional classes within the school’s sports club. This proves the effectiveness of the chosen method, namely increasing the volume of physical activity through sectional work in the school sports club, taking into account the interests of students in physical education and sports activities.

Development of specific competencies in gymnastics in specialized higher education

Background and Study Aim. The modernization of the curriculum in higher education, through its importance and significance, aims to ensure optimal conditions in the creation and continuous improvement of the personality of the student/future teachers of physical education. The purpose of the study was the comparative analysis of the academic programs for development of specific competencies in the specialized higher education. Material and Methods. Three groups of subjects participated in the research: group A (Grade - A1, A2, A3) with a number of 83 students (the class of 2017-2020) from the Physical and Sports Education study program of the Physical Education and Sport Faculty (ROU). Group B (Grade – B1, B2) is formed of 18 students (the class 2017-2020) while group C (Grade – C1, C2) is formed of 20 students (the class 2018-2021). The subjects of groups B and C are students of the Faculty of Pedagogy (MD). The research was carried out depending on the status of the discipline ”Gymnastics” within the curriculum of both study programs. Grade A1: first year – fundamental discipline ”Basic Gymnastics”. Grade A2: second year – bachelor’s degree discipline ”Theory and practice in the branches of gymnastics – Artistic gymnastics”. Grade A3: third year - specialization discipline ”Methods of teaching gymnastics in school”. Grades B1 and C1: ”Didactics of gymnastics I” (first semester). Grades B2 and C2: ”Didactics of gymnastics II” (second semester). Each discipline provides data about the subject matter, estimated total time, total of study hours per semester and individual study, conditions of carrying out and weighting of the evaluation criteria. The Single Factor Analysis of Variance was used to compare the average differences between groups. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test was used for the differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results. The comparative analysis of the study programs reveals differences in the status of disciplines (fundamental, bachelor’s degree and specialization – ROU and component of orientation towards a specialty - MD). The results of the comparative analysis between grades in the program ROU highlights the decrease of the mean by 0.24 points at Grade A2 and 0.36 points at Grade A3. There are significant differences at p<0.001 and at ANOVA Factor insignificant differences p>0.05. The results of the difference between groups in MD highlights the increase of performances in Grade C1 by 0.73 points and by 0.41 points at Grade C2. As for the comparison of the performances between grades, significant differences were observed between Grade C1 with Grade A2 and Grade A3, p<0.05. Regarding the other comparisons, the differences are insignificant at p>0.05, which shows that there are the same curricular approaches between contents and performances. Conclusions. The comparative analysis carried out between the training programs of gymnastics specific competencies revealed different contents, different weightings of the number of hours and number of credits. The insignificant differences between programs in terms of grades highlight the same curricular approaches between contents and achieved performances.

Pengaruh Media Video Pembelajaran untuk Meningkatkan Penerapan Prosedur Pada Materi Sub Tema Pola Gerak Dominan Senam di Kelas 5 SD

The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the application of student procedures after the use of learning video media on the sub-theme of the dominant movement pattern of grade 5 elementary school gymnastics. This study used a quantitative approach. The data used is taken from the value of the results of the front roll practice. The number of samples in this study was 25 grade 5 elementary school students. Data analysis technique using paired sample test. The results showed that there was a significant influence on the application of procedures after the use of learning video media.

THE INVERTED RELATIVE AGE EFFECT IN KOREAN GYMNASTS

Students born in earlier months likely have higher academic achievement than those born later even though they are in the same grade (relative age effect, RAE). Some studies reported no RAE in gymnastics. This study aimed to determine the RAE in Korean gymnasts. Data were collected on the birth month of 806 Korean gymnasts: 482 elementary (181 men; 301 women) and 324 middle-high (189 men; 135 women) school gymnasts registered by the Korea Gymnastics Association. Four quarters were used: Q1 (January–March), Q2 (April–June), Q3 (July–September), and Q4 (October–December). The χ2 test and its probability were applied for hypothesis testing. Overall, 164 (20.3%) gymnasts were born in Q1, 191 (23.7%) in Q2, 220 (27.3%) in Q3, and 231 (28.7%) in Q4. We could not confirm the birth frequency of Q1 as high. Descriptive data of RAE showed that the frequency of Q1 was the lowest among the quarters of participants. Contrary to RAE expectations, Q4 showed the highest frequency in both elementary and middle-high (χ2 elementary=2.431, p-value=0.487; χ2 middle high=17.827, p-value=0.001) school gymnasts, and this appeared like an ‘inverted relative age effect’. The inverted RAE was more pronounced in middle and high school gymnasts.

Development of Gradation Indicators for Achieving Competencies Specific Motion Skills Junior High School Floor Gymnastics

This research was motivated by the similarity of floor gymnastics learning materials delivered by physical education teachers at each grade level, not based on mapping basic competencies at each grade level. In addition, based on the results of the needs analysis, shows that 100% of junior high school physical education teachers in Hulu Sungai Utara District need guidance on learning floor gymnastics based on basic competency gradations for each grade level. The purpose of the study was to develop a gradation of indicators of the achievement of specific movement skills in floor gymnastics in junior high school. The research methods used are research and development, with development procedures; 1) the pre-development stage, and 2) the development stage, which is from needs analysis, product development, and product testing, to the creation of the final product development. The subjects of the study were physical education teachers in the North River Upper District, which numbered 31 teachers. The instrument used in this development research is a questionnaire, while the data analysis technique is a quantitative descriptive analysis with percentages. The results of this development research based on product trials (expert tests, small group tests, and large group tests) resulted in the development of product indicators of gradation indicators of achievement of floor gymnastics-specific movement skills.

Use problem-solving techniques in school gymnastics

Use problem-solving techniques in school gymnastics

Intersection of surgical injuries and pain interference among former female collegiate gymnasts

Gymnastics is a competitive sport with numerous health benefits. However, few data exist that examine the lasting effects of injuries in retired gymnasts. To examine pain interference among former collegiate gymnasts. Specifically, we focused on the relationship between gymnastics-related injuries sustained during middle/high school or college that required surgery and former collegiate gymnasts' current pain. We hypothesized that injuries requiring surgery would be associated with increased pain and reduced function after retirement. Cross-sectional survey. An online questionnaire was distributed to former female collegiate gymnasts via social media. A total of 447 former female collegiate gymnasts completed the survey and were grouped according to whether they indicated an injury during their middle/high school or collegiate gymnastics career that required surgery. The association between current pain interference (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS] scale) and injuries in middle/high school or college that resulted in surgery. Pain interference elements included current enjoyment of life, ability to concentrate, participation in day-to-day activities, enjoyment of recreational activities, ability to perform errands, and ability to socialize with others. Those who reported an injury that resulted in surgery (n= 260; mean current age± SD =32.8± 9.5 years) were younger than those who did not at the time of survey completion (n= 187; current age: 37.0± 11.0 years) and reported beginning gymnastics at an earlier age (4.4± 2.0 years vs. 5.1± 2.5 years; p= .001). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on any PROMIS questions. In secondary analyses, we found a small but significant association between beginning gymnastics at an earlier age and the odds of requiring surgery (odds ratio=1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.02-1.21; p= .02). Most retired gymnasts reported a gymnastics-related injury that required surgery. Gymnasts who start gymnastics at a younger age were more likely to sustain an injury that required surgery, but surgery was not associated with higher levels of pain interference.

Особливості морфофункціонального статусу учасників шкільної спортивної секції з гімнастики

The study of morphofunctional characteristics of children is important for physical education teachers, because it allows to determine the status of the child’s sport, which they choose at school. The purpose of the study, it was to study the features of the morphofunctional status of boys who started classes in the school gymnastics sports section. Material and research methods. A set of methods was used: sources of information were processed with the help of analysis and generalization; the studied indicators were studied using pedagogical testing and experiment, as well as anthropometry, sphygmomanometry, spirometry, dynamometry, pulsometry and methods of mathematical statistics. The study involved 44 boys aged 7-8 years, who belonged to the main medical group due to their health condition. Results. Boys 7-8 years old, whose morphological indicators were within the limits of body weight, expressed a desire to do gymnastics in the school sports section. This meant that there were no overweight boys in each age group. But the state of functioning of their respiratory and muscular systems corresponded to a lower than average level, and the development of the cardiovascular system of boys aged 7 and 8 was, as well as physical performance, were at an average level. Conclusion. The obtained data should be taken into account by the physical education teacher when planning the content of training in the school sports section of gymnastics to improve, especially those indicators that do not meet the age parameters of the norm.

From Mandatory School Gymnastics to Physical Training for Youth. How the Société Fédérale de Gymnastique Became a “Gymnastic State” Dedicated to the Physical Preparation of Swiss Youth From 1873 to 1907

The aim of this contribution is to analyse the special role that gymnastics clubs played, under the umbrella of the Société Fédérale de Gymnastique (SFG), in the formation of the Swiss nation and in the representation of a strong and united national youth at a time when the unity represented by the Swiss federal State founded in 1848 was strongly questioned by the conservative opposition. The purpose is mainly based on extensive statistical data gathered within the SFG about its members throughout the country at three particular moments (1873, 1895, and 1907) and on institutional archival funds. Our analysis is based on three successive points: after defining the relationship between the SFG and the Swiss Federal State (founded in 1848) for the unification and defense of the homeland, whether in terms of institutional mimicry or the building of a “national youth,” a second part defines which type of “youth” is specifically targeted by the SFG and what it meant at the time to be a “young” or an “old” gymnast, in particular through the participation of the SFG in the National exhibition of Geneva in 1896. Finally, a last part widens the perspective by highlighting, on one side, the cultural, political, and cantonal constraints on national expansion through youth of Swiss gymnastics and, on the other side, how these constraints have generated unifying and patriotic ambitions and discourses within the SFG.

武士道와 日帝의 무도교육에 관한 연구

The purpose of this study was to examine the connection of the Musado Spirit in Japan with Japanese colonial era martial arts education and to reveal the ultimate purpose and development process of martial arts education aimed at establishing the Musado spirit.Japan was dominated by warrior for 700 years before its modernization, so naturally, the culture of warrior is deeply rooted in Japanese thought to this day. The Musa culture is organized under the name of Musado, which dominates Japanese thinking. However, Musado in the militaristic era can be seen as a result of the warrior changing his clothes to a soldier and the Musado changing into a military spirit. In other words, the reality of martial arts education in Joseon, which linked the spirit of Musado in the Japanese colonial era era, emphasized a stronger Japanese ideology as the war intensified, which was explained in comparison to the spirit of Musado. In 1914, the Japanese government enacted the Imperial Edict No. 27 “School Gymnastics Course” to adopt kendo and judo as extracurricular activities with gymnastics and to include Japanese martial arts in schools in Joseon. In addition, the Japanese government will make all-out efforts to promote the distribution of Japanese martial arts throughout the Joseon society by establishing martial arts organizations, publishing martial arts magazines, and academic journals to create a social atmosphere prior to the active introduction of Japanese martial arts. In addition, the Japanese government emphasized the tradition of the spirit of Mudo in the process of popularizing the martial arts and used it to establish the identity of Japanese people from the hitters. Mudo was created as a national morality when militarism expanded and emerged as an optimal educational means to cultivate strong soldiers in wartime situations. In addition, when the situation of the Pacific War turned unfavorable, the Japanese emphasized Mousado as an ideology. Therefore, it was confirmed that Musado in Japan was used as the main ideology for fostering strong soldiers needed for war in the policy of Japanese.

MAPA – Material de Avaliação Prática da Aprendizagem na Graduação em Educação Física à Distância: Relato Ee Experiência

A intenção deste estudo é relatar a experiência de aprendizagem com o Material de Avaliação Prática da Aprendizagem (MAPA) no formato de vídeo no curso de licenciatura em Educação Física, na modalidade à distância. Trata-se de um relato de experiência de cunho reflexivo-crítico descritivo referente a vivência na construção, realização e gravação dos materiais. Foram relatados os objetivos, propostas e duração dos vídeos das disciplinas práticas cursadas no período de novembro de 2018 a setembro de 2019, totalizando cinco práticas nas disciplinas de 1. Ginástica Escolar; 2. Esportes Coletivos: Futsal e Futebol; 3. Esportes Individuais: Atletismo; 4. Fundamentos de Rítmica e Dança e 5. Lutas. Conclui-se que a utilização dos MAPA's como ferramenta de avaliação das atividades práticas no curso de Educação Física à distância permite que o futuro professor vivencie atividades que, posteriormente, serão repassadas aos alunos na escola, tornando o novo docente apto a estagiar e/ou atuar nos diferentes níveis de ensino e nos diversos conteúdos propostos pelas disciplinas do curso de Educação Física. Palavras-chave: Metodologia. Ensino. Formação à distância.

중 · 고 체조선수의 힘 물구나무서기 운동학적 분석 -성공여부를 중심으로-

중 · 고 체조선수의 힘 물구나무서기 운동학적 분석 -성공여부를 중심으로-

Ginástica e pedagogia histórico-crítica

Objetivo: Trata-se de um relato de experiência que envolveu bolsistas do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação a Docência (PIBID) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), do subprojeto do curso de Educação Física. Teve como lócus de intervenção principal a Escola E. E. F. M. Professora Maria Luiza Costa e Rêgo, localizada no bairro do Bengui na cidade de Belém. Enquanto objetivo geral desse relato, buscamos: analisar as possibilidades metodológicas para o ensino da ginástica na escola a partir da abordagem crítico-superado e da pedagogia histórico-crítica. Metodologia: Do ponto de vista metodológico, o trabalho se baseia na metodologia da pesquisa ação, fazendo uso também de consulta em bibliografia especializada. Resultados e discussões: apontamos que o ensino dos fundamentos básicos da ginástica na escola pode se apresentar como um instrumento fundamental para a elevação cultural dos alunos quando articulado com uma sólida teoria pedagógica e com processos metodológicos inovadores. Conclusão: É evidente que o campo profissional da Educação Física brasileira, em especial a área escolar, cada vez mais tem avançado nas suas sistematizações e na socialização de conteúdos e de metodologias inovadoras. Desse modo, consideramos que o estudo em questão adentra nessa perspectiva, podendo inspirar práticas transformadoras.

Entre a técnica e ação pedagógica em GPT: elementos para reflexão acerca da construção de uma proposta de GPT a partir da experiência de um grupo universitário em Goiás

O presente texto tem como objetivo apresentar as experiências e os desdobramentos de um grupo universitário de Ginástica para Todos existentes desde o ano de 2010 na Universidade Estadual de Goiás, denominado Cignus. Tal grupo tem delineado sua construção e ação pedagógica através da prática de Ginástica Para Todos e a partir da práxis propomos a reflexão entre o processo de formação, a técnica e a ação pedagógica em GPT. A temática se tornou relevante na medida em que inquietações foram se tornando ponto de pauta para debate: seria a técnica a questão mais importante na formação para a GPT? Estariam os processos excludentes afastando a possibilidade de uma ginástica prazerosa e praticável em espaços escolares? Essas duas questões se interligaram e propiciaram dois momentos reflexivos, a saber: a primeira, uma pesquisa de campo com professores da rede Estadual para compreender a ausência da Ginástica nas escolas no atual contexto e a segunda, a sistematização das reflexões acerca das ações realizadas via projeto de extensão e a compreensão de uma proposta que não prioriza apenas a técnica, embora utilize-a como uma base metodológica. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram realizadas: organização documental, revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo. Como resultado, compreendemos a GPT como conteúdo potencial para a Educação Física Escolar, para o processo de formação docente, para a reinserção e resignificação da Ginástica no Estado de Goiás.

La ginnastica come disciplina della scuola elementare negli anni dell’unificazione italiana. Una proposta di «ri-contestualizzazione» storiografica

The contribution aims to suggest some research paths to begin a study on Gymnastics in the primary school during the years of Italian unification, starting from the analysis of the well-known literature which have dealt with physical activities in that period. Many of these publications – often arising from a non-academic intention and, in any case, characterized by a thematic and methodological eclecticism – are influenced by a historiographical tradition that has studied physical education without a specific attention on the elementary school. Therefore, the essay proposes a «re-contextualization» of the research that focuses on school Gymnastics and examines this topic according to a consistent heuristic view. Even on the basis of studies that have already taken a similar approach, it points out the new sources to be used and outlines new interpretative perspectives that, complying with the most recent instances of educational historiography, can reconstruct the first steps of Gymnastics as a discipline in the curriculum of Italian primary school.

Comparison of bone metabolism based on the different ages and competition levels of junior and high school female rhythmic gymnasts.

[Purpose]This study was to clarify the effect of age and competition level by measuring bone metabolism markers and bone mineral density measurements of junior high school and high school female rhythmic gymnasts, who restrict their diets to maintain a low body weight, while routinely undertaking long hours of high-intensity exercise, comparing the gymnasts based on their elite/non-elite. [Methods]The study investigated 7 junior high school and 12 high school female rhythmic gymnasts. For comparison by competition level, the 7 junior high school gymnasts were separated into 3 gymnasts who competed at national level (junior high school elite), and 4 gymnasts who did not compete at that level (junior high school non-elite), and the 12 high school gymnasts were separated into 7 gymnasts who competed at national level (high school elite) and 5 gymnasts who did not compete at that level (high school non-elite). The measurement items were bone mineral density, bone metabolism markers (undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC), osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), type 1 collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTx)). We also surveyed the gymnasts’ height, weight and nutrition. [Results]In this study we found: 1) The high school gymnasts who competed at high-level rhythmic gymnastics had good results for bone metabolism markers and bone mineral density. 2) Elite high school gymnasts had restricted diets. 3) Nutritionally, their energy intake and carbohydrate intake was low, but their intake of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin D and vitamin K was good. [Conclusion]The results found that the elite gymnastics showed a higher bone density than the non-elite group that suggests the possibility of inhibiting bone formation in the bone metabolism.

朝鮮における1914年『学校体操教授要目』制定期の体育政策について

朝鮮における1914年『学校体操教授要目』制定期の体育政策について

Inglês

Physical Education must promote the motor skill learning during the school time, when children and adolescents arestudying, giving important experiences for the intellectual and physical development. Further then this, in the classes happenrelevant didactical experiences among the students with the interpersonal relations promoted with activities interaction andparticipation, establishing social-cognitive acquisitions, powering the social living, discipline and affective. This study has had theobjective to identify the interpersonal relations with the employ of different gymnastics activities in Physical Education Classes,with students among six to fourteen years old from Luciano Corsetti Public Elementary School in Caxias do Sul city, during theScholar Gymnastics Activities traineeship, in two week meetings with one hour of work time. The study involved the first gradeand the seventh grade of Elementary School, with 24 and 30 students regularly registered. As instrument, it has been used theparticipative observation in the traineeship classes, with ethnography research style, where interpersonal moods were analyzedwhile the gymnastics activities at Physical Education classes were happening. Motivation, discipline, respect and good mannershave been found as activities integration ways, showing the didactic importance of Gymnastics in School.